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Parastacus guapo sp. nov. Huber, Araujo & Ribeiro (Figs. 1–6) Type series. Holotype: adult male, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Pantano Grande, Horto Sanga das Pedras, Zona Alagada (30°13’28.4”S, 52°24’44.1”W) 20/X/2020, coll. A.F. Huber; K.M. Gomes & F.B. Ribeiro (MNRJcarcino 030200). Paratype 1: 1 female, same data as holotype (MNRJcarcino 030201); Paratype 3: 1 female, same data as holotype (MNRJcarcino 030202); Paratypes 2, 4–6: 1 male, 3 females and 2 juveniles, same data as holotype (UFRGS 6932). Etymology. Named based on the regional expression “guapo”, originally of spanish language and a typical expression in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, which means beautiful, charming and elegant. It refers to the greenish blue color present principally in chelipeds of this species. We also suggest the common name “guapo crayfish” for this species. Diagnosis. Front with short triangular rostrum. Rostral apex shaped as inverted “U”, with long straight up-ward blunt spine. Eyes small. Suborbital angle>90° and unarmed. Postorbital carinae more prominent in anterior and middle portions. Cervical groove weakly V-shaped. Areola narrow and barely discernible. Telson subrectangular with large sharp spines on lateral margins. Epistome anteromedian lobe pentagonal and anterolateral section with big conical projection ending in a big sharp spine on both sides. Mandible with caudal molar process bicuspidate with one cephalodistal cusp and one medium conical distoproximal cusp; incisive lobe with nine teeth (the third tooth from the anterior margin is the largest). Internal surface of chelipeds palm with sparse tubercules. Description of holotype. Rostrum: triangular, longer than wide (RW 84.6% of RL), short (14.2% of CL), reaching distal portion of second article of antennular peduncle (Fig. 2A–C). Dorsum straight curved downward in anterior portion, apex inverted “U”-shaped, ending in a long straight upward blunt spine (Fig. 2B, C). Few plumose setae on lateral margins. Carinae straight, prominent, narrow, extending back to carapace and long, surpassing rostral basis; rostral carinae sides slightly convergent and rostral carinae basis parallel (Fig. 2B, C). Cephalon: Carapace lacking spines but with some tubercles above the anterior region of the cervical groove (Fig. 2C). CeL 67.1% of CL. Eyes small (CMW 60% of OW); suborbital angle>90°, unarmed (Fig. 2C). Front narrow (FW 45.3% of CW). Postorbital carinae little longer than rostral carinae (RCL 87.1% of POCL) and more prominent in anterior and middle portions, more discreet in final portion. Lateral cephalic edge with moderate setation (Fig. 2A–C). Thorax: carapace laterally compressed, deep and narrow (CD 50.7% of CL; CW 46% of CL). Cervical groove weakly V-shaped. Branchiocardiac grooves inconspicuous (Fig. 2A). Areola narrow, 2.5x as long as wide (AreL 28.5% of CL) (Fig. 2A). Pleon: lacking spines or tubercles, short and wide (PL 71% of CL; PW 82% of CW), smooth, covered with small setae on pleural margins (Fig. 2A). Pleural somites with rounded posterior margins. S1 pleurae with a small distal lobe slightly overlapped by S2 pleurae. S2 pleurae low and short with shallow groove parallel to margin and a deep groove above (Fig. 2E). Tailfan: telson a little less calcified in the distal margin, subrectangular, longer than wide (TeW 84.9% of TeL), with large and sharp spines on lateral margins; rounded distal margin with abundant long plumose setae and short simple setae. Dorsal surface with sparse tufts of short setae and inconspicuous dorsomedian longitudinal groove (Fig. 2A, G). Uropod protopod bilobed, with rounded and unarmed margins and some simple setae in the margin; proximal lobe largest. Exopod lateral margin bears a sharp spine, mid-dorsal carina prominent ending in a sharp spine. Transverse suture (diaeresis) straight with eight dorsolateral spines (outer) and six dorsolateral spines (inner) on both exopods. Endopod, mid-dorsal carina prominent, ending in a big sharp spine; lateral margin with one sharp spine at level of exopod transverse suture (Fig. 2G). Epistome: anterolateral section with big conical projection ending in a big sharp spine on both sides, with three and four small tubercles between the apex and basis of the conical projection in the left and right sides respectively, and a small circular median concavity. Posterolateral section smooth and with lateral grooves converging to the basis of the anteromedian lobe. Median section with a longitudinal groove deeper close to the anteromedian lobe. Anteromedian lobe pentagonal, apex rounded by use, a little wider than long, with some sparse serrated setae, reaching median part of first article of antennal peduncle; dorsal surface concave with a groove from the middle of the lateral sides to the apex and basis with a shallow groove (Fig. 3A). Thoracic sternites: SLP4 small and close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP5 same size of SPL4 and close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP6 larger than SLP4, SLP5 and similar size to SLP8 with a slightly concave surface, median keel present and not inflated; SLP7 largest and with surface slightly concave, median keel inflated, bullar lobes absent; SLP8 median size with and slightly concave, median keel absent, vertical arms of paired sternopleural bridges separated to each other, bullar lobes absent (Fig. 3B, C). Antennule: internal ventral border of basal article without spines (Fig. 3A). Antenna: when extended back reaching the posterior margin of SIII.Antennal scale widest at midlength, reaching the middle of the third antennal article, ASW 43.3% of ASL (Fig. 3A, D), lateral margin straight and distal spine sharp and well developed. Coxa with weakly prominent carina above nephropore and three blunt spines different in size laterally distributed. Basis unarmed (Fig. 3A). Mandible: cephalic molar process molariform, caudal molar process bicuspidate with one bigger cephalodistal cusp and one medium conical distoproximal cusp. Incisive lobe with nine teeth. The third tooth from the anterior margin is the largest (Fig. 3E). Third maxilliped: ischium with some tubercles with tufts of short and composed setae on the middle portion and tufts of long simple setae on inner margin of ventral surface (Fig. 3F, G); dorsal surface with some sparse simple setae close to the outer margin (Fig. 3G); crista dentata bearing 24 teeth in the right and 21 in the left ischium (Fig. 3F, G). Merum, dorsal surface glabrous. Merum ventral surface sparsely covered by long smooth simple setae in the median region and with serrated setae on the distal of inner margin (Fig. 3H); Exopod longer than ischium, with flagellum reaching the initial ⅓ of merum and with tufts of long and composed setae in the last articles and tufts of composed setae in the basal article (Fig. 3F, G). First pair of pereiopods (chelipeds): large and subequal, laterally flattened (RPrT 24.5% of RPrL; LPrT 24.7% of LPrL) (Fig. 2A; Fig. 3H, I). Ischium ventral surface with 28 tubercles on both sides. Merus: right merus (RML) 56.7% of propodus length (RPrL); left merus (LML) 56.9% of propodus length (LPrL); ventral surface with two longitudinal series of tubercles: inner series with 21 tubercles, outer 24, plus 53 mesial tubercles irregularly distributed on right merus; inner series with 21 tubercles, outer 24, plus 55 mesial tubercles irregularly distributed on left merus; dorsal and midventral spines medium sizes and blunts. Carpus with dorsomedial surface with a shallow longitudinally groove and the distal margin with short and simple setae (Fig. 2A; Fig. 3H, I). Internal dorsolateral margin with row of tubercles, increasing in size distally; inner surface with 37 and 33 small mesial tubercles in right and left sizes respectively. Carpal spine present and small. Propodus moderate (RPrW and LPrW) 43.5% of length in right cheliped and 42.6% in left cheliped. Dorsal surface of palm with 2–3 rows of verrucous tubercles irregularly distributed (Fig. 3H, I). Inner margin with sparse tubercles more concentrated in the low portion and close to the insertion of dactylus. Ventral surface bearing 2-3 irregularly rows of squamose tubercles, surpassing the beginning of the fixed finger (Fig. 3H). Dactylus: moving subvertically, right dactylus (RDL) 63.1% of propodus length (RPrL), left dactylus (LDL) 60.3% of left propodus (LPrL); dorsal surface with squamose tubercles decreasing in size from the basis to the apex of dactylus (Fig. 3I). Cutting edge of fingers visible. Fixed finger with thirteen teeth, sixth the largest, and twelve teeth, fourth the largest, on right and left sides respectively. Dactylus with sixteen and fourteen teeth in the right and left sides respectively, with the third teeth largest on both sides (Fig. 3H, I). Second pair of pereiopods: dorsal surface of dactylus and ventral surface of propodus with tufts of short and long simple setae, dorsal surface of propodus with long and simple setae. Dorsal surface of carpus with long composed setae (Fig. 3J). Gonopores: Presence of both genital apertures on coxae of third and fifth pairs of pereiopods. Female gonopores semi-ellipsoidal (maximum diameter 1.43 mm) with well-calcified membrane. Male gonopores rounded, opening onto the apical end of a small, fixed, calcified and truncated phallic papilla, close to the inner border of the ventral surface of coxae of the fifth pair of pereiopods. Male cuticle partition present (Fig. 3B). Branchial count: 20 + epr + r. Branchial arrangement follows the same described by Huxley (1879) and Hobbs (1991) with the epipod of the first maxilliped with rudimentary podobranchial filaments. Measurements. Holotype male, CL 31.06 mm and TL 64.47 mm. In type series, CL ranging from 19.85 to 31.06 mm (23.1 ± 3.8 mm). FW/CW: 0.45 ± 0.02 (min: 0.42; max: 0.47). RW/RL: 0.81 ± 0.07 (min: 0.70; max: 0.90). CMW/OW: 0.73 ± 0.07 (min: 0.59; max: 0.81). Postorbital carina longer or equal to rostral carina in all specimens analyzed. CW/PW: 1.11 ± 0.08 (min: 1.01; max: 1.22). AreW/RW: 0.89 ± 0.07 (min: 0.76; max: 0.96) (Table 1). Color of living specimens. Rostrum greenish blue to greenish-brown. Cephalothorax anterior and lateral regions brown with shades of light brown to greenish-blue. First pair of pereiopods greenish-blue on the external surface, greenish-blue with shades of light brown in internal surface and apex of dactylus and propodus orange-red to reddish-brown. Pereiopod pairs 2–5 light brown to light greenish-blue in the dorsal and lateral regions and light brown in the ventral region. Dorsal pleon and taifan brown with shades of light greenish-brown, low portions of lateral margins of pleon with shades of greenish-blue (Fig. 4). Variations in paratypes. All paratypes present both masculine and feminine gonopores in the same individual. Male paratypes also present female gonopores semi-ellipsoidal (average maximum diameter 1.2 mm) covered by a calcified membrane. Male gonopores are very similar in all male paratypes. Front wide in paratype 1 (FW / CW = 47.5%). Rostrum of paratypes 3 and 5 long once they reach the distal portion of the third article of antennule. Suborbital angle 90° in paratype 5. Rostral and postorbital carena of similar sizes in paratypes 2 and 3. Pleon long in paratypes 2 and 5 (PL / CL = 82.9% and 80.3%, respectively). S2 pleura moderate in paratypes 1 and 4, long in paratype 6, high and moderate in paratype 3 and high and long in paratype 5. Number of spines in exopod of tailfan varies between eight or nine dorsolateral spines (outer) and four, six or seven in dorsolateral spines (inner) on right side and eight or nine dorsolateral spines (outer) and five or six dorsolateral spines (inner) on the left side. Epistome anteromedian lobe longer than wide in paratype 2. Antennule internal ventral border of the basal article with one spine in the middle portion of left side in paratype 1 and with spines on both sides in paratypes 2, 4, 5 and 6. Antenna when extended back reaching the posterior margin of fourth pleura in paratypes 2 and 6. Antennal scale reaches the proximal margin of the third antennal article of antennule in paratype 1. Incisive lobe of the mandible has eight teeth in paratypes 6. The number of teeth in the crista dentata ranges from 21—27 in the left ischium and from 20—32 in the right ischium of the third maxilliped in the paratypes. Merus midventral spine doubles in paratype 5. Carpal spine more prominent and sharp in paratypes 1, 3 and 4. Dorsal spine sharp in both merus of chelipeds in paratypes 2 and 3. The number of teeth in fixed fingers of chelipeds and dactylus have a wide range of variation in size and number, which is probably related to the smaller size of paratypes when compared to holotype or regenerated chelipeds. Remarks. Parastacus guapo sp. nov. is morphologically similar to P. brasiliensis, P. buckupi, P. macanudo and P. promatensis in the general shape of rostrum, rostral carina length, shape of telson (subrectangular) and epistome anteromedian lobe pentagonal (Fig. 2A–C, G; 3A; Table 2). However, it differs from: P. brasiliensis in rostral surface straight, sub-orbital angle> 90°, postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions, carpal spine present, internal surface of chelipeds palm with sparse tubercules, areola narrow and pleon short (Fig. 2A–C; 3A, H, I; Table 2); P. buckupi in the same characters that P. brasiliensis, except the areola narrow, and is also different for mandible incisive lobe with nine teeth (the third tooth from the anterior margin is the largest), mandible caudal molar process bicuspidate, internal surface of chelipeds palm with sparse tubercules and telson with large lateral spines (Fig. 2A–C, G; 3E, H, J; Table 2); P. macanudo in a bigger rostral spine, postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions, mandible incisive lobe with the third tooth the largest, 2–3 rows of verrucose tubercles irregularly distributed in the palm dorsal surface of chelipeds, internal surface of chelipeds palm with sparse tubercules and the habitat (Fig. 2A–C; 3E, H, J; Table 2); P. promatensis in the apex of rostrum rounded, sub-orbital angle> 90°, postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions, cervical groove “V” shaped, carpal spine present, 2–3 rows of verrucose tubercles irregularly distributed in the palm dorsal surface of chelipeds and pleon short; however both species have internal surface of chelipeds palm with sparse tubercules (Fig. 2 A-D; 3H; Table 2). Parastacus guapo sp. nov. differs from all other Parastacus species in having the epistome anterolateral section with large conical projection ending in a large sharp spine on both sides (Fig. 3A). Phylogenetic position. The phylogenetic analysis suggests, with high values of reliability (bootstrap and posterior probability), that P. guapo sp. nov. is a distinct species of P. brasiliensis s.s., Lineages A–E, and other species of the genus included (Fig. 5). The genetic distances estimated between P. guapo sp. nov. and P. brasiliensis s. s. was 5.35% (Sup. Table. 