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Die russische IT-Branche sieht sich in Folge des Überfalls der Russischen Föderation auf die Ukraine auf mehreren Ebenen großen Herausforderungen gegenüber. Etliche Schwierigkeiten ergeben sich neu aus den massiven westlichen Wirtschaftssanktionen und dem massenhaften Weggang westlicher Unternehmen aus Russland, andere bereits seit langem bekannte Probleme wurden durch den Krieg und seine Folgen deutlich drängender. Es lassen sich drei miteinander verschränkte Themenfelder ausmachen, auf denen sich der russische Staat zu Ergreifung von Maßnahmen gezwungen sieht: 1. Der Rückzug ausländischer Anbieter vom russischen Markt wird mittelfristig zu einer deutlichen Einschränkung des Angebots an Software und IT Services für Nutzer/innen und Unternehmen führen. 2. Die mit Kriegsbeginn ausgelöste Ausreisewelle von IT Spezialisten, die vom Rückzug ausländischer Firmen aus Russland und der Teilmobilisierung Ende September verstärkt wurde, könnte zu einer deutlichen Verschärfung der Fachkräftesituation führen. 3. Die Versorgung mit Hardware für Computer- und Telekommunikationstechnik aus dem Ausland ist durch die westlichen Sanktionen sehr unsicher geworden. Zwar gibt es seit Jahren staatliche Bemühungen, die russische Mikroelektronikindustrie auszubauen und auf ein international konkurrenzfähiges Niveau zu bringen. Erfolge lassen aber bislang auf sich warten und sind kurz- und mittelfristig nicht in Sicht.

Purpose: The purpose of the paper is to investigate the role of civil aviation in the case of Montenegro, one of the smallest countries in Europe and one whose economy heavily relies on tourism. Methods: For this research, a dynamic panel data approach is used, where five models are proposed for modelling tourism demand. Available seats per kilometer, the Herfindahl–Hirschman index, jet fuel prices, exchange rates, and seasonality are used as the models’ explanatory variables, in line with the available litetrature. Results: The econometric results show that all suggested models are valid, the explanatory variables are statistically significant, and their coefficients have the expected sign, suggesting a strong relationship between tourism demand and civil aviation. Implications: Apart from being one of the first attempts to highlight the civil aviation and tourism nexus in the context of Montenegro, this paper contributes to the literature by suggesting a way forward for destination managers and policymakers in small countries with great tourism potential., SUBMITTED: OCT 2022, REVISION SUBMITTED: JAN 2023, ACCEPTED: MAR 2023, REFEREED ANONYMOUSLY, PUBLISHED ONLINE: 10 JUNE 2023

This paper examines the effect of conflict on agricultural value added, using the example of the conflict in the Anglophone and Northern regions of Cameroon. The authors examine this relationship using data from FAO (FAOSTAT, 2022) and the World Bank (WDI, 2022) for the period 2000 to 2022. The econometric results show that the conflict variable, whose impact is the purpose of this exercise, has a negative sign and is statistically significant at the 1% level. The coefficient indicates that the years of conflict lead to a negative variation in agricultural production of sixteen percentage points, corresponding to a total estimated loss of nearly 4615 billion CFA francs over the eight years of conflict (2014-2022), or an average of 576.9 billion CFA francs per year. If conflict is a fundamental cause of the decline in agricultural value-added in Cameroon, then policies aimed at defusing and preventing conflict and promoting peace are an essential means of agricultural recovery, improving food security, and reducing rural poverty in Cameroon.

The objective of this study is to analyze the determinants of agricultural production in Cameroon, a country with very high agricultural potential. The authors conduct this study using data from FAO (FAOSTAT, 2022), the World Bank (WDI, 2022), and Cameroon's Ministries of Rural Development (for budgetary data on public agricultural expenditures). The econometric results show that in Cameroon, the increase in agricultural output is largely sustained by the expansion of the rural population and that a series of factors contribute to the decline in agricultural production, including rural education, low institutional levels and the isolation of rural areas. According to the results of this study, if Cameroon wants to accelerate its agricultural growth, the redistribution of uncultivated arable land to farmers, the integration of agricultural training units into rural secondary education programs and the enforcement of laws protecting land ownership must be at the heart of economic policies. L'objectif de cette étude est d'analyser les déterminants de la production agricole au Cameroun, un pays à très fort potentiel agricole. Les auteurs mènent cette étude à partir des données de la FAO (FAOSTAT, 2022), de la Banque mondiale (WDI, 2022) et des ministères du developpement rural du Cameroun (pour les données budgétaires relatives aux dépenses publiques agricoles). Les résultats économétriques montrent qu'au Cameroun, l'accroissement du produit agricole est soutenu en grande partie par l'expansion de la population rurale et qu'une série de facteurs contribue à la baisse de la production agricole entre autres, l'éducation en milieu rural, le faible niveau des institutions et l'enclavement des zones rurales. Au regard des résultats de cette étude, si le Cameroun veut accélérer sa croissance agricole, la redistribution des terres arables non cultivées aux agriculteurs, l'intégration des unités de formation aux métiers de l'agriculture dans les programmes d'enseignement secondaire en milieu rural et l'application des lois protégeant la propriété foncière doivent être au cœur des politiques économiques.

Tourism suffered more than many other sectors amid Covid-19 travel restrictions. This article looks at the impact of the pandemic on the territorial redistribution of tourist flows in the Baltic region. The study draws on regional annual and monthly data on international and domestic tourist arrivals between 2019 and 2021, available on the websites of the statistical offices of the Baltic Region countries. The regions earlier dependent on tourist arrivals from Russia experienced the largest drop in inbound tourism during the Covid-19 pandemic. Yet, domestic tourism burgeoned in most of the region’s countries. In 2021, the most dramatic increase in domestic arrivals occurred, year on year, in the border regions of Russia’s Northwest Federal District; the growth was also notable in Finland and the Baltic States. Domestic tourist flow compensated, partially or even fully, for the decrease in inbound tourist flow in most regions. The structure of inbound tourism changed markedly during the pandemic, with the share of tourists from the Baltic States growing. The strongest rise was in some regions of southern Finland and more modest in Latvia and Lithuania.

This study measures the economic impact of hotels and similar establishments on the overall economy of the Hungarian Veszprém District. It is considered to be an individual part of the total hospitality sector. The Local Multiplier is utilized in the study from three perspectives: direct, indirect and induced effects. Both secondary public data as well as primary data sources, merely questionnaires, were used to collect data. The resulting score for the induced impact (LM3) is 1.96, meaning that for every forint brought into the economy of the district of Veszprem by the hotels and similar establishments, another extra forint is generated. The study also finds that revenues of the Veszprem district as share of the national figures have shrunk significantly and development has stagnated in absolute terms over the past four years.

Die vorliegende Studie geht der Fragestellung nach, wie sich eine anbieterübergreifende, abonnementbasierte Plattform für den digitalen Journalismus, also eine Art Spotify im Journalismus, auf die Umsätze der Anbieter journalistischer Inhalte und die Abonnements im Digitaljournalismus in Deutschland auswirken würde.

Immigrants in rural areas and immigrant employment in the agricultural sector have been studied from a variety of perspectives. However, we currently lack a bird's-eye view of these two phenomena covering all EU member states through time. This paper tackles that gap, first by describing the main features of immigrant settlement and economic integration in rural areas in the EU. Second, it offers an EU-wide overview of immigrants' integration in the agricultural sector. Then, it investigates empirically the degree to which the different characteristics of agricultural production in two member states – Italy and Spain – are associated with a migrant presence in the area. The study finds that, in the context of a shrinking agricultural labour force, the share of migrant workers in that sector in several regions is increasing over time. Migrants living in rural areas are more likely to be unemployed and face economic hardship than locals. Migrants employed in agriculture are, also, more likely to work in elementary occupations and temporary jobs. Finally, the case studies on Italy and Spain demonstrate that the relative size of the migrant population is related to the typology of agricultural land use and to the labour intensity and seasonality of cultivation.

