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Objective: To assess first professional year (P1) students learning about impostor phenomenon (IP) through participation in learning activities featuring the creation of an educational IP infographic., Methods: A total of 167 P1 students were invited to complete a validated survey to determine baseline IP tendencies and attended a near-peer-delivered course lecture on IP. Student groups of 4 created an infographic containing IP lecture information and survey results, aimed at increasing IP awareness in a target audience. Mixed methods were integrated to assess learning outcomes. Qualitatively, infographics were evaluated by rubric for completeness, accuracy, and visual literacy, and student reflections were thematically evaluated on the impact of IP activities; quantitatively, 19 student learning objectives were anonymously self-assessed by Likert Scale survey. Students viewed all 42 created infographics, applied criteria, and voted for the 3 best., Results: Survey results indicated 58% of P1 students exhibited IP tendencies above the scale's defined threshold for significant impostorism. Student groups demonstrated IP learning through developing creative, accurate, and concise infographics, with a mean score of 85% (4.27/5). Assessment survey respondents agreed they can confidently describe IP (92%) and design an infographic for a target audience using acquired knowledge (99%). Through critical reflections on the impact of IP exercises, students expressed improvement in self-awareness and communication skills; described the benefits of engagement in random peer groups; and voiced appreciation for a novel method of learning material (infographic creation)., Conclusion: Students demonstrated learning about IP by incorporating lecture and survey results into engaging infographics and expressed benefits from learning about this important topic that is prevalent in P1 students., (Copyright © 2023 American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Aim: To evaluate the impact of an educational intervention focused on teaching students to create infographics to improve pharmacology learning., Design: This is a comparative study., Methods: The population was 250 nursing students who had to create two infographics in groups related to the content that had been addressed in pharmacology in two different moments. Students and professors evaluated the infographics through a 5-point Likert scale. Scores from the official exam of the pharmacology subject were obtained., Results: Most of the students scored below 50% for the "excellent" and "good" categories. Intraclass correlation and kappa correlations among students and professors' evaluations were low. The comparison between both times of students' evaluations only yields significant correlation values for the criterion "Understanding of information" (r = .039, p = .024) and the "Visual presentation of information" (r = .041, p = .019). No correlation was obtained between the test and evaluations values of the infographic., (© 2022 The Authors. Nursing Open published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Background: Understanding how people use infographics and their opinion on them has important implications for the design of infographics but has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to describe people's use of and opinions about infographics summarising health and medical research, preferences for information to include in infographics, and barriers to reading full-text articles., Methods: We conducted an online cross-sectional survey of consumers of infographics that summarise health or medical research. Demographic and outcome data were collected and summarised using descriptive statistics. A sensitivity analysis explored whether being a researcher/academic influenced the findings., Results: Two hundred fifty-four participants completed the survey (88% completion rate). Participants included health professionals (66%), researchers (34%), academics (24%), and patients/the public (13%). Most used Twitter (67%) and smartphones (89%) to access and view infographics, and thought infographics were useful tools to communicate research (92%) and increase the attention research receives (95%). Although most participants were somewhat/extremely likely (76%) to read the full-text article after viewing an infographic, some used infographics as a substitute for the full text at least half of the time (41%), thought infographics should be detailed enough so they do not have to read the full text (55%), and viewed infographics as tools to reduce the time burden of reading the full text (64%). Researchers/academics were less likely to report behaviours/beliefs suggesting infographics can reduce the need to read the full-text article., Conclusions: Given many people use infographics as a substitute for reading the full-text article and want infographics to be detailed enough so they don't have to read the full text, a checklist to facilitate clear, transparent, and sufficiently detailed infographics summarising some types of health and medical research may be useful., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Background: Infographics have become an increasingly popular method to present research findings and increase the attention research receives. As many scientific journals now use infographics to boost the visibility and uptake of the research they publish, infographics have become an important tool for medical education. It is unknown whether such infographics convey the key characteristics that are needed to make useful interpretations of the data such as an adequate description of the study population, interventions, comparators and outcomes; methodological limitations; and numerical estimates of benefits and harms. This study described whether infographics published in peer-reviewed health and medical