2). Besides that, the lineages range from 3.41% (Lineage C) to 5.95% (Lineage E), and of other species from 4.05% (P. buckupi) to 5.90% (P. tuerkayi) (Sup. Table. 2). Habitat and ecology. Parastacus guapo sp. nov. was collected in a wetland area, near a small stream, inside the Sanga das Pedras project of CMPC (Fig. 1). This forestry area is located in the Baixo Jacuí hydrographic basin in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul (Fig. 6). The area is part of the physiographic region of Depressão Central, almost in the division with the Planalto Sul Rio Grandense region, and of the Pampa biome (IBGE 2004a; 2004b; SIGBio-RS 2021). ......continued on the next page Vegetation. The region has as predominant vegetation grassy-woody steppe with gallery forests or riparian vegetation associated with streams and their overflow zones (Fig 6 A, B). In addition to the presence of forestry areas of Eucalyptus sp., the native plant formations of the region are mainly composed of grasses and bushes of the families Poaceae (Paspalum spp. L., Andropogon lateralis Nees —“Capim Caninha’’ and Mnesithea selloana (Hack.) de Koning & Sosef), Asteraceae (Baccharis ochracea Spreng. —“Vassoura do Campo”, Vernonanthura nudiflora (Less.) H.Rob., Senecio selloi (Spreng.) DC and Senecio brasiliensis (Spreng.) Less. —“Maria Mole”), Cyperaceae (Eleocharis spp. R.Br., Rhynchosia diversifolia Micheli. and Cyperus spp. L.), Fabaceae (Desmodium incanum (Sw.) DC —“Pega Pega”, Trifolium polymorphum Poir. —“Trevo” and Macroptilium prostratum (Benth.) Urb.), Solanaceae (Solanum spp. L.) and some small trees like Myrtaceae (Psidium cattleianum Sabine —“Araçá”) (Caumo et al. 2020) (Fig. 6). Soil. The soil is classified as Dystrophic Red Argisols, but mixed with Dystrophic Red-Yellow Argisols (Santos et al. 2011). These types of soils have accentuated red colors due to higher levels of iron oxides and usually occur in areas of undulating relief, but they can be identified in less steep areas. They have low fertility that could be explained by relief slope, nutrient limitations, strong acidity, high drainage capacity and also high susceptibility to erosion and degradation (AGEITEC 2021a; Santos et al. 2011; 2021a; 2021b; Streck et al. 2002; 2008). Burrowing behavior and burrow structure. According to observations of burrows structure and characteristics of the habitat, Parastacus guapo sp. nov. can be classified as a primary burrower with types 1a, b burrows, due to the construction of complex tunnels close and with direct and indirect connections to permanent water bodies (Hobbs 1942; Horwitz & Richardson 1986; Richardson, 2007) (Fig. 6). This species builds burrow galleries of 1–4 interconnected tunnels, which can reach a depth up to 1m ending in a life chamber. The entries of the galleries are delimited by simple holes or by chimneys, which can reach up to 8 cm high and wide (Fig. 6C, D). Distribution. Parastacus guapo sp. nov. appears to have limited distribution, being registered only in the municipality of Pantano Grande, central region of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil (Fig. 1). Conservation status. Data Deficient. The EOO and AOO were estimated as approximately 937 km ² and 1, 87 km ² (or 0, 38 km ² considering only preserved habitat), respectively (Fig. 1). According to the sub-criteria B1 and B2, an EOO

Uptaded key to Parastacus The following key is modified from proposed in Rogers et al. (2020) with the addition of Parastacus macanudo, P. gomesae sp. nov. and P. guapo sp. nov.. The modifications of the original key and new steps start in step number eight (8) and these were elaborated according to information from Ribeiro et al. (2016; 2017; 2020) and Huber et al. (2018; 2020). 1 Telson with lateral spines............................................................................... 2 1’ Telson without lateral spines, maxilliped III exopod flagellum surpassing ischium distal margin............................................................................................... Parastacus nicoleti (Philippi, 1882) 2(1) Postorbital carina proximal edge ending in a strong spine; uropod protopod proximal lobe bearing a spine; areola delimited by carinae.............................................................................................. 3 2’ Postorbital carina proximal edge not ending in spine; uropod protopod lobe lacking spine; areola not delimited by carinae.. 4 3(2) Cheliped merus, carpus, and propodus medially with tufts of long setae; maxilliped III ischium ventral margin with longitudinal spine row................................................................ Parastacus varicosus Faxon, 1898 3’ Cheliped merus, carpus, and propodus medially glabrous; maxilliped III ischium ventral margin with longitudinal tubercle row...................................................................... Parastacus saffordi Faxon, 1898 4(2’) Telson distal margin rounded........................................................................... 5 4’ Telson distal margin acute.................................... Parastacus buckupi Huber, Ribeiro & Araujo, 2018 5(4) Cheliped carpus distally glabrous; epistome anteromedian lobe hexagonal or pentagonal............................ 6 5’ Cheliped carpus distally with tufts of long and simples setae; epistome anteromedial lobe heptagonal........................................................................... Parastacus pilicarpus Huber, Ribeiro & Araujo, 2018 6(5) Cheliped dactyl and pollex cutting edges obscured by long setal tufts............................................ 7 6’ Cheliped dactyl and pollex cutting edges visible............................................................. 8 7(6) Postorbital carinae prominent.......................................... Parastacus pilimanus (von Martens, 1869) 7’ Postorbital carinae obsolete....................................... Parastacus laevigatus Buckup and Rossi, 1980 8(6) Chelipeds with globose palm............................................................................ 9 8’ Chelipeds with flattened palm.......................................................................... 11 9(8) Cervical groove U-shaped.................... Parastacus caeruleodactylus Ribeiro and Araujo in Ribeiro et al., 2016 9’ Cervical groove V-shaped.............................................................................. 10 10(9’) Rostral carinae reaching postorbital carinae proximal edge.......................... Parastacus defossus Faxon, 1898 10’ Rostral carinae surpassing postorbital carinae proximal edge...................... Parastacus pugnax (Poeppig, 1835) 11(8’) Telson subrectangular................................................................................ 12 11’ Telson subtriangular.............................. Parastacus fluviatilis Ribeiro and Buckup in Ribeiro et al., 2016 12(11) Cheliped palm dorsal surface with tubercles irregularly distributed or with irregular tubercle rows.................... 13 12’ Cheliped palm dorsal surface with three well-defined tubercle rows....................................................................................... Parastacus tuerkayi Ribeiro, Huber and Araujo in Ribeiro et al., 2017 13(12) Cheliped ventral surface bearing one row of squamose tubercles............................................... 16 13’ Cheliped ventral surface bearing two rows of squamose tubercles.............................................. 14 14(13’) Telson lateral margins with large spines................................................................... 15 14’ Telson lateral margins with small spines............................................ Parastacus gomesae sp. nov. 15(14) Cephalon postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions..................... Parastacus guapo sp. nov. 15’ Cephalon postorbital carinae weakly prominent....... Parastacus macanudo Huber, Rockhill, Araujo and Ribeiro, 2020 16(13) Cheliped palm medial margin with medial area tuberculate, groove U-shaped.................................................................................................. Parastacus promatensis Fontoura & Conter, 2008 16’ Cheliped palm medial margin smooth; groove weakly V-shaped............ Parastacus brasiliensis (von Martens, 1869), Published as part of Huber, Augusto Frederico, Araujo, Paula Beatriz & Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, 2022, The hole is deeper: description of two new species within the Parastacus brasiliensis (von Martens, 1869) species complex with an integrative taxonomy approach, pp. 251-284 in Zootaxa 5168 (3) on pages 275-276, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5168.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/6882776, {"references":["Rogers, D. C., Magalhaes, C., Peralta, M., Ribeiro, F. B., Bond-Buckup, G., Price, W. W., Guerrero-Kommritz, J., Mantelatto, F. L., Bueno, A., Camacho, A. I., Gonzalez, E. R., Jara, C. G., Pedraza, M., Pedraza-Lara, C., Latorre, E. R. & Santos, S. (2020) Chapter 23 - Phylum Arthropoda: Crustacea: Malacostraca. In: Rogers, D., Christopher; Damborenea, C. & Thorp, J. (Org.), Thorp and Covich's Freshwater Invertebrates. Vol. 5. 4 th Edition. Academic Press, Boston, Massachusetts, pp. 809 - 986. [ISBN 9780128042250] https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / B 978 - 0 - 12 - 804225 - 0.00023 - X.","Ribeiro, F. B., Buckup, L., Gomes, K. M. & Araujo, P. B. (2016) Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa, 4158 (3), 301 - 324. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 5158.3.1","Huber, A. F., Ribeiro, F. B. & Araujo, P. B. (2018) New endemic species of freshwater crayfish Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae) from the Atlantic forest in southern Brazil. Nauplius, 26, e 2018015. https: // doi. org / 10.1590 / 2358 - 2936 e 2018015","Philippi, R. A. (1882) Zoologia chilena. Sobre los Astacus. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, 61, 624 - 628. https: // doi. org / 10.5354 / 0717 - 8883.2012.21621","Faxon, W. (1898) Observations on the Astacidae in the United States National Museum and in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 20 (1136), 642 - 694. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.20 - 1136.643","von Martens, E. (1869) Sudbrasilische Suss- und Brackwasser-Crustaceen nach den Sammlungen des Dr. Reinh. Hensel. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 35, 1 - 37.","Buckup, L. & Rossi, A. (1980) O Genero Parastacus no Brasil (Crustacea, Decapoda, Parastacidade). Revista Brasieira de Biologia, 40 (4), 663 - 681.","Huber, A. F., Rockhill, E. R., Araujo, P. B. & Ribeiro, F. B. (2020) A new species of burrowing crayfish in genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Decapoda, Parastacidae) from the Sinos River Basin, Southern Brazil. Zoological Studies, 59 (47). https: // doi. org / 10.6620 / ZS. 2020.59 - 47","Fontoura, N. F. & Conter, M. R. (2008) Description of a new subspecies of the crayfish Parastacus brasiliensis (Von Martens, 1869) from Sao Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil (Decapoda, Parastacidae). Zootaxa, 1849 (1), 28 - 34. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 1849.1.2"]}

In this contribution, we describe two new species of burrowing crayfish species complex Parastacus brasiliensis from forestry areas in the central region of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil. We used an integrative taxonomy approach with morphology and the mitochondrial DNA 16S rRNA gene and also evaluated their conservation status according to the IUCN Red List Criteria. Parastacus guapo sp. nov. was collected near the municipality of Pantano Grande and it differs from all other congeneric species in having an epistome anterolateral section with a large conical projection ending in a big sharp spine on both sides. It also differs from P. brasiliensis sensu stricto in the shape of the rostral surface, sub-orbital angle, postorbital carina straight, sub-orbital angle > 90°, postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions, carpal spine present, the internal surface of chelipeds palm with sparse tubercules, areola narrow and pleon short. Parastacus gomesae sp. nov. was collected in the municipality of São Jerônimo, it differs from all analysed species for rostral spine absent, epistome anteromedian lobe heptagonal and mandible incisive process with seven teeth (the second tooth from the anterior margin is the largest). It is also distinguished of P. brasiliensis sensu stricto in the sub-orbital angle > 90°, postorbital carinae prominent in anterior and middle portions, 3–4 rows of verrucose tubercles irregularly distributed on the palm dorsal surface of chelipeds, areola narrow and pleon short. Phylogenetic relationships confirmed the distinct position of these new species to the already described species. The extent of occurrence (EOO) / area of occurrence (AOO) of P. guapo sp. nov and P. gomesae sp. nov. were estimated at 937 km² / 1,87 km², and 2.107 km² / 23,9 km² respectively. The main threats identified were continued decline in the quality of habitats, resulting from deforestation and forestry areas. However, as we know only one point of occurrence for each new species, we suggest that both be categorized as Data Deficient.

