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2. Can You Hear Me? The Right of Young Children to Participate in Decisions Affecting Them. Working Papers in Early Childhood Development, No. 36
- Author
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Bernard Van Leer Foundation (Netherlands) and Lansdown, Gerison
- Abstract
"Can You Hear Me? The Right of Young Children to Participate in Decisions Affecting Them" emphasises that participation enhances children's self-esteem and confidence, promotes their overall capacities, produces better outcomes, strengthens understanding of and commitment to democratic processes and protects children more effectively. Participation provides the opportunity for developing a sense of autonomy, independence, heightened social competence and resilience. The benefits are therefore significant, and adults with both direct and indirect responsibility for children need to acquire a greater humility in recognising that they have a great deal to learn from children. But the case for listening to young children goes beyond the beneficial outcomes. It is also a matter of social injustice and human rights. All people, however young, are entitled to be participants in their own lives, to influence what happens to them, to be involved in creating their own environments, to exercise choices and to have their views respected and valued. (Contains 4 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2005
3. Teachers and Decentralisation. Papers Prepared for the National Industry Education Forum Seminar (Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, August 1994).
- Author
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Whitty, Geoff and Seddon, Terri
- Abstract
This publication contains two papers on the implications of school decentralization for teacher education, student achievement, and democracy. The first paper, "Devolution in Education Systems: Implications for Teacher Professional Development and Pupil Performance" (Geoff Whitty), explores the way education reform movements for decentralization have developed generally by looking at how reforms have worked in England with some cross references to experiences in New Zealand and the United States. In doing so it reviews several studies and discusses the context in which reforms were installed. The conclusion notes that the overall benefits are not yet apparent and that reforms seem to intensify the links between educational and social inequality. The paper also notes that these reforms were part of a larger Thatcherite political project that must have influenced their effects. The second paper, "Decentralisation and Democracy" (Terri Seddon), argues that current educational reform is limited by its neglect of the interdependencies of development, democracy, and education; and that the character of decentralization is the key issue for debate. In three sections the paper comments on contemporary educational reform in Australia, discusses the consequences of decentralization for democracy, and suggests a way to reframe the problem of education reform to recognize the interdependency of development and democracy. (Contains 53 references.) (JB)
- Published
- 1994
4. HRD in Latin America. Symposium 5. [AHRD Conference, 2001].
- Abstract
This document contains three papers on human resource development (HRD) in Latin America. "Looking at the Literature on Workplace Democracy in Latin America: Factors in Favor and Against It" (Max U. Montesino) discusses selected issues related to workplace democracy in Latin America and identifies salient issues for further research, including the following: the magnitude of work democracy experiments in the region; the scope of workplace democracy; the process of learning self-direction in the context of Latin America's managerial culture; and the implications of the lack of evolution of Latin American managerial culture. "Toward a New HRD Organizational Model" (Jules K. Beck) argues that increased economic growth in Asian and European markets will one day place the Americas at a competitive disadvantage unless an new international model emerges that can better harness labor to strengthen the hemispheric economic engine. "Differences in Priority for Competencies Trained between U.S. and Mexican Trainers" (Larry M. Dooley; Kenneth E. Paprock, In-Sun Shim, Elsa Gonzalez Y Gonzalez) examines the differences in competencies for training programs between Mexican and U.S. companies and discusses the implications of these differences for implementation of the North American Free Trade Agreement. All three papers include substantial bibliographies. (MN)
- Published
- 2001
5. To Segregate or to Integrate: Education Politics and Democracy. NBER Working Paper No. 13319
- Author
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National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA., de la Croix, David, and Doepke, Matthias
- Abstract
The governments of nearly all countries are major providers of primary and secondary education to their citizens. In some countries, however, public schools coexist with private schools, while in others the government is the sole provider of education. In this study, we ask why different societies make different choices regarding the mix of private and public schooling. We develop a theory which integrates private education and fertility decisions with voting on public schooling expenditures. In a given political environment, high income inequality leads to more private education, as rich people opt out of the public system. More private education, in turn, results in an improved quality of public education, because public spending can be concentrated on fewer students. Comparing across political systems, we find that concentration of political power can lead to multiple equilibria in the determination of public education spending. The main predictions of the theory are consistent with state-level and micro data from the United States as well as cross-country evidence from the PISA study.
- Published
- 2007
6. The Road from Rio to Johannesburg: Where Are the Footpaths to/from Science Education?
- Author
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Kyle, William C.
- Abstract
When the United Nations General Assembly authorized holding the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in Johannesburg, it was hardly a secret--or even a point in dispute--that progress in implementing sustainable development had been disappointing since the 1992 Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro. With poverty deepening and environmental degradation worsening, what was necessary, the General Assembly said, was not a new philosophical or political debate, but rather a summit of actions and results (United Nations, 2002). We can question the WSSD accomplishments and whether the subsequent actions and results will contribute in meaningful ways to sustainable development. However, I think it is more important for science educators to ask: What are the implications of WSSD for science education? Why is science education not more intrinsically linked to the goals of human rights, democracy, and social justice? What are the ways in which science education ought to be connected to issues of sustainable development? In essence, where are the footpaths to/from science education? I investigate such questions in this position paper, while arguing that an education in science ought to enable learners to: (a) understand how the natural world works, (b) understand how human systems are interacting with natural systems, (c) assess the status and trends of crucial natural systems, and (d) promote and follow a long-term, sustainable relationship with the natural world. These are the very ways in which an education in science (i.e., science education) ought to be connected to issues of sustainable development.
- Published
- 2006
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7. Northern Theories and Southern Policies. Why the Most Influential Approaches Are Insufficient for Teaching Public Policy in Latin America
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Nicolás Bentancur
- Abstract
The main theories of the thriving field of study of public policies have been formulated at institutions of developed countries, mostly by the American academy, based on the particular conditions of policy-making processes of their own country. However, its heuristic premises are considered, initially, as universal and are used extensively in teaching and academic studies around the world. This paper examines the complexities derived from the application of such predominant theoretical approaches to the study and teaching of public policies that are implemented in Latin American countries. Based on an extensive use of specialized literature, 10 public policy variables are identified and organized into two dimensions, one institutional and the other procedural. It is argued that the values of these variables in the countries of this region differ significantly from those observed in the United States, which reveals the explanatory shortcomings of those approaches to account for the particular modalities of public policymaking in these countries.