research journals contain key characteristics that are needed to make useful interpretations of clinical research., Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we identified peer-reviewed journals listed in the top quintile of 35 unique fields of medicine and health research listed in the Journal Citation Reports database. Two researchers screened journals for the presence of infographics. We defined an infographic as a graphical visual representation of research findings. We extracted data from a sample of two of the most recent infographics from each journal. Outcomes were the proportion of infographics that reported key characteristics such as study population, interventions, comparators and outcomes, benefits, harms, effect estimates with measures of precision, between-group differences and conflicts of interest; acknowledged risk of bias, certainty of evidence and study limitations; and based their conclusions on the study's primary outcome., Results: We included 129 infographics from 69 journals. Most infographics described the population (81%), intervention (96%), comparator (91%) and outcomes (94%), but fewer contained enough information on the population (26%), intervention (45%), comparator (20%) and outcomes (55%) for those components of the study to be understood without referring to the main paper. Risk of bias was acknowledged in only 2% of infographics, and none of the 69 studies that had declared a conflict of interest disclosed it in the infographics., Conclusions: Most infographics do not report sufficient information to allow readers to interpret study findings, including the study characteristics, results, and sources of bias. Our results can inform initiatives to improve the quality of the information presented in infographics., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Introduction: Men with gynaecomastia are routinely referred to breast clinics, yet most do not require breast surgical intervention. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of a novel point-of-care gynaecomastia decision infographic in primary care on the assessment, management and referral practices to tertiary breast surgical services., Methods: A study was carried out of male patient referrals from primary care in Greater Manchester to a tertiary breast centre between January and March in 2018-2020. Referral patterns were compared before and after the infographic went live in general practices in Greater Manchester in January 2020. Data were collected for gynaecomastia referrals, including aetiology, investigation and management., Results: In total, 394 men were referred to a tertiary breast centre from 163 general practices, of which 271 (68.8%) had a diagnosis of gynaecomastia. Use of the decision infographic by primary healthcare providers was associated with a decrease in male breast referrals with gynaecomastia (79.6% to 62.0%). Fewer gynaecomastia patients were referred with a benign physiological or drug-related cause after implementation of the infographic (52.2% vs 41.8%). Only 10 (3.7%) patients with gynaecomastia underwent breast surgery during the study period., Conclusion: Implementation of a gynaecomastia infographic in primary care in Manchester was associated with a reduction in gynaecomastia referrals to secondary care. We hypothesise that implementation of the infographic into primary care nationally may potentially translate to hundreds of patients receiving more specialty-appropriate referrals, improving overall management of gynaecomastia. Further study is warranted to test this hypothesis.

Objective: We propose that harm reduction messages advocating moderation versus abstinence from social interaction will be seen as less threatening and increase intentions to follow COVID-19 guidelines. We also examine two important moderators: the influence of risk framing and willingness to risk infection., Method: A 2 × 2 between-participants, randomized experiment (N = 476) varied infographics portraying low-risk behaviors, like going camping, versus high-risk behaviors, like attending a concert, followed by either moderation or abstinence guidelines. Participants in two additional control groups saw an infographic displaying either a full range of risk behaviors or behaviors that pose no risk, each followed by generic guidelines., Results: Regression analyses show moderation messages are less freedom-threatening only when presenting low-risk behaviors. Persons more willing to risk infection found all messages more freedom-threatening; however, for these individuals, moderation messages increased behavioral intentions when risks were presented as high., Conclusion: This study suggests harm reduction may be applied effectively in a pandemic, where the behavior of risk-tolerant individuals, at a population level, could have suboptimal effects on curbing virus transmission., Practice Implications: Health educators should communicate harm reduction with certain populations but also test to ensure messaging, including visuals communicating relative risks, are received as intended., Competing Interests: Declarations of interest None., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Within the theoretical frameworks of the dual coding theory, this study examined how the implementation of infographics would influence audiences' cognitive responses to science news reporting topics of genetically modified food and bioengineering. A total of 280 participants were randomly assigned to view news articles that report genetically modified food information presented via infographics or text. Findings showed that the participants recalled more information, elaborated more message-relevant thoughts, and had more favorable attitude changes toward the genetically modified foods when science news content is presented in infographics compared with text. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed herein.

