11 results on '"Frondel, Manuel"'
Search Results
2. Cycling on the extensive and intensive margin: The role of paths and prices
- Author
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Frondel, Manuel and Vance, Colin
- Subjects
Q41 ,non-recreational cycling ,ddc:330 ,D13 ,fuel prices ,bicycle paths ,Q58 - Abstract
Drawing on a panel of German survey data spanning 1997-2013, this paper identifi es the correlates of non-recreational bicycling, focusing specifi cally on the roles of bicycle paths and fuel prices. Our approach conceptualizes ridership as a two stage decision process comprising the discrete choice of whether to use the bike (i.e. the intensive margin) and the continuous choice of how far to ride (i.e. the extensive margin). To the extent that these two choices are related and, moreover, potentially infl uenced by factors unobservable to the researcher, we explore alternative estimators using twostage censored regression techniques to assess whether the results are subject to biases from sample selectivity. A key fi nding is that while higher fuel costs are associated with an increased probability of undertaking non-recreational bike trips, this eff ect is predicated on residence in an urbanized region. We also fi nd evidence for a positive association with the extent of bike paths, both in increasing the probability of nonrecreational bike travel as well as the distance traveled.
- Published
- 2016
3. Asymmetry – Resurrecting the Roots
- Author
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Frondel, Manuel, Schmidt, Christoph M., and Vance, Colin
- Subjects
Q41 ,irreversibility ,ddc:330 ,decomposition approaches ,D13 - Abstract
This note attempts to reconcile a range of primary methods for dealing with price asymmetry, such as the approaches proposed by Tweeten and Quance (1969), Wolffram (1971) and Houk(1977). Using Wolffram's stylized example, we first illustrate that the notion of asymmetry can be captured in a straightforward and highly intuitive manner in terms of first differences. While this asymmetry definition is more readily interpretable than the alternatives proposed by Wolffram and Houk, we demonstrate that, theoretically, these definitions are equivalent. This conclusion also turns out to be true for Wolfframs's stylized example. Using data on coffee consumption, however, we illustrate that, in practice, these approaches may yield divergent conclusions with respect to asymmetry. We argue that in such situations the asymmetry notion based on first differences should be preferred. Dieser Artikel beschäftigt sich mit einer Reihe von Ansätzen, die in der empirischen Literatur zur Untersuchung von Preisasymmetrien verwendet werden, darunter die Ansätze von Wolffram (1971) und Houk (1977). Anhand von Wolfframs stilisierten Beispiel illustrieren wir, dass der Begriff der Asymmetrie in einer einfachen und höchst intuitiven Weise in Termini von ersten Differenzen gefasst werden kann. Während diese Definition von Asymmetrie leichter interpretierbar ist als die von Wolffram und Houk vorgeschlagenen Alternativen, zeigen wir theoretisch, dass diese Definitionen allesamt äquivalent sind. In der empirischen Praxis jedoch können diese Ansätze zu unterschiedlichen Schlussfolgerungen im Hinblick auf Asymmetrie führen, wie wir anhand eines empirischen Beispiels mit Kaffeedaten illustrieren. Wir raten aus mehreren Gründen dazu, dass in solchen Fällen der auf den ersten Differenzen beruhenden Asymmetrie-Definition der Vorzug gegeben wird.