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- 2024
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8. Does democracy protect? The United Kingdom, the United States, and Covid-19.
- Author
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Keen D
- Subjects
- Humans, Politics, SARS-CoV-2, United Kingdom, United States, COVID-19, Democracy
- Abstract
The Covid-19 crises in the United Kingdom and the United States show how democracies may struggle to confront disasters that are increasingly impinging on the Global North. This paper highlights the extent to which disasters are now 'coming home' to Western democracies and it looks at some of the principal reasons why democracy has not been especially protective, at least in the case of the UK and the US. These include: reconceptualising disaster as a good thing (via 'herd immunity'); the influence of neoliberalism; and the limitations in the circulation of information. A key pandemic-related danger is the conclusion that democracy itself is discredited. Disasters, though, call for a reinvigoration of democracy, not a knee-jerk invocation of autocratic 'emergency' rule. A fundamental problem in the UK and US is that these countries were not democratic enough. The paper underlines the risk of a move towards a disaster-producing system that is self-reinforcing rather than self-correcting., (© 2021 The Authors Disasters © 2021 Overseas Development Institute.)
- Published
- 2021
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9. Commentary: The Failure of Social Education or Just Going down the Road of Post-Democratic Politics?
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Menezes, Isabel
- Abstract
The paper "American democracy is distress: The failure of social education" presents several "symptoms of democracy's dysfunction in the United States". These include the extreme reliance on campaign contributions, giving the donors--economic elites and groups representing business, frequently operating at a transnational level--an excessive power in determining government policy in areas such as the environment, media or fiscal regulations, as profusely exemplified in the paper. At the same time, policies impose restrictions on citizens' rights in areas such as voting, healthcare or employment. In this sense, the power gap between citizens and economic elites in the form of a global capital is growing and, as it goes undisputed and unchallenged, menaces the core of democracy itself. This is a paper worth reading. Not only does it present an argument--and this is something to be praised and cherished--but it also sustains its argument on a sound and systematic analysis of documents and research. As such, this is not a trivial paper. The data, analysis and argument the author develops call for our attention and challenges us to reflect on whether and how the situation described for the US resonates with the situation of those currently living in Europe.
- Published
- 2017
10. Knowledge to Action: Teachers' Perception and Enactment of Democracy, Equity, and Diversity in China and the United States
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Wang, Tao and Longoria, Anthony
- Abstract
This paper looks at continuity and discontinuity of teachers' perception and enactment of civic values such as equality, democracy, freedom, cohesion and globalization in China and the U.S. Applying qualitative methodologies, this paper finds that, beyond the myth of citizenship education toward China and United States, there are common ideals and imperfections around democracy, treatment of diversities, and global consciousness. Particularly there has been common gap between perception and enactment in both countries. The interpretation and implementation of these ideas are different based on the social discourse. Also, this paper argues that cross-cultural lessons for the field of Education can be gained by examining citizenship education in comparison.
- Published
- 2017
11. Residential Segregation and Publicly Spirited Democracy.
- Author
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Gusmano MK
- Subjects
- Humans, United States, Democracy, Residence Characteristics
- Abstract
Successful deliberations over contentious issues require a publicly spirited citizenry that will encourage elected officials to promote what James Madison called the "permanent and aggregate interests" of the country. Unfortunately, atomizing forces have pulled American society apart, undermining trust and making collective action difficult. Residential segregation is one of those atomizing forces. Residential segregation undermines a commitment to civic virtue because it encourages people to think about fellow citizens as "others" with whom they have little in common. To address this situation, we must start by fixing our neighborhoods and creating local institutions that enhance trust and foster a public-spirited democratic citizenry. For example, our existing educational policies reinforce the disparities associated with residential segregation and have created massive resource inequalities among school districts across the country. A useful first step would be to equalize school district funding to promote a more genuine equality of opportunity., (© 2021 The Hastings Center.)
- Published
- 2021
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12. What University Governance Can Taiwan Learn from the United States?
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Lee, Lung-Sheng and Land, Ming H.
- Abstract
Due to changes from centralization to marketization, Taiwan's university governance must increase its effectiveness. The purpose of this paper was to introduce trends in and issues of Taiwan's university governance, describe university governance in the United States, and draw implications that Taiwan's university governance needs to learn from the United States. Literature review was employed to reach the purposes. It is found that Taiwan's university governance is struggling in heading for the balance of democracy and efficiency although most colleges and universities in Taiwan adopt the model of bicameral governance which is very prevalent in the United States. In order to solve this issue, Taiwan's university governance system needs to learn the following structure of bicameral governance which is popular in the United States and stated by Eileen Hogan: (1) a governing board which is responsible for the administrative and financial elements of the university, and (2) an academic senate or a university council with responsibility for academic matters of an educational/academic nature. In order to do so, Taiwan's university governance needs more communications and a legislative change. [This paper was published in the proceedings of the International Presidential Forum (pp. 179-187), Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China, June 6.]
- Published
- 2010
13. Re-Imagining Teacher Professional Development and Citizenship Education: Lessons for Import from Colombia
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Noonan, James M.
- Abstract
This paper examines the role of teachers in the implementation of citizenship education in Colombia. Consistent with its highly-decentralized school system, Colombia's National Program of Citizenship Competencies was developed with the participation of many local, national, and international partners. Among the most involved and most critical participants were the primary implementers of the reform: teachers. Teacher training is important to student achievement, but in a context that also seeks to teach democratic citizenship, training must be attentive to reciprocal learning and shared leadership. This paper highlights the impact of teacher training in one rural department and how a cross-cultural collaboration between Colombian and US-based educators benefited practitioners on both sides. Four key lessons on the design and delivery of professional development on citizenship education (and more broadly) are offered for educators and policymakers: the use of democratic pedagogy; the promotion and extension of teachers' self-awareness; the cross-pollination of perspectives across all levels; and a humble and inclusive expertise. (Contains 1 figure and 10 footnotes.)