Purpose: This study addresses the digital transformation in tourism, accelerated due to the COVID-19 pandemic. By linking the front- and backstage activities, a model of the tourism value system is sketched with the aim to assist the shift toward digital value creation in the case of the German tourism sector by asking, What are the challenges for the digital transformation of tourism service providers, and how can it be promoted along with the tourism value system? Methods: Recognizing the processual challenges of digitalization, this contribution builds upon a mixed-methods approach. First, a quantitative online survey (n = 372) was conducted by the German Competence Center for Tourism at the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The results were discussed in a workshop with 40 experts from the tourism industry in September 2020, where the COVID-19 pandemic was referred to. Results: The focus of tourism service providers is predominantly the digitalization of guest communication, whereas corporate strategies on digitalization are widely not available. Key findings of the survey indicate that competitiveness in digitalization will depend on the appropriate infrastructure, clear strategies, and organizational integration. Implications: The study affirms the increased speed of digital transformation against the backdrop of the COVID-19 pandemic and reveals the need for greater focus on internal processes. In addition, an orchestrated linking of the service providers in a digital ecosystem that is supported by national efforts is proposed., SUBMITTED: MAR 2021, REVISION SUBMITTED: JUL 2021, ACCEPTED: AUG 2021, REFEREED ANONYMOUSLY, PUBLISHED ONLINE: 18 OCT 2021

Effective communication plays a part in the success and the sustainability of tourism and hospitality management, including community-based tourism (CBT). In Brunei Darussalam, communication barriers have affected the growth of the CBT industry at both local and national levels. By analysing responses from 16 local CBT operators, this investigation focuses on aspects of communication and its channels in securing sustainability and empowerment of the CBT industry. This study found that the CBT ventures in Brunei include: (1) horizontal/lateral communication between CBT operators and sur-rounding communities; and (2) top-down communication and bottom-up accessibility between authorities, community leaders, and CBT owners. This paper further discusses how bureaucracy can impede the success of CBT operations, and how a collaborative approach between stakeholders has inspired the formulation of a new Interactional Model of Leadership and Empowerment among CBT stakeholders, which can be used to measure the efficacy of communication among stakeholders in the CBT industry., Advances in Southeast Asian Studies, Vol. 15 No. 2 (2022): Challenging Stereotypes in Europe-Thailand Transnational Migration

For over a decade China has supplanted Europe as the principal stimulus for the production and export of soy from Brazil, overwhelmingly in the form of whole beans rather than meal. Medium-term projections, whether from the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) or Brazil’s Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA), suggest that this dynamic will continue, while China’s Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs (MARA) forecasts are somewhat more modest. In this article, a range of new factors are taken into account, which point to a more uncertain future. These include: Brazil’s alignment in the US-China trade war and the tensions this is creating both diplomatically and within the soy sector itself; the measures China is adopting to diversify its agricultural commodity supply bases; China’s increasing commitment to global climate goals; the impact of food innovation and consumer trends on global meat consumption; and the policies China is putting into place to increase domestic capacity. All these factors, it is argued, may call into question the current dynamism of the Brazil-China soy nexus over the medium term, with the unintended consequence of easing of the pressure on Brazil’s fragile Cerrados and Amazon ecosystems., International Quarterly for Asian Studies, Vol. 53 No. 2 (2022): China beyond China, Part I

The aim of this paper is to transcend the long-standing depiction that workers universally participate in the undeclared service economy out of necessity due to their exclusion from the formal labour market, by proposing and evaluating the existence of a dual undeclared labour market in the service sector composed of an ‘upper-tier’ of voluntary exit-driven and ‘lower-tier’ of exclusion-driven undeclared service sector workers. Reporting a 2019 Eurobarometer survey conducted in 28 European countries, a dual labour market in the undeclared service economy is validated. Three-quarters of undeclared service workers report either purely exit- or exclusion driven rationales. For every lower tier undeclared service worker, 6.7 are in the upper tier, with those in the voluntary exit-driven upper tier more likely to be older, self-employed, having spent time in full-time education, and to be living in Western Europe and Nordic countries. The theoretical and policy implications are then discussed.

Effective regulation of the financial market is clearly crucial to innovation and the future success of the financial services industry and, in particular, FinTech companies. Prior to the global financial crisis, financial innovation was viewed very positively, resulting in many markets in the deregulatory approach to financial regulation. During the crisis, the regulatory pendulum swang to the other extreme. Dramatic technological change has spurred the development of financial technology companies (FinTech). FinTech and other financial services providers profoundly challenge the current regulatory paradigm. Financial regulators are increasingly seeking to balance the traditional regulatory approaches to financial stability and consumer protection with promoting growth and innovation. The resulting regulatory innovations include technology, innovation hubs, regulatory sandboxes, and special charters. This paper analyses new regulatory approaches, structured experimentalism (such as sandboxes), and the development of specific new regulatory frameworks. Skuteczna regulacja rynku finansowego jest kluczowa dla jego innowacyjności i przyszłej pozycji firm FinTech w branży usług finansowych. Przed globalnym kryzysem finansowym innowacje finansowe były postrzegane bardzo pozytywnie, co doprowadziło do deregulacji wielu rynków usług finansowych. W czasie kryzysu nastawienie regulatorów zmieniło się diametralnie. Szybkie zmiany technologiczne pobudziły rozwój firm z branży technologii finansowych (FinTech). FinTech i inni dostawcy usług finansowych otwarcie kwestionują obecny paradygmat regulacyjny. Organy nadzorcze coraz częściej starają się zrównoważyć tradycyjne podejście regulacyjne do stabilności finansowej i ochrony konsumentów z promowaniem wzrostu i innowacji. Wynikające z tego innowacje regulacyjne obejmują technologie, centra innowacji, piaskownice regulacyjne i inne indywidualne rozwiązania. W artykule przeanalizowano nowe podejścia regulacyjne, ustrukturyzowany eksperymentalizm (np. piaskownice regulacyjne) oraz perspektywę nowych ram regulacyjnych.

The main objectives of tourism business management are to develop and implement new strategies for promoting the product in the tourism market with the help of new technologies, as well as improve the existing ones due to using the main management functions. The article aims to improve the religious tourism sector in the modern tourism market and draw attention to religious tourism management. Research methods include analysis, synthesis, comparison, generalization, forecasting, as well as the use of systemic, activity-oriented, historical and culturological approaches. The article offers some ways of solving the issues of religious tourism, taking into account the specifics of this sector. It also covers some problematic issues in religious tourism in the context of the main management functions. The article proves that the potential of religious tourism is unrealized in terms of management and marketing research on tourism. The crisis of the global tourism industry, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, has done significant harm to the entire tourism sector of Ukraine’s economy. But it opens a unique window of opportunities for Ukraine to become a world-famous religious destination. The WTTC drew attention to this, urging public and private sector leaders to work together to pave the way for the economic recovery, needed for the travel and tourist industry and create millions of jobs.