- Published
- 2013
4. Fuel Taxes versus Efficiency Standards – An Instrumental Variable Approach
- Author
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Frondel, Manuel and Vance, Colin
- Subjects
Q41 ,rebound effect ,ddc:330 ,panel estimation models ,D13 ,automobile travel - Abstract
Using household travel diary data collected in Germany between 1997 and 2012, we employ an instrumental variable (IV) approach to estimate fuel price and efficiency elasticities. The aim is to gauge the relative impacts of fuel economy standards and fuel taxes on distance traveled. We fi nd that the magnitudes of the elasticity estimates are statistically indistinguishable: higher fuel prices reduce driving by the same degree as higher fuel efficiency increases driving. This finding indicates an off setting effect of fuel efficiency standards on the effectiveness of fuel taxation, calling into question the efficacy of the European Commission's current efforts to legislate CO2 emissions limits for new cars given prevailing high fuel taxes. Auf Basis von Mobilitätsdaten für deutsche Haushalte (1997-2012) und einem Instrumentvariablen-Ansatz schätzen wir Kraftstoffpreis- und Energieeffizienzelastizitäten, um die relativen Effekte von Effizienzstandards und Benzinsteuern auf die Fahrleistung zu erforschen. Es zeigt sich, dass die Größe der beiden Elastizitäten statistisch ununterscheidbar ist: Eine Erhöhung von Benzinsteuern reduziert die Fahrleistung im selben Maße wie eine prozentual gleich starke Effizienzverbesserung diese erhöht. Dieses Ergebnis deutet darauf hin, dass Effizienzstandards die Effektivität von Benzinsteuern mindern, und stellt so die Wirksamkeit der CO2-Emissionslimits für Neuwagen in Frage. Vor diesem Hintergrund sollte die Europäischen Kommission die vorgesehene erhebliche Verschärfung der Emissionsgrenzwerte für Neuwagen bis zum Jahr 2020 noch einmal hinterfragen.
- Published
- 2013
5. Cycling on the extensive and intensive margin: The role of paths and prices.
- Author
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Frondel, Manuel and Vance, Colin
- Subjects
- *
CYCLING , *BICYCLE trails , *FUEL costs , *DISCRETE choice models , *REGRESSION analysis , *PROBABILITY theory - Abstract
Drawing on a panel of German survey data spanning 1999–2013, this paper identifies the correlates of non-recreational bicycling, focusing specifically on the roles of bicycle paths and fuel prices. Our approach conceptualizes ridership as a two-stage decision process comprising the discrete choice of whether to use the bike (i.e. the intensive margin) and the continuous choice of how far to ride (i.e. the extensive margin). To the extent that these two choices are related and, moreover, potentially influenced by factors unobservable to the researcher, we explore alternative estimators using two-stage censored regression techniques to assess whether the results are subject to biases from sample selectivity. A key finding is that while higher fuel costs are associated with an increased probability of undertaking non-recreational bike trips, this effect is of a significantly higher magnitude among those residing in an urbanized region. We also find evidence for a positive association with the extent of bike paths, both in increasing the probability of non-recreational bike travel, as well as the distance traveled. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Re-identifying the rebound: What about asymmetry?
- Author
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Frondel, Manuel and Vance, Colin
- Subjects
Q41 ,Automobile travel ,ddc:330 ,panel estimation models ,D13 ,automobile travel - Abstract
Rebound effects measure the behaviorally induced offset in the reduction of energy consumption following efficiency improvements. Using panel estimation methods and household travel diary data collected in Germany between 1997 and 2009, this study identifies the rebound effect in private transport by allowing for the possibility that fuel price elasticities – from which rebound effects can be derived – are asymmetric. This approach rests on evidence that has emerged from the empirical literature suggesting that the response in individual travel demand to price increases is stronger than to decreases. With a rebound effect estimate for single-vehicle households of 58%, our result is in line with a recent German study by FRONDEL, PETERS, and VANCE (2008), but is substantially larger than those obtained from other studies. Moreover, we fail to reject the hypothesis that the magnitude of the response to a price increase is equal to that of a price decrease., Discussion Paper / SFB 823;18/11
- Published
- 2011
7. Rarely Enjoyed? A Count Data Analysis of Transit Ridership in Germany's Public Transport
- Author
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Frondel, Manuel and Vance, Colin
- Subjects
Q41 ,R41 ,Poisson Model ,Household Data ,ddc:330 ,D13 ,Negative Binomial Model ,Zero-Inflated Models - Abstract
Focusing on adult members of German households, this paper investigates the determinants of public transit ridership with the aim of quantifying the effects of fuel prices, fares, person-level attributes, and characteristics of the transit system on transport counts over a five-day week. The reliance on individual data raises several conceptual and empirical issues, the most fundamental of which is the large proportion of null values in transit counts. To accommodate this feature of the data, we employ modeling procedures referred to as zero-inflated models (ZIMs), which order observations into two latent regimes defined by whether the individual never uses public transport. The model estimates reveal fuel prices to have a positive and substantial influence on transit ridership, though there is no evidence for a statistically significant impact of the fare. Methodologically, ZIMs are seen to have superior predictive accuracy over the classical count data models, and thus may serve as the method of choice when the aim is to predict trip frequency for modes that a large fraction of the population never uses.