Parastacus buckupi sp. nov. (Figs. 1–3, 8) Parastacus brasiliensis.— Vilella et al., 2004: 22. Type material. Holotype: male, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Maquiné, Arroio Carvão (UTM 574562/6731725), 23/V/2001, coll. F.S. Vilella (MZUSP 36515). Paratypes: 1 - Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul: one male, Maquiné, Arroio Carvão, 25/X/2001, coll. F.S. Vilella (UFRGS 3581); 2 - one male, Maquiné, Arroio Carvão, 17/VIII/2001, coll. F.S. Vilella (UFRGS 3893); 3 - one female, Maquiné, Arroio Carvão, 17/VIII/2001, coll. F.S. Vilella (UFRGS 3894); 4 - one female, Maquiné, Arroio Carvão, 25/X/2001, coll. F.S. Vilella (UFRGS 3895); 5 - one male, Maquiné, Arroio Carvão, 25/X/2001, coll. F.S. Vilella (UFRGS 3896). Etymology. Named in honor of the Emeritus Professor Ludwig Buckup from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.He was one of the pioneers of carcinological studies in Brazil, dedicating several years of his life to the study of decapod crustaceans, especially conducting research on the biology and taxonomy of freshwater crayfish. Diagnosis. Narrow cephalon front with a short triangular rostrum.Rostral apex inverted U-shapedwith an upward blunt spine. Suborbital angle 90°. Postorbital carinae weakly prominent. Cervical groove weakly V-shaped. Areola narrow, 2.1x as long as wide. Telson with acute distal margin. Mandible with caudal molar process unicuspidate with one cephalodistal cusp, incisive lobe with ten teeth. S2 pleurae low and long with shallow groove parallel to margin. Chelipeds large and globose with the cutting edge of fingers covered by tufts of long and simple setae more abundant in the proximal portion. Description of the holotype. Rostrum: triangular, longer than wide (RW 89% of RL), short (10% of CL), reaching proximal portion of the second article of the antennular peduncle (Fig. 1 A–C). Dorsum straight, apex inverted U-shaped, ending in an upward blunt spine (Fig. 1B, C). Few plumose setae on lateral margins. Rostral carinae almost straight, prominent and narrow, extending back to carapace, surpassing rostral basis (Fig. 1B, C); sides convergent and basis slightly divergent (Fig. 1B). Cephalon: Carapace lacking spines or tubercles. CeL 63.41% of CL. Eyes small (CMW65%of OW); suborbital angle 90° and unarmed (Fig.1C). Front narrow (FW 36% of CW). Postorbital carinae longer than rostral carinae (RCL 71% of POCL) and weakly prominent. Lateral cephalic edge with sparse setation (Fig. 1 A–C). Thorax: carapace laterally compressed, deep and wide (CD 42% of CL; CW 45% of CL). Cervical groove weakly V-shaped. Branchiocardiac grooves inconspicuous (Fig. 1A). Areola narrow, 2.1x as long as wide (31% of CL) (Fig. 1A). Pleon: lacking spines or tubercles, short and wide (PL 65% of CL; PW 83.4% of CW), smooth, sparsely covered with small setae on pleural margins (Fig. 1A). Pleural somites with rounded posterior margins. S1 pleurae with a large distal lobe not overlapped by S2 pleurae. S2 pleurae low and long with shallow groove parallel to margin (Fig. 1 D–F). Tailfan: telson weakly calcified in the distal margin, subrectangular, longer than wide (TeW 90% of TeL), with small sharp spines on lateral margins; acute distal margin with abundant long plumose setae and short simple setae; dorsal surface with tufts of short setae and inconspicuous dorsomedian longitudinal groove (Fig. 1G). Uropod protopod bilobed, with rounded and unarmed margins; proximal lobe largest (Fig. 1G); exopod lateral margin bears a small and sharp spine, mid-dorsal carina few prominent, ending in a sharp spine; transverse suture (diaeresis) straight, with four dorsolateral spines (outer) and four dorsolateral spines (inner) on right exopod and six dorsolateral spines (outer) and five dorsolateral spine (inner) on the left exopod; endopod, mid-dorsal carina few prominent, ending in a very sharp spine; lateral margin with one sharp spine at level of diaeresis (Fig. 1G). Epistome: anterolateral section with a blunt conical projection. Posterolateral section smooth and with deep lateral grooves converging to the basis of the anteromedian lobe, and small median circular concavity. Anteromedian lobe pentagonal, as long as wide, apex acute and straight with serrate setae, reaching median part of antepenultimate article of antennal peduncle; dorsal surface straight, and basis with a shallow groove (Fig. 2A). Thoracic sternites: SLP4 smallest and close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP5 small and close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP6 larger than SLP4 and SLP5 and with a slightly concave surface, median keel inflated; SLP7 largest and with surface slightly concave, median keel inflated, bullar lobes absent; SLP8 small and slightly concave, median keel absent, vertical arms of paired sternopleural bridges close to each other, bullar lobes separated and clearly visible (Fig. 2B, C). Antennule: internal ventral border of basal article with one small sharp spine (Fig. 2A). Antenna: when extended back reaching up to the posterior margin of the carapace. Antennal scale widest distally at midlength, reaching midlength of third antennal article, ASW 42.7% of ASL (Fig. 2A, D), lateral margin curved with strong spine and distal margin straight. Coxa with prominent carina above nephropore and a blunt spine laterally displaced. Basis unarmed (Fig. 2A). Mandible:cephalic molar process molariform, caudal molar process unicuspidate with one cephalodistal cusp. Incisive lobe with ten teeth. The fourth tooth from the anterior margin is the largest (Fig. 2E). Third maxilliped: ischium, ventral surface partially covered by tufts of long and simple setae (Fig. 2F); dorsal surface glabrous (Fig.2G). Crista dentata bearing 27 and 30 teeth in right and left ischium respectively. Merus ventral surface partially covered by tufts of long and simples setae. Exopod longer than ischium, with flagellum reaching proximal margin of merus (Fig. 2F, G). First pair of pereiopods (chelipeds): large and subequal, globose (RPrT 29.4% of RPrL; LPrT 29.3% of LPrL) (Figs. 1A; 2H, I). Ischium ventral surface with 17 tubercles. Merus: right merus (RML) 50.5% of propodus length (RPrL); left merus (LML) 53.2% of propodus length (LPrL); ventral surface with two longitudinal series of tubercles: inner series with 16 tubercles, outer 17 and mesial 26, arranged irregularly on right merus; inner series bearing 13 tubercles, outer 16 and mesial 21, arranged irregularly on left merus; dorsal and midventral spine absent. Carpus with dorsomedial surface divided longitudinally by shallow groove (Fig. 1A; 2I). Internal dorsolateral margin with row of tubercles, distally increasing in size; inner surface with up to nine small mesial tubercles; carpal spine absent (Fig. 2I). Propodus width (RPrW and LPrW) 49.3% of length in right cheliped and 49.5% in left cheliped; dorsal surface of palm with squamose tubercles irregularly distributed (Fig. 2H, I); inner margin without tubercles; ventral surface bearing two rows of squamose tubercles, reaching the beginning of the fixed finger (Fig. 2H). Dactylus: moving subvertically, right dactylus (RDL) 57.6% of propodus length (RPrL), left dactylus (LDL) 57.5% of left propodus (LPrL); dorsal surface without tubercles (Fig. 2I). Cutting edge of fingers covered by tufts of long and simple setae more abundant in the proximal portion (Fig. 2H). Fixed finger and dactylus both bearing seven teeth, the third teeth is the largest. (Fig. 2H, I). Second pair of pereiopods: ventral and dorsal surface of carpus, propodus and dactylus with sparse covering of simple long setae (Fig. 2J). Gonopores: Presence of both genital apertures on coxae of third and fifth pairs of pereiopods. Female gonoporessemi-ellipsoidal (maximum diameter 1.46 mm) with awell-calcifiedmembrane. Male gonopores rounded, opening onto apical end of a small, fixed, calcified and truncated phallic papilla, close to inner border of ventral surface of coxae of fifth pair of pereiopods. Male cuticle partition present (Fig. 2B). Branchial count: 20 + epr + r. Branchial arrangement follows the same described by Huxley (1879) and Hobbs (1991) with the epipod of the first maxilliped with rudimentary podobranchial filaments. Measurements. Holotype male, CL 39.11 mm and TL 74.76 mm. In type series, CL ranging from 12.28 to 39.11 mm (22.42 ± 9.44 mm). FW/CW: 0.37 ± 0.02 (min: 0.35; max: 0.41). RL/RW: 1.2 ± 0.1 (min: 1.08; max: 1.33). MCW/OW: 0.72 ± 0.1 (min: 0.55; max: 0.82). Postorbital carina longer than rostral carina in all specimens. CW/PW: 1.17 ± 0.04 (min: 1.12; max: 1.25). AreW/RW: 1.08 ± 0.26 (min: 0.73; max: 1.46) (Tab. 1). Color of living specimens. Rostrum dark brown. Antennal flagellum light brown. Cephalothorax anterior and lateral regions dark brown to reddish brown. Chelipeds brown with dark brown fingers. Pereiopod pairs 2–5 light brown to dark brown. Dorsal pleon and tailfan light brown to reddish brown (Fig. 3C). Remarks. Parastacus buckupi sp. nov. is morphologically similar to P. brasiliensis in having a wide pleon, large chelipeds, rostral apex inverted U-shapedwith an upward blunt spine and a pentagonal anteromedian lobe of epistome. Parastacus buckupi sp. nov. is also similar to P. fluviatilis and P. pilimanus in having the cutting edge of fingers covered by tufts of long and simple setae (Fig. 7). Parastacus buckupi sp. nov. differs from all other Parastacus species by the large and globose chelipeds with tufts of plumose setae in the cutting edge of fingers, which are more abundant in the proximal portion (Fig. 7A) and telson subrectangular with acute distal margin (Fig. 1A, G). It was observed that the distal margin of the telson is rounded in smaller specimens (Paratype 1–5; Tab. 1). All specimens are intersexed. In males paratypes, the female gonopores are semi-ellipsoidal (average maximum diameter 1.76 mm) covered by a calcified membrane. The male gonopores are similar in all type material. Habitat and Ecology. Carvão stream is included in the Serra Geral Biological Reserve (Vilella et al., 2004), with headwaters located about 800 m above sea level (a.s.l.; Fig. 3A, B). This stream is nearly 3.5 km of length with a catchment area of approximately 6 km ² and the margins are surrounded by riparian vegetation including Araucaria angustifolia (Bertol.) Kuntze, 1898 and grasslands (Araucaria Forest province) (IBGE, 1990; Vilella et al., 2004; Sydow et al., 2008; Morrone, 2014). The substrate of the creek is basaltic with arenite in the lower portions (Vilella et al., 2004) (Fig. 3A, B). Data concerning burrow morphology and burrowing behavior are not available since they were not recorded when the specimens were collected. However, it is possible that the new species shows some level of burrowing activity especially considering that the burrowing behavior is probably found in all species of Parastacus (Buckup and Rossi, 1980). . Distribution. Parastacus buckupi sp. nov. is so far recorded in Carvão stream in the municipality of Maquiné, state of Rio Grande do Sul, southern Brazil (Fig. 8). Conservation status. The EOO was estimated at approximately 301.885 km ² (Fig. 8), indicating that this species can be included in the Endangered – EN category, in which the EOO is less than 5,000 km ² (IUCN, 2012). The species is categorized as EN under the subitem “a”: for an EOO, which is severely fragmented; and subitem “b” (iii): continuing decline in quality of habitat. Both subitems are compatible with the threats existing in the species occurrence area: a small fragment of a stream with approximately 6 km ² of catchment area (Vilella et. al., 2004). The region of Maquiné basin is impacted mainly through the substitution of natural vegetation by agriculture (Becker et al., 2004). Conservation in the Maquiné basin is of fundamental importance since the region constitutes the southern limit of dense Ombrophylous Forest (Atlantic Forest) and all associated animals and plants (Bencke and Kindel, 1999; Becker et al., 2004). We suggest therefore that the conservation status of this species be classified as ENDANGERED B1ab(iii).