- Published
- 2010
14. A Comparison of Human Rights Education in Social Studies Textbooks in Turkey and the United States
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Merey, Zihni
- Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare the level of allocation of human rights education issues in social studies textbooks in Turkey and the United States. For this aim, six social studies textbooks from both countries were examined. Textbooks were analyzed in terms of their level of "human rights education issues," in accordance with Karaman-Kepenekci's (1999) subcategories. A content analysis method was used to analyze the textbooks. As a result, it was observed that human rights education issues were included more in Turkish social studies textbooks. The study showed that Turkish and United States textbooks contained the "rights" subcategory the most. While the intensity scores of the "democracy," "freedom," and "judgment" subcategories were listed the highest in both countries' textbooks, on the other hand, the intensity scores of the "tolerance" and "peace" subcategories were placed last in the textbooks of both countries. [This study was presented at the International Conference on Educational Research and Innovation (ICERI) (Institute of Research and Community Services of Yogyakarta State University Yogyakarta, Indonesia, May 11-12, 2016).]
- Published
- 2018
15. Integrating Lifelong Learning Perspectives.
- Author
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United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization, Hamburg (Germany). Inst. for Education. and Medel-Anonuevo, Carolyn
- Abstract
This publication is comprised of 43 papers on the topic of promoting lifelong learning. The papers in Part 1, Overcoming False Dichotomies, are "Lifelong Learning in the North, Education for All in the South" (Torres); "Practice of Lifelong Learning in Indigenous Africa" (Omolewa); "Gender and Information Societies" (Youngs); and "Lifelong Learning for a Modern Learning Society" (Somtrakool). Part 2, Scanning Developments in the Regions, consists of these papers: "Challenges of Lifelong Learning in Africa" (Tapsoba); "Promoting Community-Based Learning Centers in Asia-Pacific" (Oyasu); "European Union (EU) Memorandum on Lifelong Learning" (Smith); "Hungarian Response to the EU Memorandum on Lifelong Learning" (Istvan); "Regional Framework for Action for Adult and Youth Education in Latin America and the Caribbean (2001-10)" (Jauregui de Gainza); and "Lifelong Learning" (Essefi). Part 3, Promoting Democratization, contains these papers: "Learning in a Global Society" (Alexander); "Citizenship and Democracy in Socrates' and Grundtvig's Europe" (Ronai); "Education for Non-Discrimination" (Millan); "Lifelong Learning and Work in Developing Countries" (Pieck); "Globalization, Lifelong Learning, and Response of the Universities" (Peng); and "Combining the World of Work with the World of Education" (Romijn). The papers in Part 5, Making Lifelong Learning Work for Women, are "Gender Equality in Basic Education" (Messina); "Women as Lifelong Learners" (Benaicha); and "Lifelong Learning for Elimination of Violence Against Women" (Kuninobu). The papers in Part 6, Learning Across Generations, are "Achieving Youth Empowerment Through Peer Education" (Wissa); and "Role of Intergenerational Programs in Promoting Lifelong Learning for All Ages" (Ohsako). The papers in Part 7, Learning Across Cultures, are "Cultural Contexts of Learning: East Meets West" (Yang); "Building Community Through Study Circles" (Oliver); "Culturally-Based Adult Education" (Smith); and "Perspective of Lifelong Learning in South Asia" (Bordia). In Part 8, Laying Foundations and Sustaining Achievements Through Literacy and Nonformal Education, are "Literacy Linked Women Development Programs" (Usha); "Lifelong Learning Policy and Practices in the Laos People's Democratic Republic" (Mithong Souvanvixay); "Distance Learning and Adult Education" (Wilson, White); "Role of Partnerships in the Promotion of Lifelong Learning" (Lin); and "Toward the Eradication of Illiteracy Among Youth and Adults in China" (Guodong). Part 9, Creating Environments Conducive to Lifelong Learning, has these papers: "Learning Cities/Region in the Framework of Lifelong Learning" (Doukas); "Adult Education and Lifelong Learning in Sweden" (Salin); "Promoting Lifelong Learning in Beijing for a Learning Society" (Shuping); and "Reorienting Teachers as Lifelong Learners" (Tiedao). (YLB)
- Published
- 2002
16. Education at the End of History: A Response to Francis Fukuyama
- Author
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Ward, Sophie
- Abstract
By 1989, fascism had long been defeated in Europe, and reforms in the Soviet Union appeared to signify the collapse of communist ideology, prompting Francis Fukuyama to famously declare the 'end of history'. Since then, neoliberalism has been rolled out globally. This paper argues that, with regard to higher education, Fukuyama's claim that the pursuit of knowledge will be replaced by the 'satisfaction of sophisticated consumer demands' is prescient. What, then, prompted Fukuyama to qualify his predictions in 2018? Citing both the turmoil of Brexit and the election of Donald Trump, Fukuyama blames identity politics for the breakdown of consensus over what the nation is, or should be, and suggests that the promotion of creedal identity might rescue Western democracy from populism. This paper disagrees: using the examples of Brexit and the promotion of Fundamental British Values in schools, it argues that creedal identity has become another expression of populism. Rejecting the claim that identity politics are the ultimate source of populism, it argues that populism is the predictable outcome of recession in the market economy.
- Published
- 2021
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17. Who respects the will of the people? Support for democracy is linked to high secure national identity but low national narcissism.
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Marchlewska M, Cichocka A, Furman A, and Cislak A
- Subjects
- Group Processes, Humans, Politics, Self Concept, United States, Democracy, Narcissism
- Abstract
Support for democracy is based on warmth, inclusiveness, and a general belief that others are well-intentioned. It is also related to a willingness to respect the rights of outgroups which do not necessarily share the views of one's ingroup. In this research, we analysed the relationships between different types of national identity and support for democracy. In two surveys (Study 1; American participants, n = 407 and Study 2; Polish participants; n = 570), we found that support for democracy was negatively linked to collective narcissism, measured in relation to the national group, previously associated with negative intra- and inter-group outcomes. The effect of national narcissism on democracy support was present even when accounting for national identification. In Study 2, we also found that this effect was mediated by social cynicism - a negative view of human nature. In both studies, support for democracy was positively linked to a secure national identity, that is national identification without the narcissistic component, which tends to be associated with positive attitudes towards others. We discuss implications for understanding the role of national identity in support for (il)liberal politics., (© 2021 The British Psychological Society.)