- Published
- 2010
8. Rarely Enjoyed? A Count Data Analysis of Ridership in Germany's Public Transport
- Author
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Frondel, Manuel and Vance, Colin
- Subjects
Q41 ,pricing policy ,ddc:330 ,D13 ,Zero-Inflated Models ,household data ,transit ridership - Abstract
Focusing on adult members of German households, this paper investigates the determinants of public transit ridership with the aim of quantifying the effects of fuel prices, fares, person-level attributes, and characteristics of the transit system on transport counts over a five-day week. The reliance on individual data raises several conceptual and empirical issues, the most fundamental of which is the large proportion of zero values in transit counts. To accommodate this feature of the data, we employ modeling procedures referred to as zero-inflated models (ZIMs), which order observations into two latent regimes defined by whether the individual never uses public transport. Our estimates reveal fuel prices to have a positive and substantial influence on transit ridership, though there is no evidence for a statistically signifi cant impact of the fare. Dieser Artikel untersucht die Determinanten der Nutzung des öffentlichen Nahverkehrs. Im Fokus der Analyse, die sich auf die erwachsenen Mitglieder deutscher Haushalte konzentriert, steht der Einfluss von Benzinpreisen, den Kosten für ÖPNV-Tickets, personenspezifischen Charakteristika und den Eigenschaften des Nahverkehrssystems auf die Nutzungshäufigkeit des ÖPNV an Werktagen. Der Rückgriff auf Individualdaten sorgt für mehrere konzeptionelle wie auch empirische Herausforderungen, wobei die große Zahl an Nullen bei der Erhebung der individuellen Nutzungshäufigkeit des ÖPNV ein Grundproblem einer jeden derartigen Analyse ist. Um diesem empirischen Fakt Rechnung zu tragen, werden zunehmend Ansätze verwendet, die in der empirischen Literatur als Zero-Inflated Models (ZIMs) bezeichnet werden. Diese Modelle ordnen die Beobachtungen zwei Gruppen zu, wobei die inhärent unbeobachtbare Gruppenzugehörigkeit sich danach bemisst, ob eine Person den ÖPNV grundsätzlich nicht nutzt. Unsere Schätzergebnisse zeigen, dass Benzinpreise einen substantiellen Einfluss auf die ÖPNV-Nutzung von Erwachsenen haben, wohingegen die Preise von ÖPNV-Tickets keinen statistisch signifikanten Effekt aufweisen. Unter methodischen Gesichtspunkten sind ZIMs nach unseren Ergebnissen zu bevorzugen, da diese Art der Modelle eine höhere Prognose-Genauigkeit gegenüber klassischen Zähldatenmodellen aufweist. Diese Methoden erscheinen daher als erste Wahl, wenn es darum geht, die Nutzungshäufigkeit derjenigen Verkehrsmittel zu erklären, welche von einem erheblichen Teil der Bevölkerung niemals genutzt wird.
