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In the present work, the thermoluminescence (TL) properties of Yb doped CaSiO 3 phosphor exposed to gamma rays and carbon (C) ion beam have been reported. The phosphor has been synthesized using solid-state reaction method. The formation and surface morphology of the phosphor have been studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM) respectively. The optical band gap of the phosphor is determined using UV–Visible spectroscopy. TL properties on Yb doped CaSiO 3 phosphor irradiated with carbon ion beam has been reported first time. Different TL properties like TL glow curve, dose response, fading etc. have been investigated in detail. The TL glow curve of CaSiO 3 :Yb phosphor consists of two prominent glow peaks. Under gamma irradiation, the main dosimetric peak is centered at 141 °C and other peak is centered at 265 °C. The dose response behaviour has been studied in the range 10 Gy–1000 Gy. However, C ion beam irradiated phosphor also consists similar TL glow curve structure with glow peaks shifted towards high temperature side (approx. 50 °C). The dose response behaviour of C ion beam irradiated phosphor has been examined in the ion fluence range varying from 5 × 109–5 × 1012 ions/cm2. A track interaction model is used to explain the sublinearity at higher fluences of carbon ion beam. Different ion beam parameters have been analyzed using Monte-Carlo simulation-based SRIM code. A comparative TL study of the phosphor irradiated with gamma rays and carbon ion beam suggests that gamma irradiated phosphor has shown better TL properties such as high TL sensitivity, good linear dose response (10 Gy–500 Gy), stable TL glow curve structure and low fading. Various TL trapping parameters i.e. order of kinetics, activation energy and frequency factor have been calculated using Chen's peak shape method to analyze the nature of TL traps responsible for showing different behaviour of the phosphor towards both the radiations. Good TL properties of CaSiO 3 :Yb phosphor supports its possible use in gamma dosimetry. • A phosphor CaSiO 3 :Yb is developed using solid state reaction method. • A comparative TL studies of CaSiO 3 :Yb phosphor under gamma and carbon ion beam irradiation is carried out in detail. • Effect of carbon ion beam on Yb doped CaSiO 3 phosphor is reported for the first time. • Stable TL glow peaks have been observed under both the irradiations. • Encouraging TL results of CaSiO 3 :Yb phosphor makes it a promising TL detector for gamma radiations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]