- Published
- 2022
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18. The Affective Modes of Right-Wing Populism: Trump Pedagogy and Lessons for Democratic Education
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Zembylas, Michalinos
- Abstract
This paper argues that it is important for educators in democratic education to understand how the rise of right-wing populism in Europe, the United States and around the world can never be viewed apart from the affective investments of populist leaders and their supporters to essentialist ideological visions of nationalism, racism, sexism and xenophobia. Democratic education can provide the space for educators and students to think critically and productively about people's affects, in order to identify the implications of different affective modes through which right-wing populism is articulated. Furthermore, this paper points out that 'negative' critique of the affective ideology of right-wing populism is not sufficient for developing a productive counter politics. An affirmative critique is also needed to set alternative frames and agendas which endorse and disseminate alternative concepts and affective practices such as equality, love and solidarity. These ideas provide critical resources to democratic education for developing a culture and process of democracy that transcends the negativity of mere critique of either right-wing populisms or inadequate forms of democracy.
- Published
- 2020
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19. In Search of the Revolutionary Power of Critical Pedagogy: Issues of Ideology, Power, and Culture in Technology Teacher Education.
- Author
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DeVoogd, Glenn L., Loveless, Avril M., and Yelland, Nicola
- Abstract
This paper describes critical pedagogy (i.e., a perspective on teaching that seeks to increase equality, voice, individual and cultural expression, and democracy in classrooms) which is meaningful in research on using technology in teacher education. The first section discusses critical pedagogy as it applies to the uses of technology for teacher education in the United Kingdom; the "National Grid for Learning," which advocates for vocational goals rather than addressing issues of culture, personal development, and equity of access, is challenged. The second section, focusing on autonomy and control in indigenous preschool teacher education in Australia, highlights the need to consider cognitive, affective, and technical scaffolding in learning environments that are sensitive to the ways in which children solve problems and build on their current understandings. The third section examines critical discourse in an online reading course in California through the lens of democratic principles of advocacy, reconciling multiple sources of information and active participation. (Contains 11 references.) (MES)
- Published
- 2000
20. Enhancing Democracy for Teachers
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Nichols, Shannon and Parsons, Jim
- Abstract
In the face of the century-old call for democracy in education by John Dewey, this paper explores how and why teachers have been systemically removed from efficacy within the educational system in which they live and work. The paper examines historical trends that work to limit teachers' institutional power and become obstacles to teacher voice. These include (1) accountability, (2) the intensification of teacher responsibilities, (3) a shift towards a technical approach to teaching, and (4) the negative public image of teachers. Finally, the paper explores the potential that teacher autonomy might be successfully reinstituted into educational curriculum and policy.
- Published
- 2010
21. Comments on Honda Kazuhisa's Paper, "Postwar Civil Rights Politics in the United States: The Dynamics of Democratization from a Global Perspective".
- Author
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Terukazu, Morikawa
- Subjects
CIVIL rights movements ,DEMOCRATIZATION ,RACE discrimination ,WORLD War II ,DEMOCRACY - Abstract
In this article the author discusses aspects of the paper presented at the Nagoya American Studies Summer Seminar (NASSS) 2009 on the civil rights movement and democratization in the U.S. after the World War II by Doctor Honda Kazuhisa. The author stresses the boundaries of democracy in the global trends and the progress of democratization in the postwar period. He also cites the impact of civil rights movements on racial discrimination and the legitimacy of American democracy.
- Published
- 2009
22. The Will to Change: A Conversation about Schools and Learning with Dr. James Comer and Dr. Edmund Gordon, Comments by Hugh Price
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Coalition for Community Schools, Washington, DC.
- Abstract
The Fifth National Forum of the Coalition for Community Schools (Baltimore, Maryland, June 16, 2006) provided a historic opportunity for participants to hear two of America's most distinguished educators, Drs. James Comer and Edmund Gordon. These giants in their fields engaged in an animated and thought-provoking exchange on the educational challenges and political inequities facing America's students, families, and schools. Speaking candidly about their own upbringing, as well as reflecting on their research and that of other distinguished colleagues, Drs. Comer and Gordon describe the roots of a dangerously bifurcated American educational system. They argue that society has written off young people whose families and communities cannot compensate for schools' inability to help every child meet increasingly high academic standards. As a result, American democracy, predicated on the educated and informed consent of the governed, is seriously threatened and our national competitiveness is undermined. Their wide-ranging conversation calls for a concerted movement among school, family, and community advocates to agree on a unified message, clear strategy, and long-term commitment to support the full development of every child. While frustrated that policymakers who already know what to do have done so little, they encourage efforts to connect the teaching and learning that occurs inside school with the complementary experiences and supports that occur outside of school. And they emphasize the critical importance of efforts like the Coalition for Community Schools to strategically use information, research, and continued pressure to build the political will for change.
- Published
- 2006
23. Islam, Islamism, and Democratic Values. Footnotes. Volume 11, Number 4
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Foreign Policy Research Institute, Wachman Center and Kuehner, Trudy
- Abstract
On May 6-7, 2006 FPRI's Marvin Wachman Fund for International Education hosted 44 teachers from 16 states across the country for a weekend of discussion on teaching about Islam. Speakers were drawn from the disciplines of religious studies, anthropology, political science, history, law, and journalism. The institute, held in Bryn Mawr, Pa., was made possible by a grant from the Annenberg Foundation. Walter McDougall opened the conference with remarks on the U.S. democratization effort in Iraq, noting similarities to Reconstruction in the Confederate South. Sessions included; (1) Islam vs. Islamism (S. Abdallah Schleifer); (2) Islam and Politics in Historical Perspective (David Cook); (3) Asian and Arab Islam (Robert Hefner); (4) Islam in Europe: Integration and Counterterrorism (Jytte Klausen); (5) Iraq's Democratic Prospects (Kanan Makiya); (6) Islam, Law, and Human Rights (David Forte); (7) Islam, Democracy, and the West (Fawaz Gerges.) Barry Rubin spoke of the tension between political debate and violence in the Middle East.
- Published
- 2006
24. A New Middle East? A Report of FPRI's History Institute for Teachers. Footnotes. Volume 10, Number 1
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Foreign Policy Research Institute, Wachman Center and Kuehner, Trudy J.
- Abstract
Understanding the current conflicts and political changes in the Middle East us important for American educators if American students are to understand the dynamics of the region. To discuss these issues, FPRI held its 12th History Institute for Teachers on October 16-17, 2004. Forty teachers from 15 states attended the weekend program at the Gregg Conference Center in Bryn Mawr, PA, sponsored by Mason Crest Publishers and Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Fox. Sessions included: (1) The Future of Saudi Arabia and What al-Qaeda Websites Tell Us (Michael Doran); (2) Iraqi Democracy (Eric Davis); (3) U. S. Policy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict (Harvey Sicherman); (4) The Role of Syria, Jordan, and Egypt (Najib Ghadbian); (5) Economics, Demography and Oil (Bernard Munk); (6) Women in the Middle East (Beth Baron); and (7) The Next Middle East (Robert D. Kaplan.) Additional FPRI resources are listed.