Zusammenfassung Verschiedene Biookonomie-Strategien zielen auf die Substitution fossiler Brennstoffe durch nachwachsende Rohstoffe. Jedoch ist auch die Produktion agrarischer Ressourcen im derzeitigen Modell der industriellen Landwirtschaft ein extraktives System, das auf die standige Zufuhr externer Nahrstoffe angewiesen ist. Nach einer historisch-theoretischen Analyse dieser Nahrstoffflusse geht der Beitrag auf den Nahrstoff Phosphor bzw. den Rohstoff Phosphatgestein ein. Es zeigt sich, dass Phosphatgestein, jahrzehntelang eine „billige Massenware“, ab 2007 zu einem strategischen Rohstoff wurde, wobei auch Analysen uber ein mogliches Fordermaximum (Peak Phosphorus) um das Jahr 2030 entstanden sind. Anhand exemplarischer Strategien staatlicher und privater Akteure zum Umgang mit der neuen Situation wird deutlich, dass die Kontrolle uber Phosphor-Flusse zunehmend umkampft ist. Der Beitrag argumentiert, dass Biookonomie-Strategien bereits bestehende Auseinandersetzungen um die Phosphatversorgung verscharfen und globale Ungleichheiten verstarken, die unter anderem in Ernahrungskrisen hervortreten. Technologische Erneuerungen, die auch im Rahmen der Biookonomie vorangetrieben werden, erlauben nur eine bedingte Abkehr vom extraktiven Charakter der Landwirtschaft, konnen aber die Interessen dominanter Akteure sichern. Schlagworter: Phosphatgestein, Bergbau, peak phosphorus, Dungemittel, Industrielle Landwirtschaft, Biookonomie, Guterketten, Ernahrungskrisen, Globale Ungleichheit, Brasilien, Peru, Nahrstoff-Recycling ----- The Extractive Basis of the Bioeconomy. Synthetic Fertilisers, Peak Phosphorus and Alternative Technologies Abstract Various bioeconomy strategies aim to replace fossil resources with renewable agrarian resources without departing from the agro-industrial model. Paradoxically, the bioeconomy model is an extractive system itself, dependent on the constant supply of mineral resources to replace the nutrients extracted from the soil. Using a historical-theoretical approach, this article first analyses the flows of nutrients in this system and then focuses specifically on the nutrient phosphorus and the raw material phosphate rock. Classified as a “low-cost bulk commodity” for decades, since 2007 phosphate rock has become a strategic resource and scholars have started debating the possibility of reaching “Peak Phosphorus” by 2030. By analysing state and private actor strategies to adapt to this emerging situation, it becomes clear that the control over flows of phosphorous is increasingly contested. This article argues that bioeconomy strategies are aggravating existing conflicts over phosphate supply, as well as global inequalities, which inter alia become evident in food crises. Technological innovations, which are promoted within bioeconomy strategies, only reduce the extractive character of industrial agriculture in a limited way, while also securing the interests of dominant actors. Keywords: phosphate rock, mining, peak phosphorus, fertilizer, industrial agriculture, bioeconomy, commodity chains, food crises, global inequality, Brazil, Peru, nutrient-recycling ----- Bibliographie: Anlauf, Axel: Die extraktive Basis der Biookonomie. Synthetische Dungemittel, Peak Phosphorus und alternative Technologien, PERIPHERIE – Politik • Okonomie • Kultur, 3+4-2020, S. 284-307. https://doi.org/10.3224/peripherie.v40i3-4.04

Zusammenfassung Der Wandel zu einer „bio-basierten“ Wirtschaft, wie er in nationalen und internationalen Biookonomie-Strategien propagiert wird, kann nur mit tiefgreifenden Veranderungen landwirtschaftlicher Systeme zur Steigerung der Agrarproduktion einhergehen. Besonders in Landern des Globalen Sudens gingen solche Prozesse jedoch meist mit unbeabsichtigten – oder in Kauf genommenen – negativen Konsequenzen wie Umweltdegradation oder die Verscharfung gesellschaftlicher Ungleichheiten einher. Dennoch finden die Kenntnisse uber die Risiken bisheriger landwirtschaftlicher Interventionen kaum in politischen Biookonomie-Strategien Berucksichtigung, die auf wirtschaftlich-technische Losungen einer „nachhaltigen“ Intensivierung durch agrartechnologische Innovationen auf der einen, und eine Ausweitung von Produktionsflachen auf der anderen Seite setzen. Wie diese Produktionssteigerungen okologisch und sozial nachhaltig gestaltet werden sollen, bleibt unklar, und bisherige Erfahrungen mit derartigen Interventionen lassen eher das Gegenteil befurchten. Anhand von zwei historischen Beispielen – der Grunen Revolution im Punjab Pakistans und der Neulandkampagne in Kasachstan – skizziert der Beitrag die vielschichtigen sozialen und okologischen Folgen bisheriger, grosangelegter landwirtschaftlicher Interventionen zur Produktionssteigerung und geht der Frage nach, inwiefern diese Erfahrungen (besser) in Biookonomie-Strategien Berucksichtigung finden (konnen). Kritische Reflektion sollte dabei vor allem die Rolle institutioneller Pfadabhangigkeiten in der Gestaltung aktueller und zukunftiger Entwicklungen erfahren. Wie bisherige Erfahrungen im Landwirtschaftssektor deutlich machen, mussen Biookonomie-Strategien ihren geforderten systemischen Ansatz ernst nehmen – was impliziert, dass technologie- und produktivitatsorientierte Ziele stets sozialen und okologischen Zielen untergeordnet werden mussen. Schlagworter: Landwirtschaft, Biookonomie-Strategien, Produktionssteigerung, Grune Revolution, Neulandkampagne, Pakistan, Kasachstan ----- Overcoming Path Dependencies in the Bioeconomy? Agricultural Intensification Processes from a Social-Ecological Perspective Abstract The “transformation” to a bio-based economy as propagated in international and national bioeconomy strategies implies profound changes in agricultural systems to increase production. In countries of the Global South, however, such processes have usually been accompanied by unintended – or deliberately accepted – negative consequences, such as environmental degradation or a widening of social inequalities. Yet, existing knowledge about the risks of agricultural interventions is hardly considered in bioeconomy strategies, which, on the one hand, focus on economic and technical approaches to “sustainable” intensification through agro-technological innovations, and, on the other hand, an expansion of production areas. These strategies lack any plausible ideas on how production increases can be made ecologically and socially sustainable, and previous experience with agrarian interventions give reasons for concern. Using two historical examples – the Green Revolution in the Punjab of Pakistan and the Virgin Lands Campaign in Kazakhstan – this article outlines the complex social and ecological consequences of large-scale agricultural interventions to increase production and examines the extent to which these experiences can (and should) be taken into account in bioeconomy strategies. In this context, the role of institutional path-dependencies in shaping present and future developments should be critically reflected on. As past experience in the agricultural sector has shown, bioeconomy strategies must take their claimed “systemic” approach seriously, which implies that technology and productivity-oriented goals must always be subordinated to social and ecological goals. Keywords: agriculture, bioeconomy strategies, intensification, extensification, green revolution, virgin lands campaign, Pakistan, Kazakhstan ----- Bibliographie: Alff, Henryk/Spies, Michael: Pfadabhangigkeiten in der Biookonomie uberwinden? Landwirtschaftliche Intensivierungsprozesse aus sozial-okologischer Perspektive, PERIPHERIE – Politik • Okonomie • Kultur, 3+4-2020, S. 334-359. https://doi.org/10.3224/peripherie.v40i3-4.06

Sweden’s tourism industry stands out for its large contribution to the development of the national economy. The vast size of the country makes it possible to trace differences in incoming tourist flows from neighbouring countries. This circumstance accounts for the novelty of this study, which lies in viewing national tourism geography from the perspective of the theory of transboundary tourism-and-recreation region building. Interregional differences in the structure of incoming tourist flows help identify the country’s cross-border tourism-and-recreation regions and delineate their borders. This research employs statistical and cartographic methods. The incoming tourist flow to Sweden grew steadily until 2020. However, the Covid-19 crisis has led to a drastic reduction in the number of incoming tourists. Based on the 2019 statistics, the findings confirm the existence of a developed transboundary tourism-and-recreation mesoregion that brings together Germany, Denmark, and Sweden. The formation boasts strong tourist links. There are another five cross-border tourism-and-recreation mesoregions: Sweden-Norway-Denmark, Middle Sweden-Norway, Sweden-Norway-Finland, Middle Sweden-Finland, and South Sweden-Finland. The number of tourists visiting cross-border mesoregions indicates the degree of development of the latter.