Infographics are visual representations of data that utilize various graphic elements, including pie charts, bar graphs, line graphs, and histograms. Educators and designers can maximize the potential of infographics as powerful educational tools by carefully addressing challenges and capitalizing on emerging technologies. However, current education systems showcase the need for development guidelines and the best practices targeted at designing and developing infographics while exploring the major economic and social impacts of infographics on education. This study examines the concept and role of infographics in education, methodologies, trends, and obstacles. It evaluates potential economic implications and gives insights to design and development experts. The study is based on a scoping literature review methodology, uncovering the conceptual background and the role of infographics. The study emphasizes the unique functions of infographics in data visualization for educational purposes and investigates the current trends and practices in infographics creation. The key challenges associated with the use of infographics are also discussed. Furthermore, the study attempts to identify the cutting-edge frameworks for infographic creation and development while evaluating their economic implications for the role of global education. Finally, the potential recommendations for creating successful infographics while focusing on professional design and development are also covered. The guided literature review will be vital for understanding and using infographics in education.

Introduction: Health information is accessible from various sources, including the Internet, printed and electronic media, such as books, articles, and infographics. Infographics, as one of the educational resources, are effectively used in controlling and treating diseases and in enhancing public health awareness. To ensure that people access correct, accurate, and highquality information, it is vital to consider fundamental criteria and requirements in the design and development of health infographics. Methods: This study is a scoping review conducted to identify content and appearance criteria for designing and developing health infographics. Databases such as Proquest, LISTA, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase, and PubMed were searched for relevant sources. After an initial search, the retrieved studies were screened based on inclusion and exclusion criteria, resulting in 52 articles being included in this study. Results: The content criteria for designing health infographics included aspects related to text, language, title, image, audience, and credibility indicators. Appearance criteria encompassed features related to visual aesthetics, imagery, font, color, and formatting. The development process of health infographics comprised two parts: human resources, including design and production teams, evaluation teams, and dissemination teams; and design requirements of health infographics, which encompass components & design principles, design steps, and design tools. Conclusion: Understanding the criteria and requirements for designing and developing health infographics, as presented in this study, can offer guidance for infographic designers and health professionals. This understanding aids in creating and evaluating health infographics effectively and improves the process of health information circulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of agricultural sustainability, specifically sustainable beef production, is not well established, and much misinformation frames this conversation. One way agricultural communicators can educate the public on this controversial topic is through infographics. Scholars have suggested recall, or the mental process of retrieving information from the past, as a technique to understand what someone has comprehended when exposed to new information. The Limited Capacity Model of Motivated Mediated Message Processing (LC4MP) provides insight into human information processing and recall, and it guided this study's development. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect various types of data visualizations used in infographics about agricultural topics have on college students' knowledge and ability to recall attributes from the data visualizations. An experimental study was conducted where participants viewed one of three infographics with embedded data visualizations and answered questions to understand their recall of information, design elements, and information recognition. The results show pictographs were significantly more effective in participant information recognition and the free and cued recall of design; however, it was not significant for free and cued recall of information. These findings add to the agricultural communication literature as they show how the type of data visualization can impact how viewers encode, store, and retrieve information. The researchers suggest agricultural communicators implement pictographs more frequently in infographic communications strategy. Additionally, agricultural communicators must begin to train students on the use of data visualization techniques in classroom settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Graphical abstracts (GAs), also known as visual abstracts, are powerful tools for communicating complex information and ideas clearly and concisely. These visual representations aim to capture the essential findings and central message of a research study, allowing the audience to understand and remember its content quickly. This review article describes the current state of GAs, including their benefits, limitations, and future directions in the development of GAs. It also presents methods and tips for producing a GA. In Korea, more than 10 medical journals have introduced GAs from 2021 to 2022. The number of citations was higher in articles with GAs than in those without GAs in the top 10 gastroenterology journals. There are five types of GAs: conceptual diagrams, flowcharts, infographics, iconographic abstracts, and photograph-like illustrations. A limitation of the GA system is the absence of a universal standard for GAs. The key steps for creating a GA are as follows: (1) start by identifying the main message; (2) choose an appropriate visual style; (3) draw an easy-to-understand graphic; (4) use colors and other design elements; and (5) request feedback. Available tools that are useful for creating GAs include Microsoft PowerPoint, Mind the Graph, Biorender, and Canva. Another effective method is collaborating with experts. Artificial intelligence will soon be able to produce GAs more efficiently from raw data or manuscripts, which will help researchers draw GAs more easily. GAs have become a crucial art for researchers to master, and their use is expected to expand in the future.