- Published
- 2005
25. Statistics in Public Policy Debates: Present Crises and Adult Mathematics Education
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Evans, Jeff
- Abstract
Statistics is one of the important branches of mathematics taught in schools, colleges and universities. It is also an important tool in public policy discussions. This paper focuses on the use of statistics in the latter context, rather than its use in adult mathematics education research. I review the key characteristics of the statistical approach to constructing public knowledge, and give a very brief history of key points in its development. I discuss how what I call the "overt crisis of statistics," the apparent disenchantment of large sections of the public with the "expert" statistical methods, outputs and pronouncements, leads to dilemmas both for citizens and for democratic governments. Recently "Big Data" and data analytics seem to many to offer new solutions to problems resulting from the essential lack of certainty surrounding efforts to understand society, and from the need to make quick decisions in a rapidly changing world. These approaches have potential, but also limitations. This leads me to consider a second, "covert" crisis of statistics, resulting from a struggle between proponents of freely available public information and public argument, and those aiming to profit from the appropriation and sequestering of information for private ends. I finish by considering what can be done by ourselves, as citizens, as adult mathematics teachers, and as researchers.
- Published
- 2018
26. International Education as an Agent of Democratization
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Comp, David
- Abstract
This paper is guided by Aaron Benavot's (1999) question "What are the specific mechanisms and processes linking higher education and increasing levels of democracy in the recent period?" Benavot suggests that one research approach should focus on "students studying abroad, particularly those in North American or Western European universities, where foreign students often receive firsthand exposure to democratic institutions and practices." My thesis is that the U.S. government is keenly aware of the impact international students have on the U.S. while studying here and is optimistic that these students will apply democratic principles and systems upon return to their home countries. The United States continues to allocate significant funds annually towards exchange programs such as its flagship Fulbright Program and works hard to create new opportunities for foreign citizens to come to the U.S. to study and be exposed to democratic processes and principles. This research paper examines international education policy of the United States since 2000 and the efforts taken to welcome international students and expose them to democratic institutions. The objective is to determine if the implementation of various laws and regulations in the United States adhere to the objectives of the international education policy set forth by President Clinton in 2000. A comparative perspective on the international education policy of the United Kingdom which is the second leading destination for students who are studying internationally was also completed. Understanding the perspectives of the United Kingdom and the international education policies that government has created to expose international students to democratic institutions and practices will be important to this investigation.
- Published
- 2004
27. Education for Democracy
- Author
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Albert Shanker Institute, Washington, DC
- Abstract
More than 15 years have passed since publication of "Education for Democracy: A Statement of Principles", in which perspective and encouragement were offered to teachers and schools to instill in students an attachment to democratic values and institutions. In the wake of the attacks of September 11, 2001, this call is being renewed. Citing lack of knowledge of our past as Americans, deteriorating attitudes toward political involvement, and general moral confusion, the 145 signatories of this document note that individuals are not born democrats, but that students must be prepared to understand and value the heritage of a democratic tradition. Four essentials are proposed for schools and discussed: (1) Robust history/social studies curricula, starting in the elementary years and continuing though every year of schooling; (2) Full and honest teaching of the American story; (3) Unvarnished accounts of what life has been and is like in nondemocratic societies; and (4) Cultivation of the virtues essential to a healthy democracy. The document concludes with an reaffirmation of the signatories' belief in the American democratic republic, and a pledge to support to schools as recognized leaders in teaching students the knowledge, values and habits that will protect and extend this unique inheritance. (Contains 32 footnotes and 11 photographs.)
- Published
- 2003
28. THE FEDERALIST PAPERS VERSUS THE LORD OF THE FLIES.
- Subjects
- *
SPEECH , *DEMOCRACY , *CIVILIZATION , *CITIZENS - Abstract
The article offers information related to the speech about the Republic's democracy by former U.S. Navy James Stavridis at Metropolitan State University in Denver on December 13, 2019 . It mentions about the dangerous chaos and feral destruction of all the principles that should hold civilization together; and extraordinary collection of citizens of the colonies of Great Britain which were of course in the process of breaking away to eventually form the U.S.
- Published
- 2020
29. Politicization and Democratization of Adult Education. Models for Adult and Lifelong Learning.
- Author
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Wayne State Univ., Detroit, MI. Office of Adult and Lifelong Learning Research., Ntiri, Daphne W., Ntiri, Daphne W., and Wayne State Univ., Detroit, MI. Office of Adult and Lifelong Learning Research.
- Abstract
This book contains four papers, each a chapter, that share in the discourse of Paulo Freire and provide varying perspectives on the ways to advance social transformation and achieve a politically literate citizenry as a democratic enterprise. The following four papers are included: "Exploring the Limits of Participatory Democracy: Prudent and Decisive Use of Authority in Adult Education" (Ian Baptiste); "Adult Learning and American Political Debate: Achieving Political Literacy Today" (Ronald Aronson and Karen McDevitt); "A Delicate Balancing Act: Adult Education in South Africa" (James B. Stewart); and "Democratization and Adult Education in Africa" (Kassu Gebremariam). An introduction by the editor, Daphne Ntiri, provides an overview of the papers and the viewpoints of the research. Each paper contains a list of references. (KC)
- Published
- 2001
30. Schooling for Democracy: A Common School and a Common University? A Response to 'Schooling for Democracy'
- Author
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Reay, Diane
- Abstract
This short paper is a response to Nel Noddings's article on schooling for democracy. Whilst agreeing with the basic premises of Noddings's argument, it questions the possibility of parity between academic and vocational tracks given the inequitable social and educational contexts the two types of learning would have to coexist within. Drawing on the educational philosophies of John Dewey and R. H. Tawney, I argue that both the United States and the United Kingdom need to create educational systems that reduce the social distance between people rather than, as the current systems do, exacerbate them. This is an issue of hearts and minds as well as policies and practices. As Dewey pointed out a hundred years ago, what is required is education that results in "mutual regard of all citizens for all other citizens," and the paper concludes that both countries are still far away from achieving this.