Parastacus pilicarpus sp. nov. (Figs. 4���8) Type material. Holotype: male, Brazil, Santa Catarina, Morro Grande, Bacia do Rio Ararangu�� (28��41���57.44���S 49��48���8.81���W), 20/VIII/2015, coll. C. Feltrin & F.H. Llanos (MZUSP 36516). Paratypes: 1 ��� Brazil, Santa Catarina: one female, same data as holotype (UFRGS 6303); 2A and 2B ��� two males, same data as holotype (UFRGS 6304); 3 ��� one female, same data as holotype (UFRGS 6305); 4 ��� one male, same data as holotype (UFRGS 6306); 5 ��� one juvenile, same data as holotype (UFRGS 6506). Etymology. Latin: pili = hair; carpus = an article of the cheliped. Diagnosis. Wide front with a short triangular rostrum. Rostral apex inverted U-shaped and unarmed. Suborbital angle> 90��. Postorbital carinae weakly proeminet. Cervical groove weekly V-shaped. Areola wide, 2.5x as long as wide. Mandible with caudal process bicuspidate with one cephalodistal cusp and one small distoproximal cusp. Incisive lobe with nine teeth. The first tooth from the anterior margin is the largest. S2 pleurae low and short with shallow groove parallel to margin. Epistome with the anteromedian lobe heptagonal, as long as wide. Antennal scale lateral margin curved with a very strong terminal spine. Distal portion of the cheliped carpus with tufs of longs e simple setae. Chelipeds laterally flattened with the cutting edge of the fingers densely covered by setae. Description of the holotype. Rostrum: triangular, wider than long (RL 64.86% of RW), short (8.87% of CL), reaching the proximal portion of the second article of the antennular peduncle (Fig. 4 A���C). Dorsum apex inverted ���U���-shaped, apex lacking spine (Fig. 4B, C). Few plumose setae on lateral margins. Rostral sides convergent and rostral basis parallel. Carinae almost straight, prominent and large, extending back to carapace, surpassing rostral basis (Fig. 4B, C). Cephalon: Carapace lacking spines or tubercles. CeL 65.1% of CL. Eyes large (CMW 81.9% of OW); suborbital angle>90��, unarmed (Fig. 4 A���C). Front wide (FW 49.2% of CW). Postorbital carinae longer than rostral carinae (RCL 57.5% of POCL) and weakly prominent. Lateral cephalic edge with sparse setation (Fig. 4 A���C). Thorax: carapace laterally compressed, deep and narrow (CD 51 % of CL; CW 40% of CL). Cervical groove weekly V-shaped (Fig. 4A). Branchiocardiac grooves conspicuous (Fig. 4A). Areola wide, 2.5x as long as wide (34.8% of CL) (Fig. 4A). Pleon: lacking spines or tubercles, short and wide (AL 72.3% of CL; AW 92% of CW), smooth, sparsely covered with small setae on pleural margins (Fig. 4A). Pleural somites with rounded posterior margins. S1 pleurae with a large distal lobe overlapped by S2 pleurae. S2 pleurae low and short with shallow groove parallel to margin (Fig. 4D). Tailfan: telson weakly calcified in the distal portion, subrectangular, longer than wide (TeW 81.7% of TeL), with inconspicuous sharp spines on lateral margins; rounded distal margin with abundant long plumose setae and short simple setae. Dorsal surface with tufts of short setae and inconspicuous dorsomedian longitudinal groove (Fig. 4G). Uropod protopod bilobed, with rounded and unarmed margins; proximal lobe largest; exopod lateral margin bears a small and sharp spine, mid-dorsalcarina few prominent, ending in a sharp spine; transverse suture (diaeresis) straight, with three dorsolateral spines (outer) and two dorsolateral spines (inner) on right exopod and two dorsolateral spines (outer) and three dorsolateral spine (inner) on the left exopod; endopod, mid-dorsal carina few prominent, ending in a very sharp spine; lateral margin with one sharp spine at level of diaeresis (Fig. 4G). Epistome: anterolateral section with a sharp conical projection. Posterolateral section smooth and with deep lateral grooves converging to the basis of the anteromedian lobe, and large median circular concavity. Anteromedian lobe heptagonal, as long as wide, apex acute and straight, reaching the median part of antepenultimate article of antennal peduncle; dorsal surface straight, and basis with a shallow groove (Fig. 5A). Thoracic sternites: SLP4 smallest and close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP5 small and close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP6 larger than SLP4 and SLP5, separated to each other and with a slightly concave surface, median keel not inflated; SLP7 largest, close to each other and with surface slightly concave, median keel not inflated, bullar lobes absent; SLP8 larger than SLP4, SLP5 and SLP6 and with a slightly concave, median keel absent, vertical arms of paired sternopleural bridges close to each other, bullar lobes close to each other and clearly visible (Fig. 5B, C). Antennule: internal ventral border of basal article with small sharp spine (Fig. 5A). Antenna: when extended back reaching up to the posterior margin of the carapace; antennal scale widest distal at midlength, almost reaching the end of third antennal article, ASW 59% of ASL (Fig. 5A, D), lateral margin curved with a very strong terminal spine and distal margin emarginated. Coxa with prominent carina and blunt spine above nephropore. Basis unarmed (Fig. 5A). Mandible: cephalic molar process molariform, caudal molar process bicuspidate with one cephalodistal cusp and one small distoproximal cusp. Incisive lobe with nine teeth. The first tooth from the anterior margin is the largest (Fig. 5E). Third maxilliped: ischium, ventral surface covered by tufts of long and simples setae (Fig. 5F), dorsal surface glabrous (Fig. 5G), crista dentata bearing 23 and 24 teeth in right and left ischium respectively. Merus ventral surface follows the same pattern that of ischium. Exopod longer than ischium, with flagellum reaching proximal margin of merus (Fig. 5F, G). First pair of pereiopods (chelipeds): laterally flattened and subequal (RPrT 30.1% of RPrL; LPrT 31.8% of LPrL) (Fig. 5A, H, I). Ischium ventral surface with 13 tubercles. Merus: right merus (RML) 50.2% of propodus length (RPrL); left merus (LML) 54.2% of propodus length (LPrL); ventral surface with two longitudinal series of tubercles: inner series with 13 tubercles, outer 13 and mesial 12, arranged irregularly on right merus; inner series bearing 13 tubercles, outer 13 and mesial 13, arranged irregularly on left merus; dorsal and midventral spines absent. Carpus with dorsomedial surface divided longitudinally by shallow groove and the distal margin covered with tuffs of long and simple setae (Fig. 5A, H, I); internal dorsolateral margin without tubercles; inner surface without tubercles; carpal spine absent (Fig. 5I). Propodus width (RPrW and LPrW) 47.7% of length in right cheliped and 49.8% in left cheliped; dorsal surface of palm with squamose tubercles irregularly distributed (Fig. 5H, I); inner margin without tubercles; ventral surface bearing two rows of squamose tubercles, reaching the beginning of the fixed finger (Fig. 5H). Dactylus: moving subvertically, right dactylus (RDL) 51.9% of propodus length (RPrL), left dactylus (LDL) 58.2% of left propodus (LPrL); dorsal surface without tubercles (Fig. 5I). Cutting edge of fingers densely covered by tufts of long and simple setae. Fixed finger and dactylus bearing eight teeth, being the fourth teeth the largest. (Fig. 5H, I). Second pair of pereiopods: ventral and dorsal surface of carpus, propodus and dactylus with sparse covering of simple and long setae (Fig. 5J). Gonopores: Presence of both genital apertures on coxae of third and fifth pairs of pereiopods. Female gonoporessemi-ellipsoidal (maximum diameter 1.69 mm) with awell-calcifiedmembrane. Male gonopores rounded, opening onto apical end of a small, fixed, calcified and truncated phallic papilla, close to inner border of ventral surface of coxae of fifth pair of pereiopods. Male cuticle partition present (Fig. 5B). Branchial count: 20 + epr + r.Branchial arrangement follows the same described by Huxley (1879) and Hobbs (1991) with the epipod of the first maxilliped with rudimentary podobranchial filaments. Measurements. Holotype male, CL 21.63 mm and TL 44.78 mm. In type series, CL ranging from 12.90 to 33.54 mm (22.65 �� 7.76 mm). FW/CW: 0.46 �� 0.06 (min: 0.35; max: 0.56). RL/RW: 1.22 �� 0.1 (min: 0.76; max: 1.54). MCW/OW: 0.82 �� 0.1 (min: 0.69; max: 0.96). Postorbital carina longer than rostral carina in all specimens analyzed. CW/PW: 1.10 �� 0.07 (min: 01.08; max: 1.25). AreW/RW: 1.15 �� 0.25 (min: 1.00; max: 1.65) (Tab. 2). Color of living specimens. Rostrum dark brown. Antennal flagellum light brown. Cephalothorax anterior and lateral regions dark reddish brown to light reddish brown. First pair of pereiopods dark reddish brown dorsally and reddish brown in ventral and lateral surfaces. Dactylus dark reddish brown in the proximal portion and reddish brown distally. Pereiopod pairs 2���5 light reddish brown to reddish brown. Dorsal pleon and tailfan reddish brown (Fig. 6C). Remarks. Parastacus pilicarpus sp. nov. is morphologically similar to P. buckupi sp. nov. in having the rostral apex inverted U-shaped and short rostral carinae. Parastacus pilicarpus sp. nov. is also similar to P. buckupi sp. nov., P. fluviatilis and P. pilimanus by the presence of tufts of long and simple setae on the cutting edge of fingers of chelipeds (Fig. 7). Parastacus pilicarpus sp. nov. differs from all other Parastacus spp. in having the epistome anteromedian lobe heptagonal, as long as wide (Fig 5A), antennal scale lateral margin curved with a very strong terminal spine (Fig. 5D), mandible incisive lobe with the first tooth from the anterior margin being the largest and the presence of tufts of long and simple setae in the distal portion of carpus (Fig. 5I). All specimens are intersexed. In males paratypes the female gonopores are semi-ellipsoidal (average maximum diameter 1.69 mm) covered by a calcified membrane (Fig. 5B). The male gonopores are similar in all type material. Habitat and Ecology. All animals were collected in the headwaters of Manoel Alves stream which is considered a first order stream. Based on photographs (Fig. 6A, B), it is possible to infer that the margins are surrounded by riparian vegetation, gravel and rocks probably from basaltic origin. Despite the absence of information on burrowing behavior and burrow morphology, the possibility of the species shows some burrowing ability, cannot be discarded since according to Buckup and Rossi (1980) burrowing behavior is probably found in all species of Parastacus. Distribution. Parastacus pilicarpus sp. nov. is so far recorded in the headwater of Manoel Alves stream in the municipality of Morro Grande, state of Santa Catarina, southern Brazil (Fig. 8). Conservation status. The EOO was estimated at approximately 1,037.123 km �� (Fig. 8), indicating that this species should be included in the Endangered ��� EN category, in which the EOO is less than 5,000 km �� (IUCN, 2012). This classification as EN takes into consideration the subitem ���a���: for an EOO, which is severely fragmented; and subitem ���b��� (iii): continuing decline in quality of habitat. The region of Ararangu�� River basin is target of industrial and agricultural waste (Ara��jo et. al., 1989). The Ararangu�� River basin is recognized as an endemic area of fish species (Malabarba and Isaia, 1992; Reis and Schaefer, 1998), as Hollandichthys taramandahy Bertaco & Malabarba, 2013 (Lambari- striped). Unfortunately, the area shows high level of anthropogenic disturbances, as the deforestation of riparian forest (Bertaco and Malabarba, 2013). However, we do not have enough surveys to make that claim yet for the state of Santa Catarina. Consequently, the EOO for P. pilicarpus sp. nov. could be underestimated in our study. Taking this into account, we decided to classify this species as DATA DEFICIENT., Published as part of Huber, Augusto Frederico, Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra & Araujo, Paula Beatriz, 2018, New endemic species of freshwater crayfish Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae) from the Atlantic forest in southern Brazil, pp. 1-18 in Nauplius 26 on pages 10-17, DOI: 10.1590/2358-2936e2018015, http://zenodo.org/record/3571255, {"references":["Huxley, T. H. 1879. On the classification and the distribution of the crayfishes. Proceedings of the Zoological Societyof London, 1878: 752 - 788.","Hobbs, H. H. Jr. 1991. Anew generic assignment for a South American crayfish (Decapoda, Parastacidae) with revised diagnoses of the South American genera and comments on the parastacid mandible. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 104: 800 - 811.","Buckup, L. and Rossi, A. 1980. O Genero Parastacus no Brasil (Crustacea, Decapoda, Parastacidade). Revistabrasileira de Biologia, 40: 663 - 681.","Ribeiro, F. B.; Buckup, L.; Gomes, K. M. and Araujo, P. B. 2016. Two new species of South Americanfreshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa, 4158: 301 - 324.","Martens, E. von. 1869. Sudbrasilianische Suss- und Brackwasser- Crustaceen nach den Sammlungen des Dr. Reinh. Hensel. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 35: 1 - 37.","IUCN - International Unionfor Conservationof Nature. 2012. IUCNRed List Categoriesand Criteria: Version 3.1, Second edition. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, 32 p.","Malabarba, L. R. and Isaia, E. A., 1992. The freshwaterfishfauna of the rio Tramandai drainage, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, with a discussion of its historical origin. Comunicacoesdo Museu de Ciencias e Tecnologia, Pontificia Universidade Catolica do Rio Grandedo Sul, Serie Zoologia, 5: 197 - 223.","Reis, R. E. and Schaefer, S. A., 1998. New cascudinhos from Southern Brazil: systematics, endemism, and relationships (Siluriformes, Loricariidae, Hypoptopomatinae). American Museum Novitates, 3254: 1 - 25.","Bertaco, V. A. and Malabarba, L. R. 2013. Anew species of the characid genus Hollandichthys Eigenmann from coastal rivers of southern Brazil (Teleostei: Characiformes) with a discussion on the diagnosis of the genus. Neotropical Ichthyology, 11: 767 - 778."]}

Parastacus nicoleti (Philippi, 1882) (Fig. 1–4) Astacus chilensis.— Nicolet 1849: 211 [not the same species of H. Milne-Edwards, 1837] Astacus Nicoleti Philippi, 1882: 624. Astacus Ricoleti. — Philippi 1882: 626 [erroneous spelling]. Parastacus nicoleti. — Ortmann 1902: 293.— Porter 1917: 98, fig. 61.— Bahamonde 1958: 183, figs. 1–17.— Riek 1971: 133.— Hobbs 1989: 80, fig. 372.— Buckup and Rossi 1993: 168, fig. 4.— Rudolph 2010: 37, fig. 1C, 2C.— Rudolph 2013: 1488, fig. 14.— Ríos-Escalante 2016: 121, fig. 3(4). Parastacus Nicoleti. — Porter 1904: 255. Astacus nicoleti.— Faxon 1914: 354. Parastacus nicoletti.— Bahamonde 1951: 91 [erroneus spelling] Neotype: Chile: one ♂ (CL 30.23 mm, TL 62.07 mm), Miraflores, Río Valdivia, XI/1957, col. Kilian (MNHNCL DEC–15001), Material examined. Chile: one ♂, Mehuín (next to Valdivia), VIII/1997, col. niños del Pueblo (UFRGS 2405) (illustrated); one snd, Valdivia (UFRGS 1372); 2 ♂ and 4 ♀, Miraflores, Río Valdivia, XI/1957, col. Kilian (MNHNCL/CRU 2211); one ♂, Río Chaquigua, 18/III/1985, col. L. Peña (MNHNCL/CRU 2026); one snd, Valdivia, Fundo “Palos Altos”, 1954, col. M.T. López (MNHNCL/CRU 2072); 12 ♂, 4 ♀ and one juvenile, Valdivia, Jardín Botánico, 15/X/1950, col. E. Kilian (MNHNCL/CRU 2137); 1 ♂ (dry specimen), Fundo Bellavista (cerca de La Unión), 13/II/1958, col. B.G. López (MNHNCL/CRU 2151); one snd (dry specimen), Valdivia, Catripulli, II/1954, col. G. López (MNHNCL/CRU 2116); one ♂, Valdivia, VIII/1959, col. López (MNHNCL/CRU 2181); two ♂, one ♀, nine juveniles and one snd, Valdivia, Fundo “Palos Altos”, 08/II/1959, col. T. López (MNHNCL/CRU 2373); one ♂, Fundo Bellavista (cerca de La Union), 13/II/1958 (MNHNCL/CRU 2254); one ♂ and two ♀, Valdivia, Miraflores, XI/1957, col. E. Kilian (MNHNCL/CRU 2257); three ♂, five ♀ and two juveniles, Fundo “ Palos Altos ” (25 km north of Valdivia), 24/II/1958, col. G. López (MNHNCL/CRU 2260); Fundo “Palos Altos”, VII/1959, col. López (MNHNCL/CRU 2374). Description and Diagnosis. Philippi (1882), Bahamonde (1958), Buckup and Rossi (1993) and Rudolph (2013). Remarks. Nicolet (1849) briefly described and illustrated a crayfish species from Chile giving the name Astacus chilensis. Nevertheless, this name was already used by Milne-Edwards (1837). Philipp’s (1882) contribution concerning the Chilean crayfish fauna provided the description of A. nicoleti. This description was based on the species described by Nicolet (1849). Bahamonde (1958) believed that Philippi had the opportunity to analyze Nicolet’s material, which no longer exists in the collection of the MNHNCL. Bahamonde (1958) redescribed and validated P. nicoleti based on the analysis of several specimens deposited in MNHNCL (lots 2026, 2053, 2072 and 2211) and stated that the type specimen was lost. The author provided drawings, pictures, measurements and comments on the species’ distribution and biological aspects. Buckup and Rossi (1993) redescribed the species based on material from the Zoologisches Museum of the University of Hamburg, Germany and the Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The examination of the lots used by Bahamonde (1958) to validate the species allowed us to designate a neotype from lot 2211, which contains the best preserved specimens. Moreover, this lot was referred by Bahamonde (1958) as containing three males and seven females of P. nicoleti, but in fact, presently it contains seven specimens of P. nicoleti (three males and four females) and five specimens of P. pugnax. One of the males of P. nicoleti (Fig. 1) was separated and considered the neotype (MNHNCL DEC–15001). Additional characters provided herein are based on the neotype and additional material and include: rostrum apex truncated, ending in upturned small blunt tubercle (Fig. 2B, C); front narrow (Fig. 2A, B); lateral cephalic edge with dense setation (Fig. 2A, C); S2 pleurae with shallow groove, parallel to margin, low and short (Fig. 2D); telson uniformly calcified, subtriangular, longer than wide, lacking lateral spines on lateral margins, rounded distal margin with abundant long plumose setae and short simple setae; uropod exopod and endopod lateral margin lacking spines (Fig. 3E); epistome anterolateral section with inconspicuous projection, posterolateral section smooth and with deep lateral grooves converging to the basis of the anteromedian lobe and reduced median circular concavity, anteromedian lobe triangular, 1.16x longer than wide, apex acute and straight with some serrate setae, reaching median part of antepenultimate article of antennal peduncle; dorsal surface straight and basis with a shallow groove (Fig. 3A); antennal scale lateral margin curved, antenna coxa with a straight carina above nephropore, tubercles or spines absent (Fig. 3D); antennule internal ventral border of basal article with a spine (Fig. 3A); mandible with cephalic molar process molariform and caudal molar process bicuspidate, incisive lobe with eight teeth, the second tooth from the anterior is the largest (Fig. 3E); SLP4 and SLP5 subequal in size and separated to each other, medial keel present and not inflated; SLP6 larger than SLP4 and SLP5 with slightly concave dorsal surface, medial keel present and slightly inflated; SLP7 largest and with slightly concave surface, median keel present and inflated; SLP8 smaller than SLP7, median keel absent, vertical arms of paired sternopleural bridges close to each other, bullar lobes visible and close to each other (Fig. 3B, C); third maxilliped ischium ventral surface partially covered by tufts of short and long simple setae (Fig. 3F), dorsal surface glabrous (Fig. 3G), crista dentata bearing up to 25 teeth on both ischia, merus ventral surface covered by tufts of long and simple setae and some serrate setae (Fig. 3F); chelipeds large and subequal, globose, merus without dorsal and midventral spines, carpus, propodus and proximal portion of the dactylus bear conspicuous tubercles (Fig. 3H, I); second pair of pereiopods with ventral and dorsal surface of carpus, propodus and dactylus moderately covered by long and simple setae (Fig. 3J); female gonopores absent in the neotype, but present in all specimens labeled as females and in some of those labeled as males (Fig. 3B). Distribution. Chile: Coastal zones to the Longitudinal Valley, between the municipality of Gorbea (39°05’S; 72°38’W) and the River Chaquihua (41°26’S; 73°06’W) (close to Puerto Montt) (Rudolph 2010; 2013) (Fig. 4). Color of live specimens. Rostrum, cephalothorax anterior and lateral regions, pereiopods, dorsal pleon and tailfan dark brown to reddish brown. Antennal flagellum dark blue (Rudolph 2010). Habitat and Ecology. Vegas or hualves. This species occurs in underground waters in small valleys or depressions between mountains or topographic depressions, usually associated with perennial forests and at the top of some hills in the Cordillera de la Costa (Rudolph 2013). Parastacus nicoleti builds deep burrows with multiple entrance tunnels (Rudolph 2013)., Published as part of Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra & Araujo, Paula Beatriz, 2017, Designation of a neotype for Parastacus nicoleti (Philippi, 1882) (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae), pp. 393-400 in Zootaxa 4338 (2) on pages 394-399, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4338.2.13, http://zenodo.org/record/1036083, {"references":["Philippi, R. A. (1882) Zoologia chilena. Sobre los Astacus. Anales de la Universidad de Chile, 61, 624 - 628.","Nicolet, H. (1849) Crustaceos in Gay, Historia Fisica y Politica de Chile. Zoologia, 3, 211 and atlas.","Milne-Edwards, H. (1837) Histoire Naturelle des Crustacees. Tome 2. Librairie encyclopedique de Roret, Paris, 333 pp.","Ortmann, A. E. (1902) The Geographical Distribution of Fresh-Water Decapods and Its Bearing upon Ancient Geography. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 41 (171), 267 - 400.","Porter, C. E. (1917) Los crustaceos de la expedicion a Taitao. Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Chile, 10, 94 - 101.","Bahamonde, N. N. (1958) Sobre la validez taxonomica de Parastacus nicoleti (Philippi), 1882, y algunos aspectos de su biologia. Investigaciones Zoologicas Chilenas, 4,183 - 19.","Riek, E. F. (1971) The freshwater crayfishes of South America. Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 84 (16), 129 - 136.","Hobbs, H. H. Jr. (1989) An illustrated checklist of the American Crayfishes (Decapoda: Astacidae, Cambaridae, and Parastacidae). Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 480, 1 - 236. https: // doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00810282.480","Buckup, L. & Rossi, A. (1993) Os Parastacidae do espaco meridional andino (Crustacea, Astacidea). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 53 (2), 167 - 176.","Rudolph, E. H. (2010) Sobre la distribucion geografica de las especies chilenas de Parastacidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Astacidea). Boletin de Biodiversidad de Chile, 3, 32 - 46.","Rudolph, E. H. (2013) A checklist of the Chilean Parastacidae (Decapoda, Astacidea). Crustaceana, 86 (12), 1468 - 1510. https: // doi. org / 10.1163 / 15685403 - 00003257","Rios-Escalante, P., Parra-Coloma, L., Peralta, M. A., Perez-Schultheiss, J. & Rudolph, E. H. (2016) A checklist of subterranean water crustaceans from Chile (South America). Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, 129, 114 - 128.","Porter, C. E. (1904) Materiales para la fauna carcinolojica de Chile, III: Algunos datos sobre dos parastacidos. Revista Chilena Historia Natural, 8, 254 - 261.","Faxon, W. (1914) Notes on the Crayfishes in the United States National Museum and the Museum of Comparative Zoology with Descriptions of New Species and Subspecies to which Is Appended a Catalogue of the Known Species and Subspecies. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, 40 (8), 351 - 427.","Bahamonde, N. N. (1951) Nuevos datos sobre el Parastacus spinifrons (Philippi) 1882. Boletin del Museo Nacional de Historia Natural Chile, 25, 85 - 96."]}

Genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 Parastacus Huxley, 1879: 759, 771 [Type species, by subsequent designation (Faxon, 1898: 683): Astacus pilimanus von Martens, 1859: 15. Gender: masculine.] Diagnosis. See Hobbs (1991), p. 801., Published as part of Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez & Araujo, Paula Beatriz, 2016, Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae), pp. 301-324 in Zootaxa 4158 (3) on page 305, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265885, {"references":["Huxley, T. H. (1879) On the Classification and distribution of the crayfishes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1879, 752 - 788. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1878. tb 08020. x","Faxon, W. (1898) Observations on the Astacidae in the United States National Museum and in the Museum of Comparative Zoology, with descriptions of new species. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 20, 642 - 694. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.5479 / si. 00963801.20 - 1136.643","Hobbs, H. H. Jr. (1991) A new generic assignment for a South American crayfish (Decapoda, Parastacidae) with revised diagnoses of the South American genera and comments on the parastacid mandible. Proceeding of the Biological Society of Washington, 104 (4), 800 - 811."]}

Parastacus caeruleodactylus Ribeiro & Araujo sp. nov. (Figs. 2, 6���9) Zoobank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:1BD9ED38-24DA-4C6B-9981-5497EC81BF3A Holotype. ��, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, Morrinhos do Sul (29��17���13.7���S; 49��54���53.42���W), 12/XII/2013, col. F.B. Ribeiro & K.M. Gomes (MZUSP 34287) Paratypes. 1: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul���one ♀, same data as holotype (UFRGS 5931); 2: one ♀, same data as holotype (UFRGS 5932); 3: one ��, Dom Pedro de Alc��ntara, RPPN Mata do Professor Baptista (29��23���06���S; 49��50���20���W), 16/IV/2014, col. D.C. Kenne & K.M. Gomes (UFRGS 5934); 3: one ��, Dom Pedro de Alc��ntara, RPPN Mata do Professor Baptista (29��23���06���S; 49��50���20���W), 16/IV/2014, col. D.C. Kenne & K.M. Gomes (UFRGS 5935); 5���6: one �� Dom Pedro de Alc��ntara, and one juvenile, RPPN Mata do Professor Baptista (29��23���06���S; 49��50���20���W), 16/IV/2014, col. D.C. Kenne & K.M. Gomes (UFRGS 5936); 7: one ♀, Dom Pedro de Alc��ntara, RPPN Mata do Professor Baptista (29��23���06���S; 49��50���20���W), 16/IV/2014, col. D.C. Kenne & K.M. Gomes (UFRGS 5950); 8: one ��, Morro Azul, 12/X/1998, col. L. Buckup & G. Bond-Buckup (UFRGS 2706); 9: one ��, Torres, Col��nia de S��o Pedro, 13/X/1985 (MCP 1067). Comparative material analyzed. Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul: Parastacus defossus ���one ��, Porto Alegre, Lami, Costa do Cerro, 19/VII/2005, col. L.C.E. Daut & J.F. Amato (UFRGS 4199); one ��, Porto Alegre, Lami, Costa do Cerro, 19/VII/2005, col. L.C.E. Daut & J.F. Amato (UFRGS 4200); one ��, Porto Alegre, Morro do Coco (30��15���40.82��� S; 51��2���8.27���W), 15/X/2013, col. K.M. Gomes & C.T. Wood (UFRGS 5867); one �� and one ♀, Porto Alegre, Lami, 08/VI/2002, col. L. Buckup & G. Bond-Buckup (UFRGS 3360); five ♀, Porto Alegre, Lami (30��11���41������S; 50��06���00������W), 2005, col. C. Noro (UFRGS 4021); Chile: Parastacus nicoleti ���one ��, Mehuim (next to Valdivia), VIII/1997, col. ni��os del Pueblo (UFRGS 2405); Parastacus pugnax ���one �� and one ♀, La Florida, Concepci��n, 19/I/1977 (UFRGS 2407). Diagnosis. Rostrum triangular and short. Rostral apex inverted V-shaped, ending in inconspicuous blunt spine. Postorbital carinae obsolete. Cervical groove U-shaped. Areola very narrow and barely discernible. Cheliped propodus globose with large gap between dactylus and fixed finger. Fingers of chelipeds blue. Dorsal margin of dactylus and dorsal and ventral margins of propodus and carpus of second pair of pereiopods with tufts of long simple setae. Mandible caudal molar process unicuspidate with one big cephalodistal cusp. Abdomen shorter and narrower than cephalothorax. Telson subrectangular with small sharp lateral spines. Mid-dorsal carina of exopod of uropods unarmed. Description. Rostrum: Triangular, wider than long (RL 97.3% of RW), short (11.33% of CL), reaching distal end of second antennular article (Fig. 6 A, B, C). Dorsum straight, apex inverted V-shaped, ending in inconspicuous straight blunt spine. Dense plumose setae on lateral margins (Fig. 6 C). Rostral sides convergent and rostral basis divergent. Carinae long, prominent and narrow, extending back to carapace, surpassing rostral basis (Fig. 6 B, C). Cephalon: Carapace lacking spines or tubercles. CeL 62.7% of CL. Eyes small (CMW 60% of OW), suborbital angle 90�� and unarmed (Fig. 6 C). Front narrow (FW 34.4% of CW). Postorbital carinae longer than rostral carinae (RCL 54.3% of POCL) and weakly prominent (obsolete). Lateral cephalic edge with conspicuous setation (Fig. 6 C). Thorax: carapace laterally expanded, deep and wide (CD 54.7% of CL; CW 44.7% of CL; CW 81.7% of CD). Cervical groove U-shaped. Branchiocardiac groove barely visible. Areola narrow and barely discernible, 3.3x as long as wide (26.5% of CL). (Fig. 6 A). Abdomen: lacking spines or tubercles, short and narrow (AL 30.7% of CL; AW 68.6% of CW), smooth and with conspicuous setation on pleural margins (Fig. 6 A, D). Pleural somites with rounded distal margins. S1 pleura with small distal lobe not overlapped by S2 pleura. S2 pleura with deep groove parallel to margin, moderately elongated (Fig. 6 E, F). AW 48.1% of AL. Tailfan: telson well calcified in the proximal portion, weakly calcified in the distal margin, subrectangular, longer than wide (TelW 77% of TelL) with small sharp spines on lateral margins; rounded distal margin with abundant long and short simple setae. Dorsal surface with tufts of short setae and a rudimentary dorsomedian longitudinal sulcus (Fig. 6 G). Uropod protopod bilobed with rounded and unarmed distal margins, proximal lobe largest. Exopod lateral margin unarmed, mid-dorsal carina weakly prominent, ending in small spine. Transverse suture (diaeresis) straight with 6 dorsolateral spines (outer) and 11 dorsolateral spines (inner) on right exopod and with 6 (outer) and 9 (inner) spines on left exopod. Endopod mid-dorsal carina weakly prominent and unarmed, outer lateral margin with small spine at level of exopod transverse sulture (Fig. 6 G). Epistome: anterolateral section with conical projection. Posterolateral section with cluster of squamose setiferous tubercles and lateral grooves converging to basis of anteromedian lobe, and reduced median circular concavity. Anteromedian lobe irregularly pentagonal, 1.3x longer than wide, apex rounded and slightly concave, reaching median part of antepenultimate article of antennal peduncle; dorsal surface straight, and basis deeply grooved (Fig. 7 A). Thoracic sternites: SLP4 smallest and very close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP5 smaller than SLP6,7,8 and very close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP6 smaller than SLP7,8 and separated from each other, median keel present and inflated; SLP7 largest and separated from each other with dorsal surface slightly concave, median keel present and inflated, bullar lobes absent; SLP8 smaller than SLP7, median keel absent (Fig. 7 B), vertical arms of paired sternopleural bridges widely separated, bullar lobes very close to each other (Fig. 7 C). Antennule: inner ventral border of basal article with blunt spine (Fig. 7 A). Antenna: when extended back reaching posterior edge of carapace. Antennal scale widest at distal to midlength and reaching basis of third antennal article, ASW 44.4% of ASL (Fig. 6 A, D), lateral margin straight, spine strong and distal margin emarginate. Coxa with weakly prominent carina above nephropore, with strong blunt mesial spine. Basis unarmed (Fig. 6 A). Mandible: cephalic molar process molariform, caudal molar process unicuspidate with one big cephalodistal cusp and. Incisor lobe with nine teeth. The third tooth from the anterior is the largest (Fig. 7 E). Third maxilliped: ischium bearing few setiferous puctuations with few long simple setae on outer margin and on ventrolateral surface and dorsal surface with one row of setiferous punctuations (Fig. 7 F, G). Merum ventral surface partially covered by long smooth simple setae (Fig. 7 F). Crista dentata of right and left ischium each bearing 25 teeth. Merus entire ventral surface sparsely covered with simple setae. Exopod longer than ischium, flagellum reaching proximal margin of merus (Fig. 7 F, G). First pair of pereiopods (chelipeds): short, subequal and globose (RPrT 26.8% of RPrL; LPrT 26.1% LPrL) (Fig. 6 A). Ischium ventral surface with 11 tubercles. Merus: right merus (RML) 53.8% of propodus length (RPrL), left merus (LML) 52.7% of propodus length (LPrL); ventral surface with two laterolongitudinal series of tubercles: right merus, inner and outer series bearing 13 tubercles and mesial with several small and medium-sized tubercles, irregularly arranged; left merus, inner series bearing 13 tubercles, external 12, and mesial with same pattern as right merus; dorsal and ventromedial spines absent. Carpus medial dorsal surface straight, not divided by a groove (Fig. 6 A, 7I). Inner dorsolateral margin with row of tubercles, increasing in size distally. Inner surface bearing some small squamose tubercles. Carpal spine absent (Fig. 7 I) Propodus width (RPrW and LPrW) 53.1% of length in right cheliped and 48.5% in left cheliped. Dorsal line of palm with two rows of verrucose tubercles, with tufts of short simple and pappose setae on base of tubercles. Ventral surface bearing two rows of squamose tubercles, reaching beginning of fixed finger (Fig. 7 H). Dactylus: right dactylus (RDL) 66.1% of propodus length (RPrL), left dactylus (LDL) 62.3% of propodus length (LPrL); dorsal surface without tubercles, but with rows of bristle tufts (Fig. 4 I). Cutting edge of fingers visible. Fixed finger with eight teeth, third and fourth teeth largest. Dactylus with eight teeth, first and third teeth largest. Wide gap between dactylus and fixed finger (Fig. 7 H). Second pair of pereiopods: ventral and dorsal margins of dactylus and dorsal and ventral margins of propodus and carpus with tufts of long simple setae (Fig. 7 J). Gonopores: presence of both genital apertures on coxae of third and fifth pairs of pereiopods. Female gonopores semi-ellipsoidal (maximum diameter 1.2 mm) with a well-calcified membrane. Male gonopores rounded, opening onto apical end of small, fixed, calcified and truncated phallic papilla, close to inner border of ventral surface of coxae of fifth pair of pereiopods. Male cuticle partition present (Fig. 7 B). Branchial count: 20 + epr + r. Branchial arrangement follows the same described by Huxley (1879) and Hobbs (1991) with the epipodite of the first maxiliped with rudimentary podobranchia filaments. Etymology. A combination of the Latin epithets caeruleus, which alludes to the blue color + dactylus, which alludes to fingers. We recommend the common name ���the blue-fingered burrowing crayfish��� for this new species. Measurements. Holotype male, CL 35.4 mm and TL 68 mm. In the type series, CL ranging from 8.18 to 39.95 mm (27.71 �� 10.6 mm). Female paratypes larger than males. FW/CW: 0.37 �� 0.05 (min: 0.31; max: 0.46). RL/RW: 0.83 �� 0.16 (min: 0.49; max: 0.97). CMW /OW: 0.40 �� 0.18 (min: 0.23; max: 0.82). Postorbital carina longer than rostral carina in all specimens analyzed. CW/AW: 1.39 �� 0.26 (min: 