Copyright of Zeszyty Teoretyczne Rachunkowości is the property of Stowarzyszenie Ksiegowych w Polsce Rada Naukowa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Journalistic interactive visualizations (JIVs) – such as scrollytellings, interactive infographics, and clickable data visualizations – have an epistemic potential to efficiently and intricately mediate rich journalistic knowledge. In practice, however, they usually mediate and oversimplify limited knowledge. To understand why and where, across the production line, JIVs lose their epistemic potential, we map the production process of JIVs in three leading Israeli news organizations based on a combination of in-depth and reconstruction interviews with 22 JIV producers. Findings point to nine prominent bifurcations, where the production course can shape JIVs so that they mediate rich and intricate or limited and simplistic knowledge. Overall, these findings reflect a misfit between an "industrial" production process and a "post-industrial" news product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Past studies have shown that when a visualization uses pictographs to encode data, they have a positive effect on memory, engagement, and assessment of risk. However, little is known about how pictographs affect one’s ability to understand a visualization, beyond memory for values and trends. We conducted two crowdsourced experiments to compare the effectiveness of using pictographs when showing part-to-whole relationships. In Experiment 1, we compared pictograph arrays to more traditional bar and pie charts. We tested participants’ ability to generate high-level insights following Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives via 6 free-response questions. We found that accuracy for extracting information and generating insights did not differ overall between the two versions. To explore the motivating differences between the designs, we conducted a second experiment where participants compared charts containing pictograph arrays to more traditional charts on 5 metrics and explained their reasoning. We found that some participants preferred the way that pictographs allowed them to envision the topic more easily, while others preferred traditional bar and pie charts because they seem less cluttered and faster to read. These results suggest that, at least in simple visualizations depicting part-to-whole relationships, the choice of using pictographs has little influence on sensemaking and insight extraction. When deciding whether to use pictograph arrays, designers should consider visual appeal, perceived comprehension time, ease of envisioning the topic, and clutteredness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When designing infographics, general users usually struggle with getting desired color palettes using existing infographic authoring tools, which sometimes sacrifice customizability, require design expertise, or neglect the influence of elements’ spatial arrangement. We propose a data-driven method that provides flexibility by considering users’ preferences, lowers the expertise barrier via automation, and tailors suggested palettes to the spatial layout of elements. We build a recommendation engine by utilizing deep learning techniques to characterize good color design practices from data, and further develop InfoColorizer, a tool that allows users to obtain color palettes for their infographics in an interactive and dynamic manner. To validate our method, we conducted a comprehensive four-part evaluation, including case studies, a controlled user study, a survey study, and an interview study. The results indicate that InfoColorizer can provide compelling palette recommendations with adequate flexibility, allowing users to effectively obtain high-quality color design for input infographics with low effort. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Design research results about the academic use of data visualization cheat sheets in urban and regional studies (iaur, in Spanish). It presents a quantitative and qualitative analysis of forty-one (41) undergraduate architecture degree thesis published in 2021. A correlation matrix is developed for evaluating data. It depicts that iaur are not being used as a diagnostic tool to define urban intervention places. The working hypothesis is that iaur have lost its communication capability due to its insertion in the image-consumption economy that characterizes contemporary post capitalist society. To push forward the findings, two deliberately artistic iaur are proposed. Lipovetsky & Serroy’s concept of aestheticization is used as theoretical reference. The article argues that such aestheticization of graphic representation methods in architecture is part of a larger process of aestheticization involving the classroom and the city as a whole. The purpose of the debate is to wonder if the passage from traditional drawings to aestheticized urban cheat sheets comes along with urban informality social problems to be left unattended, which would derive in the opposite outcome: blurring the territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Societas / Communitas is the property of University of Warsaw and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Digital visualizations have seen an exponential rise in use by politicians, candidates, and other political actors. Digital visualizations are an informative and engaging genre, but when applied by political candidates, they may also be used to persuade or mislead. However, the ways in which different actors utilize them have yet to receive systematic scholarly attention. Informed by a comprehensive theoretical framework related to political power, digital visualizations, and social media campaigns, I perform grounded qualitative content analysis of all cost-of-living visualizations posed to Facebook during the 2015 Israeli election period, by both peripheral and primary political actors. I define two main argumentation strategies (Progress Makers & Hinderers and Re-Visualized Economy) reliant on different narrative, visual, and information-oriented strategies by different actors. An overview of the findings reveals digital visualizations as a meeting ground between the political power of actors, the rhetorical power of emotionality, and the cultural-political power of numbers. I conclude with a reflection on re-visualization as a means of expanding a fourth type of power, discursive power, wherein visualizations are used as a tool for resistance by weaker actors, against the narrative of reality promoted by stronger actors, relying on the rhetorical affordances of the digital political visualization genre to increase their political power. Digital visualizations thus offer a uniquely agile tool for political actors of all types to utilize in gaining discursive power in the competition over election narratives in the digital arena of social media. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, political discourse in digital spheres has seen a rise in the use of infographics. The paper addresses an unexplored question about this phenomenon: which characteristics are associated with higher levels of ostensive user engagement with political infographics in social media? We conceptualize ostensive user engagement as the outward-facing metrics afforded by a platform (e.g., like, share, and comment count) that serve both as means for self-presentation and shape the informational environment that others are exposed to. A corpus comprised of all infographics posted on Facebook by the four leading candidates in the 2016 US presidential campaign (N = 252) was coded for cognitive, behavioral, and emotional characteristics. We found that two of the cognitively oriented dimensions enhanced engagement, while behavioral cues (calls to action) were, surprisingly, negatively linked. The inclusion of emotions did not show an overall association; however, a deeper look revealed a candidate-specific effect: anger was associated with greater engagement on Trump's infographics, and similarly, pleasure on Sanders'. In conclusion, we discuss the implications of our findings for understanding the informational environment shaped by engagement with infographics in light of the two seemingly opposing perceptions of internal and external authenticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evolution overview of the discipline of information visualization during 2021. We select, on the one hand, various proposals that incorporate innovations regarding visual concepts and resources, and on the other, some examples of visualizations that have attracted attention, not so much for their visual contributions but for the set of data and content they have represented. Finally, to complete this vision of the evolution of this discipline over one year, we address some advances related to the technological development in the field of information visualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Index.Comunicación is the property of Index.comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent years, scrollytelling – a method to animate content as a reader scrolls through an article – has become an integral part of online visual storytelling. Despite its popularity, few studies have examined the variety of existing scrollytelling techniques. In addition, scrollytelling is still costly to produce. This study aims to generate a scrollytelling vocabulary for newsrooms and creative agencies. By analysing 50 examples, we have identified granular characteristics of scrollytelling elements, or 'scrollers', and grouped them into five standard techniques: graphic sequences, animated transitions, panning and zooming, scrolling through movies, and showing and auto-playing animated content. The study provides information designers, developers, and visual journalists with a vocabulary to experiment with different scrollytelling techniques and implement scrollers faster and more easily. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this research article, graphical analytics is presented as a method for the investigation of page/layout- and image-based materials. This approach is used to analyse image composition, image constellations and the layout of the examined books, and it facilitates a comparison across several books within a single visualization. The methodology is introduced and the epistemology explained, along with concepts such as framework, simulative and heuristic models, and image constellations. Methodological steps like the establishment of the data set, the collection of specific data, the organization of the information architecture, and the design of the display of these data are explained. The method is illustrated through a case study on nine illustrated books on non-human primates. This material is analysed according to given research questions on the proximity of non-human primates and human beings being depicted in the images of these books, and on the differences between the illustrated books with respect to their target audiences. The findings of our graphical analytics reveal patterns of proximity between humans and non-human primates as well as the iconology of the Book of Genesis in the pictorial and textual materials used by these illustrated books. This contribution presents an introduction to graphical analytics with an exemplary application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effective communication requires a good message delivered through an effective channel and received by a receptive individual. When that communication is successful, the result is enhanced credibility and trust between the sender and the receiver. Telling the Extension story effectively requires both relevant, credible data to compose a clear message and appropriate communication channels to deliver the message to various audiences. This article describes the approach taken by Florida Extension to gather better statewide data to improve communication about the impact of its Extension work, primarily through the use of infographics. With credible data, and working together, Extension data analysts and communicators can enhance Extension’s reputation, trust, and support with key stakeholders.