Contractual agreements between smallholder farmers and agribusiness companies have gained in importance in many developing countries. While productivity and income effects of contracting in the small farm sector were analyzed in many previous studies, labor market and employment effects are not yet well understood. This is an important research gap, especially against the background of continued population growth and structural transformation. Here, we investigate the effects of two types of contractual agreements between large international processing companies and smallholder farmers on agricultural labor use, household labor allocation, and hired labor demand in Ghana's palm oil sector. We use cross-sectional survey data and a willingness-to-pay approach to control for unobserved heterogeneity between farmers with and without contracts. We find that agricultural labor intensity is substantially reduced through the contracts, because contracting in Ghana is associated with the adoption of labor-saving procedures and technologies. Simple marketing contracts lead to reallocation of the saved household labor to off-farm employment, whereas resource-providing contracts lead to a stronger reallocation of labor within the farming enterprise. Household labor is more affected by labor savings than hired labor.

En el análisis de la demanda de carne de cerdo en canal en México (1990-2019) se utiliza un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple. La variable dependiente es la demanda de carne de cerdo en canal y como predeterminadas son los precios reales en canal de la carne de cerdo, del bovino, del pollo, de la tortilla y el producto interno bruto per cápita. La demanda de carne de cerdo en canal es inelástica en relación con sus determinantes: la elasticidad precio del cerdo fue -0.38, la de bovino 0.17, la de pollo 0.49, tortilla -0.43 e ingreso fue 0.11. Se concluye que en el periodo referido, los precios reales del cerdo, del pollo y de la tortilla tienen influencia mayor en la demanda. In the demand analysis for carcass pork in Mexico (1990-2019), a multiple linear regression model was used. The dependent variable was the demand for carcass pork and as predetermined, the real prices for carcass pork, beef, chicken, tortilla, and the per capita gross domestic product. The demand for carcass pork was inelastic in relation to its determinants: the price elasticity for pork meat was -0.38, for beef (0.17), chicken (0.49), tortilla (-0.43) and the income was 0.11. Concluding that in the referred period, the real prices of pork meat, chicken, and tortilla, had a greater influence on the demand.

Purpose: Taking Lourdes as an en example, this paper aims at understanding the relationship amongst the main tourism and events industry stakeholders. Methods: To achieve the objective of the study, data were collected through interviews of key players. The results where then filtered through the ‘Alpha’ framework to theorise the interactions amongst stakeholders. Results: The study also provides a (1) typology of the ultimate alpha syndrome in the context of destination management; (2) typology of the delta syndrome. (3) Finally, the study argues that in destinations where there is an ultimate alpha hallmark event, or an ultimate alpha stakeholder, a situation quite similar to an anti-competitive market can arise. This situation is referred as ‘ultimate alpha tourism monopoly’. Implications: Based on the findings of this study, Destination Marketing Organisations need to ensure that there is a suitable synergy amongst all stakeholders involved in the tourism industry (and related sector), to avoid anti-competitive market ‘ultimate alpha tourism monopoly’ to arise., SUBMITTED: JUL 2021, 1st REVISION SUBMITTED: OCT 2021, 2nd REVISION SUBMITTED: DEC 2021, ACCEPTED: JAN 2022, REFEREED ANONYMOUSLY, PUBLISHED ONLINE: 30 MAY 2022

Purpose: The tourism industry in India is rising and has excellent potential to create jobs and produce a large amount of foreign capital, thereby promoting the region's overall economic and social growth. The inviting customs of tribal India, the diverse community and native culture are always drawing the attention of tourists. Sustainable tourism is an enterprise that aims to get a minimal effect on the atmosphere and native customs while helping to generate revenue, employment, and conserve local environments. Tribal tourism will promote the development of locally generated goods, apart from direct and indirect jobs, and have essential multiplier effects as money is recycled into communities. Also, the sector offers substantial improvements in the tribal region development with provincial taxes and encourages local and national infrastructure growth for India. This paper describes tribal tourism, sustainable tribal tourism, and its significance in the Indian scenario. Methods: Responses of 213 tribes were analysed with multiple regression to build a model for sustainable tribal tourism's success in Rajasthan. Results: Social, economic, environmental sustainability, facility and problems dimensions are found to have a positive impact on the sustainability in tribal tourism. Implications: This study has been conducted to acquaint the growth prospects in the form of social, economic, environmental and facility aspects and challenges of sustainable tribal tourism in India., SUBMITTED: DEC 2021, REVISION SUBMITTED: MAR 2022, ACCEPTED: APR 2022, REFEREED ANONYMOUSLY, PUBLISHED ONLINE: 30 MAY 2022

This research examines the determinants of car sales in ASEAN countries. The research concentrates on five macroeconomic variables (consumer price index, gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, changes in gross domestic product per capita, foreign exchange rate, and interest rate). The total sample is 12 years of automobile sales in five ASEAN countries from 2005 – 2016. The five ASEAN countries are Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam. This paper used the multilinear regression method with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) software to test the research model. For interest-rate variables, we used a lag of one year. The empirical results show that the previous period for inflation, gross domestic product per capita, interest rate, and the foreign exchange rate significantly influenced on car sales in five ASEAN countries. The growth of GDP per capita does not influence car sales.

Мета дослідження - визначити відмінності впровадження моделі франчайзингу туристичними операторами на європейському та українському ринках. Дизайн/Метод/План дослідження. Теоретичний підхід, що ґрунтується на узагальненні, системному й порівняльному аналізі. Застосовані контент-аналіз, статистичний, графічний і табличний методи. Результати дослідження. Охарактеризовано моделі ділового франчайзингу найбільших багатопрофільних туристичних операторів масового туризму в Україні. Визначено загальні умови здійснення туристичної діяльності на принципах ділового франчайзингу для туристичних агенцій. З’ясовано відмінності моделей ділового франчайзингу на європейському й українському ринках. Франчайзинг визначено механізмом мультиплікації бізнесу й кооперації можливостей, спрямованих на активне просування туристичного продукту на цільовий на ринок. Практичне значення дослідження. Практичне значення отриманих результатів дослідження полягає у можливому їх застосуванні туристичними агенціями при прийнятті рішення про приєднання до франчайзингової мережі й туроператорами при вирішенні питань диверсифікації прогнозованих ризиків бізнесу. Оригінальність / цінність / наукова новизна дослідження. Новизною проведеного дослідження є уточнення умов провадження туристичної діяльності на засадах франчайзингу в країнах Європи й, зокрема, в Україні, виділення відмінних рис моделі європейського ділового франчайзингу, які полягають у чітко визначеній вертикально інтегрованій структурі управління, сильному національному маркетинговому менеджменті, корпоративній підтримці ведення бізнесу, довгостроковості франчайзингових угод, результативній системі франчайзі. Перспективи подальших досліджень / обмеження дослідження. Внаслідок економічної кризи в туристичному бізнесі перспективним напрямом подальших досліджень з цієї проблематики є пошук шляхів стабілізації діяльності мережевого бізнесу в туризмі. Викликає інтерес зміна фінансового стану туристичних агентств після отримання або припинення статусу франчайзі. Тип статті - теоретичний.