- Published
- 2011
31. Democracy and Politics: An Introduction to the Special Issue of the Athens Journal of Social Sciences.
- Author
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Papanikos, Gregory T.
- Subjects
POPULISM ,UNITED States political parties ,UNITED States politics & government, 2017-2021 ,SLOVAKIAN politics & government, 1993- - Abstract
This paper is an introduction to the special issue of the Athens Journal of Social Sciences on Politics. It includes six papers, which relate to various aspects of politics in today's democracies. The first paper examines populism in selecting political parties of the European Union (EU); the second explains a political experiment performed in USA; the third discusses the prospects of the 2022 elections in Brazil; the fourth states that democracies need leaders as this is the case with Israel; the fifth looks at a real threat to democracy which is radicalism and violence using the case of the Slovakian youth; and the last paper examines a case of primary elections of a Greek political party (PASOK). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
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32. REGULATING THE JACKALS OF THE MONETARY WORLD: BANKING AND CONSTITUTIONAL REFORM IN THE ANTEBELLUM NORTHWEST.
- Author
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SIDDALI, SILVANA R.
- Subjects
BANKING industry ,PAPER money ,FINANCIAL crises ,LAND tenure ,HISTORY of constitutional reform ,CONSTITUTIONAL conventions ,DEMOCRACY ,TERRITORIAL expansion of the United States ,HISTORY ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
Copyright of Western Historical Quarterly is the property of Oxford University Press / USA and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2013
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33. Academic Freedom: A Teacher's Struggle to Include 'Other' Voices in History
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Chandler, Prentice T.
- Abstract
In this article, the author relates his experience of being attacked for teaching American history at a rural school in north Alabama using a critical, more inclusive approach to American history and social studies. He describes how he struggled with the notion of perspective in teaching primary documents, particularly papers written by those not in power at the time. With the intention of providing students with differing sides to the nation's history, the author had chosen the works of historian Howard Zinn, particularly "Voices of A People's History of the United States," because Zinn represented a radical, revisionist (even Marxist) version of American history. Because of this approach, the author faced opposition from parents who protested his teaching approach for using these excerpts from Zinn's book. From this experience, the author presents key lessons he learned which could be useful for teachers who find their methods or material under scrutiny and attack. He concludes this paper by reminding educators that only by attempting to teach how different groups in American history have interacted positively, as well as negatively, can teachers hope to instill notions of social justice in their students. (Contains 1 note.)
- Published
- 2006
34. Power, Politics, Democracy and Reform: A Historical Review of Curriculum Reform, Academia and Government in British Columbia, Canada, 1920 to 2000
- Author
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Broom, Catherine A.
- Abstract
This paper explores the interrelations between power, politics, academia and curriculum reform in British Columbia (BC) using social studies curriculum documents as a case study. It describes how curriculum reform occurred and argues that reform was undemocratic as it was largely the product of individuals with power who invited individuals with educational ideologies that were attractive to them to aid them in the revisions. These educational ideologies came from the USA, illustrating the influence of US ideas overseas. The non-democratic nature of the curriculum reform process may partly explain why teachers often resisted the revisions, and why government officials attempted to appear more democratic by increasing teacher participation in the curriculum revision process later in the century. However, curriculum revision remained undemocratic. The paper comments on whether the curriculum revision process in a democracy ought to be democratic or not.
- Published
- 2016
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35. The Productive Difficulty of Untranslatables in Qualitative Research
- Author
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Ruitenberg, Claudia W., Knowlton, Autumn, and Li, Gang
- Abstract
The paper highlights the role of translation in qualitative research that involves multiple languages. Its particular focus is on untranslatables, that is, those words or phrases in a source language that pose challenges to translators because no direct equivalent is available in the target language. "Untranslatables" create moments of productive difficulty by forcing a critical examination of both the data and the assumptions that framed the research questions. The paper discusses two cases: research with Mandarin-speaking participants on the topic of democracy and democratic subjectivity, and research with Q'eqchi'-speaking participants on the topic of civic engagement and political participation.
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- 2016
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36. Untitled.
- Author
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Warren, Kathleen
- Subjects
- *
RESEARCH papers (Students) , *DEMOCRACY , *POLITICAL stability ,UNITED States politics & government - Abstract
The article reports on a research by the author in which she intends to study the issues related to the stability of democratic government. The research is based upon a detailed listing of all the qualities that make up a working democracy and examines the theories of democratic transition and consolidation. Finally she addresses the democratic deficit that has begun to emerge in the U.S.
- Published
- 2012
37. Participatory Democracy: Beyond Classical Liberalism
- Author
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Doughty, Howard A.
- Abstract
As a postsecondary educator with most of my experience teaching in colleges, but with some also in undergraduate and postgraduate studies both in Canada and the United States, I have been teaching politics and government for close to fifty years. That time has been spent not only undertaking empirical analyses of political behaviour and the normative analysis of political theory, but also in the practical activity of promoting understanding of what is frequently called "civic life". The authorities who develop broad educational goals seem to have it in mind that promoting ideas of good citizenship and suggesting ways in which this citizenship can be enacted should be among the several goals of faculty members involved in "general education." As we live in a liberal democracy, it follows that a good part of that mission should involve the both cognitive knowledge (how governments work, issues of policy development, elements of the political process, etc.) and what are sometimes called affective and behavioural traits--habits of attitude and action that encourage and exemplify good citizenship. Specifically, we are expected to teach something about democracy.
- Published
- 2015
38. Participatory Democracy: Beyond Classical Liberalism
- Author
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Doughty, Howard A.
- Abstract
Postsecondary teacher, Howard Doughty, has been teaching politics and government for close to fifty years. That time has been spent not only working with the empirical analysis of political behaviour and the normative analysis of political theory, but also in the practical activity of promoting understanding of what is frequently called civic life. In line with current standards and educational goals for faculty members involved in "general education," Doughty asserts a good part of that mission should involve the both cognitive knowledge (how governments work, issues of policy development, elements of the political process, etc.) and what are sometimes called "affective" and "behavioural" traits--habits of attitude and action that encourage good citizenship. More specifically, these educators are expected to teach something about democracy. Herein, Doughty discusses the historical controversy that follows the concept of democracy in theory and in practice. Next, he highlights four primary concerns about the current state of democracy and electoral system. Doughty goes on to explore briefly one set of criticisms of contemporary democratic politics as they are practiced in the United States of America, Canada and the United Kingdom. A description of the First-Past-the-Post (FPP) electoral system and its overall flaws are then discussed. Three cases are then presented to illustrate why some people regard FPP as an unfair and even an undemocratic way to elect presidents, prime ministers and legislators of various descriptions. Doughty concludes with several arguments demonstrating why FPP should be replaced with the Proportional Representation (PR) electoral system.