Infographic is a data visualization technique which combines graphic and textual descriptions in an aesthetic and effective manner. Creating infographics is a difficult and time-consuming process which often requires significant attempts and adjustments even for experienced designers, not to mention novice users with limited design expertise. Recently, a few approaches have been proposed to automate the creation process by applying predefined blueprints to user information. However, predefined blueprints are often hard to create, hence limited in volume and diversity. In contrast, good infogrpahics have been created by professionals and accumulated on the Internet rapidly. These online examples often represent a wide variety of design styles, and serve as exemplars or inspiration to people who like to create their own infographics. Based on these observations, we propose to generate infographics by automatically imitating examples. We present a two-stage approach, namely retrieve-then-adapt. In the retrieval stage, we index online examples by their visual elements. For a given user information, we transform it to a concrete query by sampling from a learned distribution about visual elements, and then find appropriate examples in our example library based on the similarity between example indexes and the query. For a retrieved example, we generate an initial drafts by replacing its content with user information. However, in many cases, user information cannot be perfectly fitted to retrieved examples. Therefore, we further introduce an adaption stage. Specifically, we propose a MCMC-like approach and leverage recursive neural networks to help adjust the initial draft and improve its visual appearance iteratively, until a satisfactory result is obtained. We implement our approach on widely-used proportion-related infographics, and demonstrate its effectiveness by sample results and expert reviews. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Information visualization research has developed powerful systems that enable users to author custom data visualizations without textual programming. These systems can support graphics-driven practices by bridging lazy data-binding mechanisms with vector-graphics editing tools. Yet, despite their expressive power, visualization authoring systems often assume that users want to generate visual representations that they already have in mind rather than explore designs. They also impose a data-to-graphics workflow, where binding data dimensions to graphical properties is a necessary step for generating visualization layouts. In this paper, we introduce StructGraphics, an approach for creating data-agnostic and fully reusable visualization designs. StructGraphics enables designers to construct visualization designs by drawing graphics on a canvas and then structuring their visual properties without relying on a concrete dataset or data schema. In StructGraphics, tabular data structures are derived directly from the structure of the graphics. Later, designers can link these structures with real datasets through a spreadsheet user interface. StructGraphics supports the design and reuse of complex data visualizations by combining graphical property sharing, by-example design specification, and persistent layout constraints. We demonstrate the power of the approach through a gallery of visualization examples and reflect on its strengths and limitations in interaction with graphic designers and data visualization experts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the pandemic generated by the coronavirus, governments and the media were suddenly faced with the difficult challenge of communicating about this issue with the population and transferring technical concepts and large volumes of data to the general public. It was necessary to find a way to make this unfamiliar content accessible to everyone, using known and assimilable formulas. In this context, the strategy chosen to make this communication more efficient was clear: transmit all this vital information through the visual representation of data. In this work we analyze the problems associated with the data involved in these visualizations and review a selection of good and bad practices used in these communication strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Al-Adab / Al-ādāb is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Diálogo com a Economia Criativa is the property of Dialogo com a Economia Criativa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explores how newsmakers exploit numeric records in order to anticipate the future. As this nascent area of data journalism experiments with predictive analytics, we examine its reports and computer-generated presentations, often infographics and data visualizations, and ask what time frames and topics are covered by these diagrammatic displays. We also interrogate the strategies that are employed in order to modulate the uncertainty involved in calculating for more than one possible outlook. Based on a comprehensive sample of projects, our analysis shows how data journalism seeks accuracy but has to cope with a number of different prospective probabilities and the puzzle of how to address this multiplicity of futures. Despite their predictive ambition, these forecasts are inherently grounded in the past because they are based on archival data. We conclude that this form of quantified premediation limits the range of imaginable future thoughts to one preferred mode, namely extrapolation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines a series of infographics designed to share information regarding the global health crisis originated by COVID-19 in 2020 that were published in the press during the first months of the pandemic. This research aims to explore how infographics are used, as well as the most recurrent elements and techniques used in information