Purpose – to assess the tourism industry development and its impact on Ukraine’s economy, to identify a set of problems hindering the significant development of the tourism industry, and to justify ways to increase competitiveness in the world market. Design/Method/Approach of the research. System approach, synthesis, analysis and comparison to assess the tourism development dynamics in Ukraine, correlation and regression analysis to determine the impact level of increasing the number of hotels and tourist-recreational enterprises on GDP growth in Ukraine, logical generalization to identify a set of problems holding back the significant development of local tourism and ways justification of increasing its competitiveness on the world market. Findings. This article presents the results of assessing the tourism dynamics, particularly the tourist flows, the number of resorts, the number of tourists served by tour operators and travel agents. The authors substantiated the ways of increasing the local tourism sector's competitiveness. Practical implications. The work results can make the basis for the development of fundamental and scientific-applied provisions contributing to the significant system formation of increasing the competitiveness of Ukraine's tourism industry by state and local authorities, establishing cooperation among market participants and forming optimal logistics flows, developing business models to optimize the flows of health and recreational facilities. Originality/Value. The research value is that its applied scientific provisions can be implemented in the strategy of economic development of local tourism in analytical and mathematical justifications of the relationship between economic growth and tourism development, which ultimately increases Ukraine regions’ competitiveness for sustainable development of the country’s economy. Research limitations/Future research. Future research should focus on identifying mechanisms to improve the procedure for increasing tourism enterprises' competitiveness and improving provided service quality. Paper type –empirical.

The European Union undertakes numerous activities to implement a common energy policy for all Member States. However, since the countries in question have different energy resources, geographical location and terrain, unifi cation of national policies at EU level is a particularly arduous and difficult process. This article focuses on the analysis of energy sectors in Austria, Germany, Poland and Sweden. These countries were chosen because they offer considerable diversity, having different energy resources, geographical location, climatic conditions, as well as a different genesis of shaping their energy policy over the years. The analysis showed that the energy sectors in Poland, Germany, Austria and Sweden operate completely differently and rely on different energy resources. In Sweden, electricity mainly comes from hydropower and nuclear energy, while energy from coal is not produced at all. In Austria, coal is also not extracted, and the production of electricity is based mainly on renewable sources, and above all on hydropower. Germany is one of the countries with the highest level of coal mining inthe world, therefore electricity is obtained mainly from this source, but also from nuclear energy and increasingly from renewable sources, mainly wind, biofuel and solar energy. Poland is among the world’s leading producers of coal, and obtaining electricity from this source accounts for as much as 80% in Poland; the rest comes from renewable sources, mainly wind energy, then biofuels, hydro energy and natural gas.

The paper describes the status of the European Union member countries, from the point of view of both financial and social inclusion and the development of the financial sector. The aim is to identify clusters of countries, with internally homogeneous but externally heterogeneous characteristics. The analysis shows if social exclusion and financial exclusion coexist in the same countries, considering the development of the financial sector. From a methodological point of view, the research collects and analyzes data extrapolated from different sources in the period 2016-2017 and it is conducted through a Principal Component Analysis and a Cluster Analysis.

The research aims to study the organizational aspects of financial support for the agro-industry of developed countries and to determine the possibilities of their implementation in Ukraine. The article analyzes the experience of state and credit financing of the agro-industry of developed countries (using the example of the United States of America, countries of the European Union, Canada and Japan); their positive features and possibilities of implementation of this experience for Ukraine are highlighted. Studying the experience of financial support of the agro-industry of developed countries, we can conclude that they have developed specific systems for servicing agricultural production. This is caused, first of all, by the peculiarities of this sphere of economy, namely the need to eliminate the phenomenon of economic crises that arise for various reasons: cyclical economic development or socio-economic instability. State support of the foreign agro-industry in multiple countries has positive consequences. However, it is impossible to apply a separate instrument of state support in Ukraine based on foreign experience for various reasons. Firstly, in the EU and other developed countries, the agricultural sector is characterized by the overproduction of farm products. On the other hand, in Ukraine, it is necessary to increase the production of domestic farm products. Secondly, before deciding to increase state support for the agro-industry, it is essential to take into account the level of the budget deficit, for which Ukraine is unlikely to be able to take specific measures compared to other countries. In addition, it is worth taking into account the significant losses of the agro-industrial complex as a result of military operations on the territory of Ukraine and the redistribution of the state budget to minimize these consequences. Without available budget funds, it is impossible to ensure the proper level of development of the agricultural sector of the Ukrainian economy.

Contract farming has gained in importance in many developing countries. Previous studies analysed effects of contracts on smallholder farmers' welfare, yet mostly without considering that different types of contractual relationships exist. Here, we examine associations between contract farming and farm household income in the oil palm sector of Ghana, explicitly differentiating between two types of contracts, namely simple marketing contracts and more comprehensive resource-providing contracts. Moreover, we look at different income sources to better understand how both contracts are linked to farmers' livelihood strategies. We use cross-sectional survey data and regression models. Issues of endogeneity are addressed through measuring farmers' willingness-to-participate in contracts and using this indicator as an additional covariate. Farmers with both types of contracts have significantly higher household incomes than farmers without a contract, yet with notable differences in terms of the income sources. Farmers with a marketing contract allocate more household labour to off-farm activities and thus have higher off-farm income. In contrast, farmers with a resource-providing contract have larger oil palm plantations and thus higher farm incomes. The findings suggest that the two contract types are associated with different livelihood strategies and that disaggregated analysis of different income sources is important to better understand possible underlying mechanisms.

Tourism has a significant role in the economies of many countries. It creates jobs, brings money, promotes investments, decreases poverty, develops infrastructures, etc. Many research works try to evaluate the role of tourism development on the economy. The article evaluates the role of tourism development in the economy of Armenia and checks the Tourism-Led Growth Hypothesis (TLGH). With the help of statistical methods, the article evaluates the connections between tourism total expenses (visitor exports, domestic spending, government spending, and capital investment), the number of tourists and tourism total contribution to GDP, employment and other indicators. Besides, the correlation analysis between these indicators was done for the Member States of the Eurasian Economic Union. The results show that the increase in tourism expenses and the number of tourists will increase GDP and employment. However, the change in tourism contribution to employment is not so high, which was explained by different reasons. The same is the case for other countries of the Eurasian Economic Union. The article results may be helpful for future studies, as well as for government agencies for evaluating tourism contribution to economic development and for elaborating tourism development policies.

This work aims to identify fundamentally new features in the spatial organization of e-grocery and ready-made food trade in a Russian city, distinct from those typical of traditional food retail enterprises. Focusing on St Petersburg, the article describes the emergence of a completely different system of requirements imposed by new forms of online food retail in the space of a large Russian city, compared with traditional industries and retail organization methods. The spatial and temporal parameters of the new shopping model are considered, and a comparative analysis of its spatial competition with already established models is presented. The spatial organization of new online food retail is demonstrated in the context of the placement system of new types of offline objects, the emergence of new flows, their impact on urban development and the effect on the outdoor and transit advertising markets, as well as on the labor market. Based on this analysis, it is concluded that new-type physical objects such as distribution warehouses, warehouse stores (fulfilment centres) and dot-com objects are placed according to entirely different principles. If the location of a service point is no longer a competitive advantage as seen by the buyer, faster delivery, hidden from the consumer, emerges as a critical factor in new competition. The paper also analyses the significance of spatial organization principles associated with this factor.