- Published
- 2010
9. Heterogeneity in the Rebound Effect – Further Evidence for Germany
- Author
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Frondel, Manuel, Ritter, Nolan, and Vance, Colin
- Subjects
Q41 ,rebound effect ,quantile regression ,ddc:330 ,D13 ,automobile travel ,panel models - Abstract
Rebound effects measure the behaviorally induced off set in the reduction of energy consumption following efficiency improvements. Using both panel estimation and quantile-regression methods on household travel diary data collected in Germany between 1997 and 2009, this study investigates the heterogeneity of the rebound effect in private transport. With the average rebound effect being in the range of 57% to 62%, our results are in line with a recent German study by FRONDEL, PETERS, and VANCE (2008), but are substantially larger than those obtained from other studies. Furthermore, our quantile-regression results indicate that the magnitude of estimated fuel price elasticities - from which rebound effects can be derived - depends inversely on the household's driving intensity: Households with low vehicle mileage exhibit fuel price elasticities, and hence rebound effects, that are significantly larger than those for households with high vehicle mileage. Als Rebound-Effekt werden Verhaltensänderungen bezeichnet, durch die Energieeinsparungen infolge von Energieeffizienzverbesserungen teilweise oder gar gänzlich wieder aufgezehrt werden. Dieser Artikel untersucht die Heterogenität des Rebound-Effektes bei der privaten PKW-Nutzung auf Basis von Paneldaten für Deutschland für den Zeitraum von 1997 bis 2009. Der mittels Panel- und Quantilsregressionen geschätzte durchschnittliche Rebound-Effekt entspricht mit einer Bandbreite von 57% bis 62% dem Ergebnis einer früheren von FRONDEL, PETERS und VANCE (2008) veröffentlichten Studie. Damit fällt der Effekt deutlich größer aus als für andere Länder, insbesondere im Vergleich zur USA. Die Ergebnisse der Quantilsregressionen deuten darauf hin, dass die Größenordnung der geschätzten Benzinpreiselastizität, aus der der Rebound-Effekt abgeleitet werden kann, von der Mobilitätsnachfrage der Haushalte abhängt: Haushalte mit einer niedrigen Mobilitätsnachfrage weisen gegenüber Haushalten mit hoher Mobilitätsnachfrage signifikant höhere Benzinpreiselastizitäten und Rebound-Effekte auf.
- Published
- 2010
10. Driving for Fun? – A Comparison of Weekdays and Weekend Travel
- Author
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Frondel, Manuel and Vance, Colin
- Subjects
Q41 ,Automobile travel ,Two-Part Model ,ddc:330 ,Benzin ,D13 ,interaction effects ,Konsumentenverhalten ,Deutschland ,Motorisierter Individualverkehr ,Preis - Abstract
Focusing on individual motorists in car-owning households in Germany, this paper econometrically investigates the determinants of automobile travel with the specific aim of quantifying the effects of fuel prices and person-level attributes on travel conducted over a five-day week and weekend. Our analysis is predicated on the notion that car use is an individual decision, albeit one that is dependent on intra-household allocation processes, thereby building on a growing body of literature that has identified the importance of socioeconomic factors such as employment status, gender, and the presence of children in determining both access to the car and distance driven. To capture this two-stage decision process, we employ the Two-Part Model, which consists of Probit and OLS estimators, and derive elasticity estimates that incorporate both the discrete and continuous choices pertaining to car use.With fuel price elasticity estimates ranging between -0.42 and -0.48, our results suggest raising prices via fuel taxes to be a promising energy conservation and climate protection measure.
- Published
- 2009
11. Do High Oil Prices Matter? – Evidence on the Mobility Behavior of German Households
- Author
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Frondel, Manuel and Vance, Colin
- Subjects
Q41 ,rebound effect ,Ökosteuer ,Benzin ,Steuerwirkung ,two-part model ,Preis ,Mineralölsteuer ,Automobile travel ,Privater Haushalt ,Kraftfahrzeug ,ddc:330 ,D13 ,Energiesparen ,Deutschland ,Motorisierter Individualverkehr - Abstract
Focusing on travel survey data from Germany, this paper investigates the determinants of automobile travel, with the specific aim of quantifying the effects of fuel prices and fuel economy. The analysis is predicated on the notion that car mileage is a two-stage decision process, comprising the discrete choice of whether to own a car and the continuous choice of distance traveled. To capture this process, we employ censored regression models consisting of Probit and OLS estimators, which allows us to gauge the extent to which sample selectivity may bias the results. Our elasticity estimates indicate a significant positive association between increased fuel economy and increased driving, and a significantly negative fuel-price elasticity, which ranges between -35% and -41%. Taken together, these results suggest that fuel taxes are likely to be a more effective policy measure in reducing emissions than fuel- efficiency standards.
- Published
- 2008
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