- Published
- 2014
39. Education for Democracy at the University Level
- Author
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Knoester, Matthew and Gichiru, Wangari P.
- Abstract
The University of Evansville, like many universities, requires a seminar for all incoming first-year students to prepare students for college-level writing, along with the reading and discussion of challenging texts. Often, these courses share particular books to allow in-coming students to share a "common experience." This article discusses how Matthew Knoester's first-year writing-intensive seminar class explored the topic of competing definitions of "democracy," focusing on the topic "Perspectives on Democracy." Drawing from the book "On Democracy" by Robert Dahl (1998), and the constitutions of five different countries (France, Ireland, Kenya, South Korea, and the United States), along with guest lectures from scholars from each of the countries outside of the United States named above, students compared how "democracy" appears to be defined from country to country. One of the guest speakers for the class, the second author of this essay, detailed how she was involved with the movement for democracy in Kenya, and offered a valuable perspective from a politically active citizen within a movement that helped to create the first democratic constitution in her nation's history. The lecture that Wangari Gichiru gave to the class via Skype is included in this paper.
- Published
- 2014
40. BUSINESS POLICY AND STRATEGY Conference Paper Abstracts.
- Subjects
MERGERS & acquisitions ,STRATEGIC planning ,FOREIGN business enterprises - Abstract
This section presents abstracts of several business policy and strategy conferences held in the U.S. as of August 2003. 'Complementary Resources and the Prediction of Post-Acquisition Performance,' by David R. King, Rebecca J. Slotegraaf, Idalene F. Kesner and Tom Lenz shows that acquisitions, on average, do not improve firm performance. 'Exploring Competing Motivations Behind the Acquisition of High-Technology Targets,' by David R. King represents a significant contribution by demonstrating conflicting findings in existing merger and acquisition research may result from alternate motivations behind merger and acquisition activity. 'Strategic Inertia Determinants: Analyzing the Size, Middle Manager, and Competitive Intensity Mix,' by Willie Edward Hopkins, Ajay Menon, Christian Homburg and Shirley Ann Hopkins, revisits firm size as a determinant of strategic inertia. 'Restructuring in Japanese Companies: Foreign Ownership, Strategic Investments, and Firm Performance' by Parthiban David, Toru Yoshikawa and Abdual A. Rasheed shows that foreign ownership leads to reduction in research and development and capital expenditures as well as improvement in performance, especially for firms with high free cash flow that are likely to have the most severe agency problems.
- Published
- 2003
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41. Five Classrooms: Different Forms of 'Democracies' and Their Relationship to Cultural Pluralism(s)
- Author
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Glassman, Michael and Kang, Min Ju
- Abstract
This paper explores the issue of democracy and the role of the democratic classroom in the development of society in general, and the way in which educators understand and deal with diversity in particular. The first part of the paper explores different meanings of democracy and how they can be manifested in the classroom. We argue that the idea of a "democratic classroom" is far too broad a category; democracy is defined in action and can have realist or pragmatic characteristics, elitist or pluralist roots. The realist form of social education was championed by political scientist Charles Merriam, while a social educative process more dependent on pragmatic problem solving was pursued by educational philosopher John Dewey and those who followed in his theoretical wake. The history of democracy in the United States, and the battles of how to import different meanings of democracy into the classroom over the course of the 20th century is explored, suggesting that the educational establishment has a tendency to adopt more realist/elitist forms of civic education. We present five "democratic" classrooms with different characteristics to illustrate the different characteristics social education can exhibit. In the second part of the paper we discuss the relationship between different types of democratic classrooms and issues of race/ethnicity/culture.
- Published
- 2011
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42. Mathematics as Thinking. A Response to 'Democracy and School Math'
- Author
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Allen, Kasi C.
- Abstract
Math education in the United States remains resistant to systemic change, and our country pays the price. Stemhagen's article "Democracy and School Math" further confirms this trend. Despite repeated calls for reform, decades of research on how people learn, millions of dollars invested in teacher professional development, and years of politicized debate, the math wars rage on--between those who believe students have the capacity to construct their own mathematical ideas and others who insist mastery of the traditional canon must come first. Meanwhile, algebra failure among secondary students remains rampant and elementary education majors report the greatest rates of math anxiety of any college major. Adults and children alike joke about being terrible at math, seemingly unaware of the extent to which this innumeracy serves as a barrier to full participation in democracy as well as to the realization of their individual goals, hopes, and dreams. In the math education community itself, there is little discussion of the unique role mathematics can play in preparing students for democracy. In this short paper, I offer a more detailed conceptualization of democratic mathematics education and discuss the role of constructivism in bringing these ideas to fruition. I suggest that a shift in the power dynamic that characterizes most mathematics classrooms will be a key component in moving beyond the gridlock.
- Published
- 2011
43. Learning by Dispossession: Democracy Promotion and Civic Engagement in Iraq and the United States
- Author
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Mojab, Shahrzad and Carpenter, Sara
- Abstract
This paper brings together two ongoing research projects on current citizenship learning programs in Iraq and the United States, both of which draw from the theoretical ground of Marxist-feminist perspective. A particular strength of this paper is its comparison between two American citizenship education programs in the context of neoliberalism, war and imperialism. Many claim that citizenship learning is always an ideological project promoting a particular set of beliefs or values. However, this research reveals that citizenship education programs are also ideological in their methods--a process Mojab has termed "learning by dispossession"--that serve to abstract learners from material conditions in order to promote a particular vision of liberal democracy that legitimates the very material conditions learners struggle to overcome.
- Published
- 2011
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44. A Fresh Take on Democratic Education: Revisiting Rancière through the Notions of Emergence and Enaction
- Author
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Bastrup-Birk, Henriette and Wildemeersch, Danny
- Abstract
This paper aims at contributing to new ways of thinking about democratic education. We discuss how revisiting this concept may help raise fresh questions in relation to non-formal fora grappling with intricate sustainability issues that span international borders. Starting from Rancière's ideas on democracy, we first examine a conception of democratic education derived from these ideas. Next, we turn to a complexity informed notion of education as proposed by the two strands of emergence and enaction. We discuss how, in introducing additional dimensions, these strands might fruitfully complement the Rancierian conception of education. We conclude our discussion by proposing to reposition democratic education as a process of (co)-emergence afforded by a series of critical moments which, we suggest, can call forth radically novel visions for governing the commons.