In recent years Saudi Arabia has launched many campaigns to promote a model of global excellence to be a pioneer in future growth. As part of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia’s National Vision 2030, the country encourages the improvement of national quality services based on the commitment of the government to build up a prosperous country, starting with the valorisation of local traditions. In particular, the Saudi, Arab, and Islamic heritage, built by an ancient civilisation and deeply rooted in the country’s history, is currently valorised to strengthen the national identity of local Arab values. The country aspires to preserve heritage sites and the local environment by promoting hospitality services for tourism. In the last years, Muslim pilgrims and all visitors to heritage sites entering the country from abroad have reached eight million people, tripling the numbers in the last decade. The government has started many initiatives and promoted many urban planning processes, programmes, and projects to enhance the touristic offer. The intent is to reach a sustainable approach to target the healthy growth of the country and the Saudi Arabian cities. The article presents some interventions that are currently under development to pursue the Saudi Vision 2030 and its goals. The recent third expansion of the Two Holy Mosques, the modernization of national airports, and the Mecca Metro project to complement the railroad and train public transportation offer will be presented and discussed as part of the national strategy to achieve a sustainable economy and tourism.

Mit Beginn der wirtschaftlichen Transformation in den 1990er Jahren ist die Produktion in der ukraini­schen Fleischindustrie stark zurückgegangen. Dies hatte zur Folge, dass die Ukraine noch bis Anfang 2010 ein Nettoimporteur von Fleisch und Fleischerzeugnissen einschließlich Geflügelfleisch blieb. Der einzige Bereich in der tierischen Veredelungswirtschaft, der den drastischen Zusammenbruch der Zentralverwal­tungswirtschaft überwinden und im letzten Jahrzehnt sogar ein exportorientiertes Wachstum verzeichnen konnte, ist die Geflügelwirtschaft. Damit stimuliert die Geflügelbranche gegenwärtig nicht nur die Ent­wicklung des ukrainischen Agrar-­ und Ernährungssektors, sondern auch der gesamten nationalen Wirt­schaft. Eine Reihe von Faktoren sind dabei von Bedeutung: Zum einen ist der Geflügelsektor wichtig für die nationale Ernährungssicherheit, da Geflügelfleischprodukte insbesondere für einkommensschwache Bevölkerungsgruppen die Hauptquelle für tierisches Eiweiß sind. Zum anderen verfügt der Sektor über eine hohe Exportkapazität mit entsprechenden Deviseneinnahmen und hat dank der ausreichenden Ver­fügbarkeit von einheimischem Getreidefutter (wie etwa Mais und Sojabohnen) einen wesentlichen Wettbe­werbsvorteil gegenüber der ausländischen Konkurrenz. Darüber hinaus bieten die im Vergleich zur Europäi­schen Union (EU) oder USA niedrigeren Arbeits-­, Material­- und Transportkosten zusätzliche Kostenvorteile. Gleichzeitig ermöglicht der gute Zugang zu internationalen Häfen am Schwarzen und Asowschen Meer Aussichten auf weitere Expansion.

Today's internet is shaped largely by privately operated platforms of various kinds. This paper asks how the various commercially operated communication, market, consumption and service platforms can be grasped as a distinct organizational form of enterprise. To this end, we make a basic distinction between (1) the platform-operating companies as organizing and structuring cores whose goal is to run a profitable business, and (2) the platforms belonging to these companies as more or less extensive, rule-based and strongly technically mediated social action spaces. While platform companies are essentially organizations in an almost archetypical sense, the internet platforms they operate constitute socio-technically structured social, market, consumption or service spaces in which social actors interact on the basis of detailed and technically framed rules, albeit, at the same time, in a varied and idiosyncratic manner. The thesis of this paper is that the coordination, control and exploitation mechanisms characteristic of the platform architectures are characterized by a strong hierarchical orientation in which elements of co-optation and the orchestrated participation of users are embedded. In this hybrid constellation, the platform companies have a high degree of structure-giving, rulesetting and controlling power-in addition to exclusive access to the raw data material generated there. While this power may manifest, at times, as rigid control, direct coercion or enforceable accountability, for the majority of rule-obeying users it unfolds nearly imperceptibly and largely silently beneath the surface of a (supposed) openness that likewise characterizes the platforms as technically mediated spaces for social and economic exchange. Das heutige Internet wird durch privatwirtschaftlich betriebene Plattformen der unterschiedlichsten Art geprägt. Dieser Aufsatz fragt danach, wie sich diese verschiedenartigen kommerziellen Kommunikations-, Markt-, Konsum- und Serviceplattformen als distinkte Unternehmensform fassen lassen. Dazu wird eine basale Unterscheidung zwischen (1) den plattformbetreibenden Unternehmen als organisierenden und strukturierenden Kernen und (2) den ihnen gehörenden Plattformen als mehr oder minder ausgreifenden sozialen Handlungsräumen vorgenommen. Während sich Plattformunternehmen als Organisationen in einem geradezu klassischen Sinne darstellen lassen, konstituieren die von ihnen betriebenen Internetplattformen soziotechnisch strukturierte Sozial-, Markt-, Konsum- oder Serviceräume, in denen soziale Akteure zwar auf der Grundlage detailliert ausgestalteter und technisch eingefasster Regeln, aber zugleich variantenreich und eigenwillig interagieren. Die für solche Plattform-Architekturen charakteristischen Koordinations-, Kontroll- und Verwertungsmechanismen zeichnen sich durch eine starke hierarchische Ausrichtung aus, in die Elemente der Kooptation und des orchestrierten Mitwirkens der Nutzer eingelagert sind. Die Plattformunternehmen haben in dieser hybriden Konstellation ein hohes Maß an strukturgebender, regelsetzender und kontrollierender Macht - und verfügen überdies über den exklusiven Zugriff auf das dort produzierte Rohmaterial an Daten. Diese Macht äußert sich in vielen Fällen, aber längst nicht immer als rigide Kontrolle, als direktiver Zwang oder einklagbare Rechenschaftspflicht, sondern entfaltet sich für die große Zahl regel-konformer Nutzer weitgehend geräuschlos unter der Oberfläche einer (vermeintlichen) Offenheit, die die Plattformen als Markt- und Sozialräume auch auszeichnet.

How does small-firm employment respond to exogenous labor productivity risk? We find that this depends on the capitalization of firms' local banks. The evidence comes from firms offering (quasi-) fixed employment to workers whose productivity depends on the weather. Weather risk reduces this employment, and the effect is stronger in regions where the regional banks have less equity capital. Bank capitalization also proxies for the extent to which the regional banks’ borrowers can obtain liquidity when the regions are hit by weather shocks. We argue that, as liquidity providers, well-capitalized banks support economic adaptation to climate change.

The development of the energy policy of the European Union (EU) has been accompanied by organizational reforms of the EU’s energy bureaucracy. Much attention has been paid to Commission President Juncker’s reorganization of the European Commission, including how this has influenced the Energy Union initiative. The establishment of EU agencies has also expanded the EU administration and the capacity for developing new initiatives and coordinating implementation of EU legislation. However, recent research has not been sufficiently connected to policy studies on energy, climate and environment. This article analyses the extent to which two EU agencies—the Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators, and the European Environmental Agency—augment the policymaking capacity of the Commission by providing information that aids its work. The article ends with a discussion of the potential implications of agencification.

In der deutschen Bauwirtschaft haben die Sozialpartner in der Nachkriegszeit mit ihren Sozialkassen ein vorbildliches System der Finanzierung der Berufsausbildung und der sozialen Sicherung aufgebaut. Zusätzlich wurde mit dem Saisonkurzarbeitergeld ein arbeitsmarktpolitisches Instrument zur Beschäftigungssicherung entwickelt. Dieses Buch untersucht die Entwicklungen der Bauwirtschaft und ihrer besonderen Arbeitsmarktinstitutionen der vergangenen Jahrzehnte. Ein besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf den Versuchen der Sozialpartner und der Politik, die Erosion der bauspezifischen Arbeitsmarktinstitutionen durch Reformen zu verhindern, um auch in Zukunft den Fachkräftebedarf der Branche zu sichern.