0.7; max: 1.72). AuW/RW: 1.05 �� 0.29 (min: 0.68; max: 1.76). Color of living specimens. Rostrum orange-brown. Cephalothorax anterior and lateral regions orange-brown in adults and brown with shades of greenish brown in juveniles. First pair of pereiopods orange-brown with cerulean-blue to dark-blue fingers. Pereiopods 2���5 light orange to orange. Dorsal pleon orange-brown. Tailfan orange-brown with shades of orange to light orange on dorsal surface of telson (Fig. 8 D, 9). Remarks. Female paratypes differ from the holotype in the larger body size and larger pleurae of the abdominal somites. Parastacus caeruleodactylus sp. nov. is morphologically closely related to strong burrowing species of the genus Parastacus, as P. defossus, P. nicoleti and P. pugnax in having chelipeds with a globose propodus and a narrow abdomen in relation to CW. However, it differs from all other Parastacus species in the large gap between the dactylus and the fixed finger of the first pair of pereiopods; the blue coloration of these fingers and in having the dense setation of the dactylus, propodus and carpus of the second pair of pereiopods. All paratypes presents both masculine and feminine gonopores in the same individual. Male paratypes also present female gonopores semi-ellipsoidal (average maximum diameter 0.97 �� 0.47 mm) covered by a calcified membrane. Female paratypes presents female gonopores ellipsoidal (average maximum diameter 1.04 �� 0.07 mm) covered by a thin and less calcified membrane. Male gonopores are very similar in males and females. Habitat and ecology. Parastacus caeruleodactylus sp. nov. was collected in flat wetlands near the foothills of the Serra Geral and in the coastal region forests in northeastern Rio Grande do Sul. This physiographic region belongs to the Atlantic Forest Biome and it is characterized by swamp forests (Fig. 8 A) with permanently or temporarily flooded soils with large amounts of organic matter (Dorneles & Waechter 2004; Rambo 2005). Burrows of P. caeruleodactylus had chimneys averaging 10 cm in height and width; some individuals were captured in burrows 1 m deep, with only one opening. We found ovigerous females bearing different numbers of eggs, with a maximum of 40 eggs in the initial stage of development attached to the pleopods (see Fig. 9 F). Ecologically, P. caeruleodactylus sp. nov. resembles the strong burrowers species of the genus Parastacus, e.g. P. defossus, P. nicoleti and P. pugnax; and some other parastacid species in South America, as in the genus Virilastacus and in Australian genera Engaeus Erichson, 1846, Engaewa Riek, 1967 and Tenuibranchiurus Riek, 1951, and even in the cambarid genus Fallicambarus Hobbs, 1969. Ecological features shared by these species include deep burrow system with complex chimneys and particular morphological adaptations to the burrowing lifestyle, as reduced abdomen and reduced eyes; globose cheliped propodus with dactylus moving subvertically or obliquely; branchial chamber extended (narrow areola); and the abundance of setae along the carapace, abdomen and appendages (Horwitz & Richardson 1986). Distribution. Parastacus caeruleodactylus sp. nov. appears to have a limited distribution, since it has been found only in swamp forests in northeastern Rio Grande do Sul, in the municipalities of Morrinhos do Sul, Morro Azul, and Dom Pedro de Alc��ntara. Col��nia de S��o Pedro is an older name for the Dom Pedro de Alc��ntara municipality (Fig. 2). The main drainages where the species occurs are the Tramanda�� and Mampituba hydrographic basins, Coastal Hydrographic Region (Justus 1990). Conservation status. The EOO was estimated at 1,152 km �� based on the Otto Bacias shape level 5, indicating that this species can be categorized as Endangered (EOO less than 5,000 km ��, according to the IUCN). Subitem "a" for an EOO that is severely fragmented, and subitem "b" (iii) Continuing decline in quality of habitat, are appropriate due to the threats existing in the occurrence areas of P. caeruleodactylus. Rice cultivation may be one cause of habitat loss and fragmentation, because the swamp areas are deforested for cultivation or drained for cattle ranching and construction of human dwellings. The coastal region is largely agricultural, and the use of agrochemicals has been reported (Cabrera et al. 2008). We therefore suggest that this species be classified as ���ENDANGERED B1 ab (iii)���., Published as part of Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez & Araujo, Paula Beatriz, 2016, Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae), pp. 301-324 in Zootaxa 4158 (3) on pages 311-317, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265885, {"references":["Huxley, T. H. (1879) On the Classification and distribution of the crayfishes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1879, 752 - 788. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1878. tb 08020. x","Hobbs, H. H. Jr. (1991) A new generic assignment for a South American crayfish (Decapoda, Parastacidae) with revised diagnoses of the South American genera and comments on the parastacid mandible. Proceeding of the Biological Society of Washington, 104 (4), 800 - 811.","Dorneles, L. P. P. & Waechter, J. L. (2004) Fitossociologia do componente arboreo na floresta turfosa do Parque Nacional da Lagoa do Peixe, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Acta Botanica Brasilica, 18 (4), 815 - 824.","Rambo, B. (2005) A fisionomia do Rio Grande do Sul: ensaio de monografia natural. Editora Unisinos, Sao Leopoldo, 473 pp.","Erichson, W. F. (1846) Uebersicht der Arten der Gattung Astacus. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 12 (1), 86 - 103.","Riek, E. F. (1967) The freshwater crayfish of Western Australia (Decapoda: Parastacidae). Australian Journal of Zoology, 15, 103 - 21.","Riek, E. F. (1951) The freshwater crayfish (family Parastacidae) of Queensland, with an appendix describing other Australian species. Records of the Australian Museum, 22, 368 - 388.","Horwitz, P. H. & Richardson, A. M. M. (1986) An ecological classification of the burrows of Australian freshwater crayfish. Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research, 37, 237 - 242. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1071 / MF 9860237","Justus, J. O. (1990) Hidrografia. In: Mesquita, O. V. (Ed.), Geografia do Brasil - Regiao Sul. Vol. 2. IBGE, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 189 - 216.","Cabrera, L., Costa, F. P. & Primel, E. G. (2008) Estimativa de risco de contaminacao das aguas por pesticidas na regiao sul do estado do RS. Quimica Nova, 31 (8), 1982 - 1986."]}

Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez, Araujo, Paula Beatriz (2016): Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae). Zootaxa 4158 (3): 301-324, DOI: http://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1

Parastacus fluviatilis Ribeiro & Buckup sp. nov. (Figs. 2���5) Zoobank: urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act:7DB07615-B8C7-466A-9E2D-6C4 DABCB 233E Holotype. ��, Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul, S��o Jos�� dos Ausentes, Apua��-Inhandava Basin, Silveira river (28��35���54.45���S; 49��59���1.36���W), 07/IX/1999, col. L. & T. Buckup (MZUSP 34288). Paratypes. 1���3: Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul���two �� and one ♀, same data as holotype (UFRGS 2704); 4���5: two ��, S��o Jos�� dos Ausentes, affluent of Silveira river, Fazenda Potreirinhos (28��35���53.40���S; 49��58���55.99���W), 28/IV/1996, col. P.B. Araujo (UFRGS 2294); 6���7: two ��, S��o Jos�� dos Ausentes, Fazenda Potreirinhos, 02/V/ 1997, col. O.R. Naches (UFRGS 2295); 8���9: two ��, S��o Jos�� dos Ausentes, affluent of Silveira river, Fazenda Potreirinhos (28��35���53.40���S; 49��58���55.99���W), 14/V/2014, col. K.M. Gomes, F.B. Ribeiro & D.C. Kenne (UFRGS 6195); 10���11: two ��, S��o Jos�� dos Ausentes, margin of Silveira River, near the gap of Silveira and Divisa rivers, Fazenda Potreirinhos (28��36���21.29���S; 49��58���41.74���W) 15/V/2014, col. K.M. Gomes, F.B. Ribeiro & D.C. Kenne (UFRGS 6107); 12: one ♀, S��o Jos�� dos Ausentes, Marco river (28��36���42.99���S; 49��55���11���) (UFRGS 2236); 13��� 15: two �� and one ♀, Bom Jesus, Fazenda Sr. Argemiro P. Borges, 28/I/1979, col. O. Camargo (UFRGS 1363). Comparative material analyzed. Brazil, Rio Grande do Sul: Parastacus pilimanus ���one �� and one ♀, Rio Grande, Taim, 09/VI/1975, col. L. Buckup (UFRGS 277); one ♀, Dom Pedrito, 05/III/1957, col. C.P. Coreto (UFRGS 1374); one �� and one ♀, S��o Gabriel (30��34���16.86������S; 54��29���42.22������W), 21/IX/2012, col. K.M. Gomes (UFRGS 5756); one ��, Ibirapuit�� river, Alegrete, 25/II/1982, col. B. Irgang (UFRGS 542); Parastacus brasiliensis ���three ��, Mariana Pimentel (30��20���41���S; 51��33���55���W), 12/IV/2010, col. W. Beduchaud, K.M. Gomes & S. Santos (UFRGS 4890); one �� and one ♀, Porto Alegre, Pra��a da Vila Jardim Renascen��a, Zona Sul (30��5���79���S; 51��11���30.62���W), 10/VII/2013, col. K.M. Gomes, F.B. Ribeiro & G.C. Dall�� (UFRGS 5860); Santa Catarina: P. laevigatus ���one ♀ and five juveniles, Estrada da Cidra, Chacara dos Ip��s, Joinville, 05/08/1961, col. Rosenberg (UFRGS 1369). Etymology. The Latin epithet fluviatilis alludes to the riverine habitats where this species was found. We suggest the common name ���the highland streams crayfish��� for this new species. Diagnosis. Narrow front with short triangular rostrum. Rostral apex shaped as inverted ���U���, with blunt spine. Postorbital ridges present and easily distinguished only in anterior portion. Cervical groove strongly V-shaped. Areola narrow and with no lateral elevation on branchiostegite grooves. Cutting-edge surface of fixed finger and dactylus with dense cover of simple and pappose setae. Telson subtriangular with small blunt lateral spines. Mandible with caudal molar process unicuspidate with one big cephalodistal cusp. Ventral surface of lateral process of thoracic sternites 6 and 7 strongly concave. Description. Rostrum: triangular, wider than long (RL 98.7% of RW), short (12.4% of CL), reaching middle of second article of antennular peduncle (Fig. 3 A, B, C). Dorsum slightly concave, apex inverted ���U���-shaped, ending in straight blunt spine. Few plumose setae on lateral margins. Rostral sides slightly convergent and rostral basis slightly divergent. Carinae almost straight, prominent and wide, extending back to carapace, surpassing rostral basis (Fig. 3 B, C). Cephalon: Carapace lacking spines or tubercles. CeL 63.9% of CL. Eyes small (CMW 64.4% of OW); suborbital angle 90��, unarmed (Fig. 3 C). Front narrow (FW 40% of CW). Postorbital carinae longer than rostral carinae (RCL 62.6% of POCL), conspicuous anteriorly and barely discernible posteriorly. Lateral cephalic edge with sparse setation. Thorax: carapace laterally compressed, deep and narrow (CD 50.8% of CL; CW 44.1% of CL). Cervical groove strongly V-shaped. Branchiocardiac grooves conspicuous and without carina (Fig. 3 A). Areola narrow, 3.1x as long as wide (29.3% of CL) (Fig. 3 A). Abdomen: lacking spines or tubercles, long and wide (AL 79% of CL; AW 80.3% of CW), smooth, with few small setae on pleural margins (Fig. 3 A, D). Pleural somites with rounded posterior margins. S1 pleurae with small distal lobe not overlapped by S2 pleurae. S2 pleurae with shallow groove parallel to margin, high and moderately long (Fig. 3 E, F). Tailfan: telson calcified in the proximal portion and weakly calcified in the distal margin, subtriangular, longer than wide (TeW 81.6% of TeL), with small blunt spines on lateral margins; rounded distal margin with abundant long plumose setae and short simple setae. Dorsal surface with tufts of short setae and a dorsomedian longitudinal sulcus (Fig. 3 G). Uropod protopod bilobed, with rounded and unarmed margins; proximal lobe largest. Exopod lateral margin unarmed, mid-dorsal