related to COVID-19. Information produced by the media to cover different topics on the pandemic presents a challenge for journalism due to what has been categorized as complex information. Drawing on the hypothesis that infographics may be the most suitable journalistic genre to render complex information, we developed a research based on content analysis so as to determine the usage that four Spanish newspapers (El País, El Mundo, La Vanguardia and ABC) make of infographics elements. During this period, we observe a significant increase in the number of infographics found in the press to report the pandemic. In addition, data used at a time of social alarm must be obtained from governmental information sources. Regarding the most recurrent techniques, we detect simple, locational graphics and color codes that ensure a quick understanding of information for all citizens. The design of information covering the pandemic is consolidated in all the headers to promote coherence and continuity in graphic styles, as well as effective data management, which also provides readers with prior knowledge of the design and technique. As a general conclusion, we consider that infographics are an essential genre in pandemic information due to the quantitative and locative nature of the information that shapes its graphic expression. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Genetic modification (GM) science is a complex and controversial topic that can instill uncertainty and fear into the minds of the individuals. While science research surrounding GM science in food has indicated no negative impact on the health of humans, consumer perception research has indicated a sense of skepticism and risk surrounding the issue. The Risk Information Seeking and Processing (RISP) model attempts to understand how individuals search for and process information about a subject with some associated level of risk. Infographics are a form of data visualization used to communicate complex ideas. Animation has been shown to garner greater attention from respondents through previous research in other areas of consumer engagement. Utilizing a quasi-experimental study, this research tested the use of a static and animated infographic to measure impact of respondents' ability to recall key information visually portrayed about GM science. The current study found a statistically significant difference was found between the animated infographic treatment group and the respondents' recall ability. Several demographic factors were explored to further understand how infographics are processed by respondents. Key findings in the current research suggest intentional implementation of animation may attend respondents' attention to key details and information associated with complex issues surrounding GM science in food. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is known that eighty percent of people perceive and absorb experience that exists in a certain field of activity, mainly with the help of visual images. Reliance on the visual image provides the individual with the effectiveness of studying, reproducing and further developing his own experience, thinking, and activity. Thinking is a higher process of cognition, which is associated with sensory perception and is based on sensations and perceptions of the surrounding reality. It follows that the stimulus for thought processes is visually perceived objects, visual educational materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A personal view of the information visualization evolution in 2019 is presented. On the one hand, we select some proposals that incorporate innovations regarding visual concepts and resources. On the other, some examples of visualizations that have attracted attention, not so much for their visual contributions, but for the set of data and content they have represented. Finally, we will address some technological advances in information visualization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many real systems can be described by a set of interacting entities forming a complex network. To some surprise, these have been shown to share a number of structural properties regardless of their type or origin. It is thus of vital importance to design simple and intuitive models that can explain their intrinsic structure and dynamics. These can, for instance, be used to study networks analytically or to construct networks not observed in real life. Most models proposed in the literature are of two types. A model can be either static, where edges are added between a fixed set of nodes according to some predefined rule, or evolving, where the number of nodes or edges increases over time. However, some real networks do not grow but rather shrink, meaning that the number of nodes or edges decreases over time. We here propose a simple model of shrinking networks called the war pact model. We show that networks generated in such a way exhibit common structural properties of real networks. Furthermore, compared to classical models, these resemble international trade, correlates of war, Bitcoin transactions and other networks more closely. Network shrinking may therefore represent a reasonable explanation of the evolution of some networks and greater emphasis should be put on such models in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Preterm infants are a group at high risk of having experienced placental insufficiency. It is unclear which growth charts perform best in identifying infants at increased risk of stillbirth and other adverse perinatal outcomes. We compared 2 birthweight charts (population centiles and INTERGROWTH-21st birthweight centiles) and 3 fetal growth charts (INTERGROWTH-21st fetal growth charts, World Health Organization fetal growth charts, and Gestation Related Optimal Weight [GROW] customised growth charts) to identify which chart performed