Russia is the world's largest energy exporter by a wide margin. The Russian invasion of Ukraine and the Western sanctions against Russia will therefore affect many parts of the global energy system. Worldwide investments in renewable energy will be incentivized by the higher fossil fuel prices. Petrostates will likely benefit from higher oil and gas prices for a few years, only to eventually experience a steeper decline than previously foreseen. Germany and other European countries may find that they are no longer suitable locations for energy-intensive industries. China might find itself in an advantageous position, importing fossil fuels cheaply from Russia even as international demand for clean energy equipment made in China skyrockets. The outlook for blue hydrogen has worsened, while that for green hydrogen has improved.

By successfully including smallholders, the oil palm boom in Southeast Asia has contributed significantly to rural economic development and poverty alleviation, notwithstanding its huge environmental costs. Oil palm production in other world regions is currently picking up, including in Africa. Yet it is uncertain whether the positive socioeconomic impacts from Southeast Asia can be replicated elsewhere. Little development gain may thus accompany severe environmental harm if oil palm expansion leads to deforestation. To shed light on the (prospective) role of oil palm for rural development we perform a systematic comparison of Ghana’s and Indonesia’s oil palm sectors at the macro and micro level, focusing on smallholder inclusion and using a mixed-methods approach. We identify substantial differences in structural conditions and policy foci that have led to two very different oil palm sectors. While the Indonesian experience clearly highlights the development opportunities coming with smallholder inclusion inagro-industrial production, our analysis shows that transferability to the West African context is limited due to regional specificities.

Der Boom in der Medien- und Bewegtbildbranche durch Streamingdienste wie Netflix verursacht nicht nur positive Veränderungen wie das Wirtschaftswachstum, sondern auch negative wie die Umweltbelastung. Der vorliegende Beitrag beschäftigt sich mit der Frage, inwieweit in der deutschen Filmwirtschaft unter ökologisch nachhaltigen Bedingungen produziert wird. Zunächst wird die Wertkette der Filmwirtschaft nach Wirtz vorgestellt. Auf Basis von leitfadengestützten Expert*inneninterviews, die im Juni 2021 durchgeführt wurden, werden die von Produktionsunternehmen umgesetzten grünen Maßnahmen in der Filmproduktion ermittelt. Zu diesem Zweck werden die Bundesländer Baden-Württemberg und Hamburg gegenübergestellt. Durch das langjährige Engagement der regionalen Filmförderungen in diesen Bundesländern gelten die dortigen grünen Entwicklungen als besonders fortschrittlich. Anschließend gilt es, mögliche Herausforderungen in Bezug auf ökologische Nachhaltigkeit in der deutschen Filmwirtschaft aufzudecken, die schließlich der Ableitung von Optimierungsvorschlägen für Unternehmen der Filmbranche dienen. Die Ergebnisse aus der qualitativen Forschung zeigen, dass bereits erste Schritte in Richtung grüne Filmproduktion realisiert wurden, aber noch Verbesserungspotenzial herrscht., The boom in the media and moving image industry caused by streaming services like Netflix is not only causing positive changes like economic growth, but also negative ones like environmental pollution. This article deals with the question to what extent the German film industry produces under ecologically sustainable conditions. First, the value chain of the film industry according to Wirtz is presented. Based on guided expert interviews conducted in June 2021, the green measures implemented by production companies in film production are identified. For this purpose, the German states of Baden-Württemberg and Hamburg are compared. Due to the long-term engagement of the regional film subsidies in these federal states, the green developments there are considered to be particularly progressive. Subsequently, the aim is to uncover possible challenges with regard to ecological sustainability in the German film industry, which ultimately serve to derive optimization proposals for companies in the film industry. The results from the qualitative research show that first steps towards green film production have already been realized, but that there is still potential for improvement., Internet-Intermediäre und virtuelle Plattformen medienökonomisch betrachtet

Purpose This study aims to explore and synthesize the role of knowledge management (KM) in tourism organizations (including micro, small, medium and large enterprises and destination management organizations). Design/methodology/approach This study adopts systematic review methods to synthesize the role of KM in tourism from 90 journal articles. Findings This study identifies the prominent theories adopted to explore the relation and impact of KM in the tourism sector, the geographic distribution of the literature and thorough qualitative synthesis. This study identifies the critical research themes investigated and the outcome of KM applications. Finally, through reviews, this study identifies critical gaps in the literature and offer promising avenues to advance the KM in tourism research. Originality/value This is one of the few papers that comprehensively review the role of KM in the tourism industry and offer implications.

The article presents the results of the assessment of Russia's food security in 2020-2021 based on the available statistical data and sociological monitoring of the population's 'food well-being' conducted since 2015 by the Center for Agro-Food Policy of the RANEPA. The authors believe that the pandemic risks for Russian agriculture were limited, and agricultural production ensured a high level of food self-sufficiency. Although the physical access to food remained at the same level, the economic access has deteriorated; however, Russian families managed to keep their usual diet by redirecting the money saved due to the pandemic restrictions to food consumption. Rising food prices have become the most important problem under the crisis, and to solve it, the Russian government has used a wide range of measures - from reducing duties on food imports and temporary bans on food exports to setting marginal retail prices for certain food products. The sociological assessment of the population's 'food well-being' (the all-Russian telephone survey) showed that the families' requirements to the access to food are rather modest due to the huge credit of patience and sustainable practices of adaptation to the objective social-economic restrictions. Given the achieved indicators of Russia's food self-sufficiency according to the Food Security Doctrine, the state should shift its focus from food self-sufficiency (and increasing exports) to the economic access of the population to food.

Purpose: Contactless Mobile Payment (CMP) is a technological innovation that shapes the future of service-related industries. This study develops a critical understanding of CMP in the context of consumer behaviour and explores its use in the Vietnamese restaurant industry. Methods: An online survey was used to collect the data (n=153) from Vietnamese consumers. Data analysis was conducted with the use of SPSS and AMOS software. A Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) in conjunction with Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) were employed to explore consumer perceptions regarding the use of CMP. Results: The findings indicate that consumers find CMP a fast and convenient way to make transactions in Vietnamese restaurants. The findings also indicate the importance of ease of use and security. Implications: The study contributes to the understanding of consumer behaviour in regard to technology in the service industries context focused on the restaurant industry. The managerial implications of this study highlight a number of benefits for both consumers and businesses, such as efficiency, speed, and improved customer service; on the other hand, the potential of fraud poses a serious threat for both sides., SUBMITTED: OCT 2021, REVISION SUBMITTED: JAN 2022, ACCEPTED: MAR 2022, REFEREED ANONYMOUSLY, PUBLISHED ONLINE: 30 MAY 2022

Ende März 2022 veröffentlichte die Europäische Kommission ihre neue EU-Strategie für nachhaltige und zirkuläre Textilien. Die ambitionierte Vision: Textilabfälle sollen reduziert, zirkuläre Maßnahmen gefördert und negative Umweltfolgen der Textilindustrie minimiert werden. Doch wie sieht eine Textilwirtschaft, die Textilien im Kreislauf führt, aus und welche politischen Anforderungen ergeben sich daraus für Deutschland? Der vorliegende Zukunftsimpuls des Wuppertal Instituts zeigt, welche Position Deutschland in der Transformation hin zu einer zirkulären Textilindustrie einnehmen könnte.