carina weakly prominent, ending in small spine. Transverse suture (diaeresis) straight, with two dorsolateral spines (outer) and one dorsolateral spine (inner) on each of right and left exopodites. Endopod, mid-dorsal carina weakly prominent, ending in spine, lateral margin with small spine at level of exopod transverse suture (Fig. 3 G). Epistome: anterolateral section with three marginal tubercles, posteriormost tubercle smallest; also with single keel and small circular median concavity. Posterolateral section with cluster of squamose setiferous tubercles. Anteromedian lobe irregularly pentagonal, 1.03x longer than wide, reaching midlength of antepenultimate article of antennal peduncle; lateral margins keeled; ventral surface slightly concave and basis deeply grooved (Fig. 4 A). Thoracic sternites: SLP4 small and very close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP5 smallest and close to each other, median keel present and not inflated; SLP6 larger than SLP4 and SLP5 and with concave surface, median keel inflated; SLP7 largest and with surface strongly concave, median keel inflated and rhomboidal, bullar lobes absent; SLP8 smaller than SLP6 and concave, median keel absent, vertical arms of paired sternopleural bridges widely separated, bullar lobes separated and clearly visible (Fig. 4 B, C). Antennule: internal ventral border of basal article with sharp spine (Fig. 4 A). Antenna: when extended back reaching second somite of pleon. Antennal scale widest at midlength, reaching midlength of third antennal article, ASW 40.8% of ASL (Fig. 4 A, D), lateral margin slightly curved, spine strong and distal margin emarginate. Coxa with weakly prominent carina above nephropore, with strong blunt dorsolateral spine. Basis unarmed (Fig. 4 A). Mandible: cephalic molar process molariform, caudal molar process unicuspidate with one big cephalodistal cusp. Incisive lobe with nine teeth. The third tooth from the anterior is the largest. (Fig. 4 E). Third maxilliped: ischium bearing several setiferous puctuations but with numerous short smooth simple setae on outer margin and on ventrolateral surface, but some tufts presents longer setae (Fig. 4 F) and the dorsal surface presents few setiferous punctuations (Fig. 4 G). Merum ventral surface entirely covered by long smooth simple setae (Fig. 4 F). Crista dentata of right and left ischium each with 28 teeth. Merus, entire ventral surface densely covered with simple setae. Exopod longer than ischium, with flagellum reaching proximal margin of merus (Fig. 4 F, G). First pair of pereiopods (chelipeds): large and subequal, laterally flattened (RPrT 23.2% of RPrL; LPrT 22.6% of LPrL) (Fig. 3 A). Ischium ventral surface with 11 tubercles. Merus: right merus (RML) 48.2% of propodus length (RPrL); left merus (LML) 49.5% of propodus length (LPrL); ventral surface with two longitudinal series of tubercles: inner series with 15 tubercles, outer 12 and mesial 16, arranged irregularly on right merus; inner series bearing 11 tubercles, outer 13 and mesial 15, arranged irregularly on left merus. Dorsal and midventral spines absent. Carpus with dorsomedial surface divided longitudinally by shallow groove (Fig. 3 A; Fig. 4 I). Internal dorsolateral margin with row of tubercles, increasing in size distally; inner surface with 1���2 small mesial tubercles. Carpal spine absent (Fig. 4 I). Propodus width (RPrW and LPrW) 39.61% of length in right cheliped and 41.75% in left cheliped. Dorsal surface of palm with two rows of tubercles (Fig. 4 H, I). Inner margin bearing few small tubercles. Ventral surface bearing two rows of squamose tubercles, reaching beginning of fixed finger (Fig. 4 H). Dactylus: moving subvertically, right dactylus (RDL) 54.6% of propodus length (RPrL), left dactylus (LDL) 58.4% of left propodus (LPrL); dorsal surface without tubercles, but with rows of bristle tufts (Fig. 4 I). Cutting edge of fingers covered with tufts of pappose setae; fixed finger with eight teeth and dactylus with nine teeth, uniformly distributed, decreasing in size distally (Fig. 4 H, I). Second pair of pereiopods: ventral and dorsal surface of carpus, propodus and dactylus with sparse covering of simple setae (Fig. 4 J). Gonopores: Presence of both genital apertures on coxae of third and fifth pairs of pereiopods. Female gonopores semi-ellipsoidal (maximum diameter 1.5 mm) with well-calcified membrane. Male gonopores rounded, opening onto apical end of a small, fixed, calcified and truncated phallic papilla, close to inner border of ventral surface of coxae of fifth pair of pereiopods. Male cuticle partition present (Fig. 4 B). Branchial count: 20 + epr + r. Branchial arrangement follows the same described by Huxley (1879) and Hobbs (1991) with the epipodite of the first maxiliped with rudimentary podobranchia filaments. Measurements. Holotype male, CL 38.66 mm and TL 76.66 mm. In type series, CL ranging from 18.25 to 40.88 mm (27.96 �� 7.04 mm). Female paratypes larger than males. FW/CW: 0.44 �� 0.04 (min: 0.39; max: 0.51). RL/RW: 1.00 �� 0.19 (min: 0.74; max: 1.35). CMW /OW: 0.67 �� 0.11 (min: 0.5; max: 0.83). Postorbital carina longer than rostral carina in all specimens analyzed. CW/AW: 1.16 �� 0.12 (min: 1.04; max: 1.51). AuW/RW: 1.18 �� 0.35 (min: 0.71; max: 1.72). Color of live specimens. Rostrum greenish brown. Cephalothorax anterior region brown, lateral region light brown. First pair of pereiopods brown with greenish-brown fingers and whitish setae coverture on cutting edge. Pereiopod pairs 2���5 light brown. Dorsal pleon brown to greenish with light-brown to greenish-brown marks on lateral margins. Tailfan brown with shades of light brown to greenish brown on dorsal surface of telson (Fig. 5 E, F). Remarks. Female paratypes differ from holotype in their larger sizes, narrower rostrum, larger pleurae of abdominal somites (Fig. 3 D, E, F) and shorter chelipeds. Allometric differences between males and females, as found in other crayfishes, are possible (Reynolds 2002), but were not analyzed here. All paratypes presents both masculine and feminine gonopores in the same individual. Male paratypes also present female gonopores semiellipsoidal (average maximum diameter 1.24 �� 0.37 mm) covered by a calcified membrane. Female paratypes presents female gonopores ellipsoidal (average maximum diameter 1.88 �� 0.31 mm) covered by a thin and less calcified membrane. Male gonopores are very similar in males and females. Parastacus fluviatilis sp. nov. is morphologically similar to P. pilimanus (von Martens, 1869) and P. laevigatus in having the cutting edge of the cheliped fingers covered with long setae (Buckup & Rossi, 1980). It differs from P. pilimanus in that the latter has a longer rostrum, rows of verrucous tubercles on the dorsal surface of the dactylus of the first pereiopods/chelipeds (vs. dorsal surface without tubercles, but with rows of bristle tufts in P. fluviatilis sp. nov.), and two sharp spines on the right side of the coxa of the antennal peduncle above the nephropore (please, follow the example of previous comparison). And P. fluviatilis differs from P. laevigatus mainly in the absence of a carpal spine in chelipeds, the post orbital ridges well prominent, cervical groove strongly V-shaped and larger body sizes. Parastacus fluviatilis sp. nov. differs from all other Parastacus species in having a subtriangular telson, postorbital ridges well distinguished only in anterior portion and a strongly concave ventral surface of the lateral process of thoracic sternites 6 and 7. Habitat and ecology. Parastacus fluviatilis sp. nov. was collected at altitudes above 1,300 m in streams of the Serra Geral plateau. This physiographic region is called Campos de Cima da Serra (Fig. 5), i.e., the Brazilian Subtropical Highland Grasslands (Iganci et al. 2011). The streams and rivers in this region characteristically have stone and pebble bottoms. They are bordered by few riparian forests, composed mainly of undergrowth and shrubby vegetation (Bond-Buckup 2008). The specimens were collected with traps in first- and third-order streams, and in backwaters, with dip nets. Shallow burrows were found on the streambanks, usually with one simple opening; when present, the chimney was short (4���5 cm high) (Fig. 5 C). P. fluviatilis sp. nov. is ecologically similar to P. brasiliensis in that both inhabit streams and build shallow burrows in the streambanks (Buckup & Rossi 1980). Distribution. Parastacus fluviatilis sp. nov. appears to have an extremely limited distribution, being found only in mountain streams of northeastern Rio Grande do Sul, in S��o Jos�� dos Ausentes and Bom Jesus municipalities (Fig. 2). The main streams where the species occurs are Silveira and Marco, tributaries in the Apua��- Inhandava hydrographic basin, Uruguay Hydrographic Region (Justus 1990). Conservation status. The EOO was estimated at approximately 1,140 km �� based on the Otto Bacia shape level 6 (ANA 2006), indicating that this species can be included in the Endangered���EN category, in which the EOO is less than 5,000 km �� (IUCN). The species is categorized as EN under subitem "a": it is known to occur at no more than 5 locations, as established from its presence in the sub-basins (Silveira and Marco rivers), and local threats; and subitem "b" (iii): continuing decline in quality of habitat by the threats observed in the field, such as deforestation of riparian vegetation for cattle ranching, planting of exotic species (e.g., Pinus sp.), agriculture (e.g., sweet potato, Ipomoea) and the presence of the exotic rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Walbaum, 1972. We suggest that the conservation status of this species be classified as ENDANGERED B1 ab(iii)., Published as part of Ribeiro, Felipe Bezerra, Buckup, Ludwig, Gomes, Kelly Martinez & Araujo, Paula Beatriz, 2016, Two new species of South American freshwater crayfish genus Parastacus Huxley, 1879 (Crustacea: Decapoda: Parastacidae), pp. 301-324 in Zootaxa 4158 (3) on pages 305-311, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.4158.3.1, http://zenodo.org/record/265885, {"references":["Huxley, T. H. (1879) On the Classification and distribution of the crayfishes. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1879, 752 - 788. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1469 - 7998.1878. tb 08020. x","Hobbs, H. H. Jr. (1991) A new generic assignment for a South American crayfish (Decapoda, Parastacidae) with revised diagnoses of the South American genera and comments on the parastacid mandible. Proceeding of the Biological Society of Washington, 104 (4), 800 - 811.","Reynolds, J. D. (2002) Growth and Reproduction. In: Holdich, D. M. (Ed.), Biology of Freshwater Crayfish. Blackwell Science, Oxford, pp. 152 - 191.","Martens, E. von. (1869) Sudbrasilianische Suss-und Brackwasser-Crustaceen nach den Sammlungen des Dr. Reinh. Hensel. Archiv fur Naturgeschichte, 35 (1), 1 - 37.","Buckup, L. & Rossi, A. (1980) O Genero Parastacus no Brasil (Crustacea, Decapoda, Parastacidade). Revista Brasileira de Biologia, 40, 663 - 681.","Iganci, J. R. V., Heiden, G., Miotto, S. T. S. & Pennington, R. T. (2011) Campos de Cima da Serra: the Brazilian Subtropical Highland Grasslands show an unexpected level of plant endemism. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, 167, 378 - 393. http: // dx. doi. org / 10.1111 / j. 1095 - 8339.2011.01182. x","Bond-Buckup, G. (2008) Biodiversidade dos Campos de Cima da Serra. Libretos, Porto Alegre, 146 pp.","Justus, J. O. (1990) Hidrografia. In: Mesquita, O. V. (Ed.), Geografia do Brasil - Regiao Sul. Vol. 2. IBGE, Rio de Janeiro, pp. 189 - 216.","ANA-Agencia Nacional de Aguas (Brasil) (2006) Topologia hidrica: metodo de construcao e modelagem da base hidrografica para suporte gestao de recursos hidricos: versao 1.11. Agencia Nacional de Aguas, Superintendencia de Gestao da Informacao, Brasilia, 29 pp."]}