best in identifying infants at increased risk of adverse perinatal outcome in a preterm population.Methods and Findings: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of all preterm infants born at 24.0 to 36.9 weeks gestation in Victoria, Australia, from 2005 to 2015 (28,968 records available for analysis). All above growth charts were applied to the population. Proportions classified as <5th centile and <10th centile by each chart were compared, as were proportions of stillborn infants considered small for gestational age (SGA, <10th centile) by each chart. We then compared the relative performance of non-overlapping SGA cohorts by each chart to our low-risk reference population (infants born appropriate size for gestational age [>10th and <90th centile] by all intrauterine charts [AGAall]) for the following perinatal outcomes: stillbirth, perinatal mortality (stillbirth or neonatal death), Apgar <4 or <7 at 5 minutes, neonatal intensive care unit admissions, suspicion of poor fetal growth leading to expedited delivery, and cesarean section. All intrauterine charts classified a greater proportion of infants as <5th or <10th centile than birthweight charts. The magnitude of the difference between birthweight and fetal charts was greater at more preterm gestations. Of the fetal charts, GROW customised charts classified the greatest number of infants as SGA (22.3%) and the greatest number of stillborn infants as SGA (57%). INTERGROWTH classified almost no additional infants as SGA that were not already considered SGA on GROW or WHO charts; however, those infants classified as SGA by INTERGROWTH had the greatest risk of both stillbirth and total perinatal mortality. GROW customised charts classified a larger proportion of infants as SGA, and these infants were still at increased risk of mortality and adverse perinatal outcomes compared to the AGAall population. Consistent with similar studies in this field, our study was limited in comparing growth charts by the degree of overlap, with many infants classified as SGA by multiple charts. We attempted to overcome this by examining and comparing sub-populations classified as SGA by only 1 growth chart.Conclusions: In this study, fetal charts classified greater proportions of preterm and stillborn infants as SGA, which more accurately reflected true fetal growth restriction. Of the intrauterine charts, INTERGROWTH classified the smallest number of preterm infants as SGA, although it identified a particularly high-risk cohort, and GROW customised charts classified the greatest number at increased risk of perinatal mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To explore, through face to face interviews with a selection of General Dental Practitioners (GDPs), their views and experiences of having used the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS) within primary care research studies for recording caries. Methods: This qualitative study involved one on one interviews with eight GDP’s who had previously used ICDAS on patients in their dental practices as part of a research study. The participants were selected from among those who had taken part in two clinical studies in the UK using convenient, but purposive sampling. The interviews were tape-recorded and transcribed; the data analysis was conducted by thematic analysis. Results: GDP’s indicated their beliefs that ICDAS had an important role in caries prevention but reported four main barriers while using the full (6 caries stages) ICDAS coding system in their practices: lack of simplicity of coding, financial implications and time consumption (in both training and use of ICDAS) and inadequate undergraduate training. An overarching theme identified from the GDPS was the willingness to offer potential solutions to their barriers which might improve the utilisation of the system in primary care. Conclusion: The GDPs experienced common obstacles in using ICDAS in the primary care setting, many of which have relatively straight-forward solutions which they put forward themselves such as: incentivisation, undergraduate-level training in ICDAS for both dentists and nurses and computerized data entry. Further qualitative and quantitative research is needed on how to facilitate the utilisation of the system in dental practice. It is also recommended to explore the influences of wider agencies on influencing primary dental care professionals’ caries management, including appropriate recording of diagnosis and risk assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the focus is on visual metaphors used in Nigel Holmes' data visualizations present in his infographics. This analysis was accomplished by approaching the theory of cognitive linguistics and visual rhetoric from the point of view of information design. Our study is based on the theory of cognitive metaphors, notably the work of Lakoff and Johnson (1980), and the study of figures of speech in visual language. In this analysis we used a taxonomy of figures of speech for pictorial language in data visualization (Lima, 2018). When analyzing the pictorial metaphors used by Holmes, we observe that this designer tends to overlap pictorial elements on schematic ones in his statistical charts. We coined this mix of graphic modalities: pictorial-schematic charts (gráficos pictórico-esquemáticos). This use of pictorial elements, often humorous, overlapping precise numerical data was harshly opposed by information design theorists such as Edward Tufte in the 1980s. These pictorial elements were called chartjunk. This term has served as a criticism of visual elements considered superfluous in the name of a more neutral approach to infographics and data visualization. However, we seek to understand Holmes' choice of using visual metaphors as an approach that is not limited to a supposedly neutral graphic language. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]