Purpose: The paper suggests goal modelling as a method for the strategic analysis in tourism destinations. Destination management is quite complex and challenging and requires deep understanding of the intentions, the roles and the strategies of the various stakeholders. Methods: This paper identifies the challenges and major issues of destination management, evaluates the capacity of goal modelling to address them and demonstrates the use of goal modelling for stakeholder and strategic analysis. Results: The paper provides a holistic, multi-level modelling approach that begins with stakeholder analysis, continues with the analysis of strategic dependencies between stakeholders and ends with the analysis of the strategic alignment of the Destination Management Systems. Goal modelling is used for the analysis of the roles and functions of stakeholders, the analysis of the interdependencies between stakeholders in terms of goals, tasks and resources, the selection between alternative business configurations, and the business model and strategic analysis. Implications: Three important issues of destination management are addressed: stakeholder analysis, strategic dependency analysis, and strategic alignment of information systems. The formalism of goal modelling can provide rigor and visualization in the analysis of the complex relationships in destination management., SUBMITTED: DEC 2021, REVISION SUBMITTED: MAY 2022, 2nd REVISION SUBMITTED: AUG 2022, ACCEPTED: SEP 2022, REFEREED ANONYMOUSLY, PUBLISHED ONLINE: 14 NOV 2022

This paper explores the relationship between economic growth and informality and highlights the role of GDP growth and its composition in the level and evolution of informality, using country data from 1991 to 2019. The analysis reveals a weak relationship, although with important differences across regions and income levels. Coefficients are higher in middle-income countries. This means that the same growth rate generates different impacts on informality depending on the country, probably due to pre-existing levels of informality, the economic structure or institutional and other variables. Economic structure appears to be the key determinant of informality, even after controlling for endogeneity, using different proxies of informality or including institutional variables. These results confirm that the economic structure and pattern of growth matters for formalization. This calls for policies that promote changes in the productive structure, including a broader, more diversified base and more economic complexity and technological sophistication, to ensure inclusive growth.

This study asks whether innovation in smallholder production reduces or accelerates land expansion. Even though innovation in agriculture has reduced land expansion globally, rebound effects can occur locally and often at the expense of vital ecosystem functions. In contrast to other studies that investigate rebound effects in response to technological innovation, our study focuses on technical efficiency, the remaining component of total factor productivity. We use a short panel dataset from smallholder oil palm farmers in Sumatra, Indonesia, and develop a two-stage approach in which we estimate technical efficiency and determine its land expansion effect. Our findings suggest that technical efficiency and in particular land efficiency are low, indicating that 50% of the currently cultivated land could be spared. However, the land-sparing effect of increasing technical efficiency is at risk of being offset by about half due to a rebound effect. To maximize the conservation potential from increasing smallholder efficiency, policies need to simultaneously incentivize well-functioning land markets and stricter protection measures for land with high ecological value to mitigate local rebound effects.

We explore the impact of automation and digitalization on labor in the US agrifood system during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study considers each of the primary nodes in the system stretching from consumer through grocery stores and restaurants to last-mile delivery, distribution, food processing, farming, and agri-inputs. Not only automation and digitalization, but also the role of platforms such as Amazon, and food delivery firms such as GrubHub, Instacart, and Uber Eats are discussed. For restaurants, we consider not only dine-in restaurants, but also ���ghost kitchens���. Furthermore, the possibility that farmers or distributors could disintermediate other nodes and deal directly with consumers is discussed. We conclude that, as a generalization, the further upstream one goes from the consumer, the less immediate and disruptive automation is likely to be for labor. However, our overall conclusion is that, given the current trajectories, labor is becoming increasingly precarious. If the current labor shortages continue, then automation is likely to accelerate. Platformization, while rampant in the relationships with final consumers, is likely to be less rapidly adopted further upstream where relationships are B-to-B and thus composed of actors that are wary of sharing data.

World Tourism Organisation estimates an 80% drop in tourist arrivals by the end of 2020. The Polish tourism industry is also dramatically affected by the ongoing pandemic, with a 30% drop in the number of tourists in July 2020 compared to July 2019. The global lockdown has limited the functioning of the tourism sector, therefore domestic tourism, including urban tourism, may rise in importance. Domestic urban tourism can become a useful response to the growing resilience of the tourism industry, for example in the context of reducing dependence between the tourism industry and mobility which favours the spread of coronavirus. The potential of urban tourism in Poland is clearly visible (in 2019, it was three times higher than rural tourism in terms of overnight stays provided). However, the COVID-19 pandemic is not conducive to urban tourism in Poland, for instance, because infections are much more frequent in cities than in rural areas. The aim of the research, in addition to checking destinations of Poles in the context of urban tourism in the era of the pandemic, was to learn about the behaviour of tourists during their holiday trips. To achieve the aim of the paper, the study was conducted from 16 to 31 August 2020, using CAWI survey method, among people who visited Polish cities starting from May 2020 through the end of August 2020 (following the partial lifting of restrictions). The research indicated, despite the threat, the popularity of the largest tourist destinations in Poland. It also indicated that the behaviour and decisions of tourists were not different from those before the pandemic.

The social economy sector is an important area of public policy implementation in social assistance and the labor market. Social economy entities have instruments of public financial support at their disposal, including returnable ones, enabling them to develop and achieve economic and social goals. During the COVID-19 pandemic, they received new support instruments of a unique nature compared to the existing solutions. An important issue is the flexibility of public policy responses and the ability to jointly - the public authority and the non-profit stakeholder community - to develop and implement support to protect this sector, which is sensitive to economic crises resulting from the consequences of operating restrictions during the COVID-19 pandemic. The social enterprise, or more broadly social entrepreneurship, is certainly one of the most fascinating innovations of recent decades, still eluding theoretically satisfactory explanation. Sektor ekonomii społecznej to istotny obszar realizacji polityki publicznej w zakresie pomocy społecznej i rynku pracy. Podmioty ekonomii społecznej mają do dyspozycji instrumenty publicznego wsparcia finansowego, w tym zwrotnego, umożliwiające im rozwój i realizację celów gospodarczych i społecznych. W okresie pandemii COVID-19 otrzymały nowe instrumenty wspierające o wyjątkowym charakterze na tle dotychczasowych rozwiązań. Istotnym zagadnieniem jest elastyczność reagowania polityki publicznej oraz umiejętność wspólnego - władzy publicznej wraz ze środowiskiem interesariuszy non-profit - wypracowania i wdrożenia wsparcia, by uchronić ten wrażliwy na kryzysy gospodarcze sektor przed konsekwencjami związanymi z ograniczeniami funkcjonowania podczas pandemii COVID-19. Przedsiębiorstwo społeczne, czy też szerzej przedsiębiorczość społeczna, to z pewnością jedne z najbardziej fascynujących innowacji ostatnich dekad, ciągle wymykające się satysfakcjonującemu teoretycznie wyjaśnieniu.

Farmer distress is a widely recognized problem in India induced by multiple causes ranging from climate variability to price volatility and the low risk-bearing ability of farmers. Tracking farmers’ distress in a localized context is a prerequisite for timely action to provide sustainable livelihood options. Therefore, a field survey was conducted with 640 dryland farmers of 10 sub-district units from two states in India with the aim to identify the major indicators based on seven dimensions of distress and to construct a multidimensional Farmers’ Distress Index (FDI) at the farmer and sub-district levels. The FDI was built with seven dimensions of distress: exposure to risk, adaptive capacity, sensitivity, mitigation and adaptation strategies, triggers, psychological factors, and impacts. The study developed a broad-based FDI which can be used as a planning tool that can address the causes of farmers’ distress and also evolve measures to tackle those causes. Based on the result, the study recommends a location-specific distress management package based on various dimensions of the FDI. The paper also suggests an upscaling strategy to identify and prioritize the highly distressed farmers as well as sub-district geographical units by tracking a few sets of variables.