- Published
- 2013
45. The Discourse of Crisis in Public Meetings: Case Study of a School District's Multimillion Dollar Error
- Author
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Tracy, Karen
- Abstract
School districts are both big businesses and a form of local governance that is part of American democracy. When a crisis makes a district's democratic face relevant, the organization will experience a dilemma that does not occur in business-only organizations. This study examines the public meetings of a school board in the western United States as it confronted a multimillion dollar error. After reviewing the organizational crisis literature, background is provided on the district, the crisis, and the method - action-implicative discourse analysis. The district's crisis, the paper shows, was constructed through six discursive practices. Each is identified and illustrated. Because school boards are democratic bodies, they depend on having citizens willing to attend and speak out in public meetings, and they depend on a smaller set of citizens willing to run for and serve in these elected, unpaid school board positions. In crises, these two groups of citizens will have partially competing needs. As a result, local governance organizations will experience a dilemma regarding how to design their public participation. The paper concludes with suggestions for future research on organizational crisis and public meetings, and practical implications for citizens and elected officials. (Contains 11 notes and 2 tables.)
- Published
- 2007
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46. Ethics and Social Justice within the New DEEL: Addressing the Paradox of Control/Democracy
- Author
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Shapiro, Joan Poliner
- Abstract
This paper addresses the ethical and social justice implications of an educational movement called, The New DEEL (Democratic Ethical Educational Leadership). In particular, this paper emphasizes the ethical underpinnings of this movement by focusing on the paradox in the form of the dyad of control/democracy. This important paradox is developed through a discussion of the profound contradictions between the accountability thrust and the democratic emphasis in schools, particularly in the United States. The paper attempts to grapple with the inconsistencies within the paradox and provides some suggestions for coping with the challenges of blending these two very different and opposing concepts together during a very turbulent era. It also attempts to illuminate what a New DEEL moral educational leader might value, especially in the area of social justice, as well as how he or she might guide an organization.
- Published
- 2006
47. Grassroots Empowerment of Women: Portraits of Four Villages in Sri Lanka
- Author
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Jeris, Laurel, Gajanayake, Jaya, Ismail, Jesima, Ebert, Seela, Peris, Amara, Wanasundara, Leelangi, and Diyadawagamage, Nalika
- Abstract
This paper describes a participatory research (PR) project encompassing a capacity-development programme and advocacy skill-building initiative for rural women. The project actively engaged four prominent women's non-governmental organisations (NGOs) in Sri Lanka: Agromart Foundation, Centre for Women's Research (CENWOR), Sarvodaya Women's Movement, and the Muslim Women's Research and Action Forum (MWRAF) in partnership with the resources of three units at Northern Illinois University in the United States with extensive field experience in university-NGO collaboration: the International Programs Division, the Adult and Higher Education Graduate Programmes, and University Resources for Women. The initial major goal of the grant project, titled "Grassroots Organizing by Women" or GROW, funded by the US Department of State, Office of Citizen Exchanges, was to stimulate and build the capacities of the leaders of four selected women's NGOs in Sri Lanka to face new challenges and opportunities for strengthening women's participation in grassroots democracy within the context of a multi-ethnic society. Within two months of the inauguration of the project, the four NGO partners developed an implementation structure through which each organisation focused its energies on a single rural "model village". In each case, the NGO partner selected a village in which basic survival needs remained largely unmet. One of the four villages includes Sinhala, Tamil and Muslim residents, one includes primarily Tamil and Muslim residents, and the other two villages are home to only the Sinhala majority. The foundation for the project that is described in this paper began in July 2002 with a two-year grant and has continued through a second two-year grant that builds on the work of the first.
- Published
- 2006
48. Building a Tolerance for Disagreement: An Important Goal in Social Studies Instruction
- Author
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Martinson, David L.
- Abstract
The author of this article states that one of the more troubling aspects of contemporary American culture is the considerable number of persons who feel no obligation to support freedom of speech and/or freedom of the press. Those who disagree are perceived as dangerous. There are right answers and wrong answers, and to suggest that one might learn something from those who espouse ideas other than one's own quickly leads to a charge that one is "selling out." The author contends that a primary goal of social science instruction in a pluralistic-democratic society should center on directly confronting such intolerance, while at the same time avoiding suggesting to students that tolerance demands that one treat all ideas as equals. The key to this is assisting students in recognizing what it means--and does not mean--when one speaks of the importance of tolerating disagreement in the context of the complex and ever evolving experiment in American democracy, in which they hopefully will become active participants.
- Published
- 2005
49. Peer Production and Collective Intelligence as the Basis for the Public Digital University
- Author
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Peters, Michael A. and Jandric, Petar
- Abstract
This paper reviews two main historical approaches to creativity: the Romanticist approach, based on the culture of the irrational, and the Enlightenment approach, based on the culture of the objective. It defends a paradigm of creativity as a sum of rich semiotic systems that form the basis of distributed knowledge and learning, reviews historical ideas of the university, and identifies two conflicting mainstream models in regards to understanding of the university as a public good: the 'Public' University circa 1960-1980, and the 'post-historical' university. Based on practical experiences, and on previous works by Peters and Jandric, it develops the new model of 'the creative university as digital public university,' and argues that it provides a useful philosophical goal for directing present and future practices of the contemporary university.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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50. Teaching for Tolerance and Understanding during the Japanese Internment: Lessons for Educators Today
- Author
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Banks, Cherry A. McGee
- Abstract
Following the Japanese attack on the US naval base at Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, the nation was thrown into a state of fear and hysteria. On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order No. 9066 which resulted in more than 120,000 persons of Japanese ancestry being either interned in relocation centers, drafted, or imprisoned. In communities throughout the Western part of the United States, lessons about democracy, tolerance, and brotherhood were mediated by the reality of the Japanese internment. The internment of Japanese Americans during World War II at the same time that students were being taught about democracy, intolerance, and brotherhood is an example of the mixed messages that were given to students and teachers. The issues and groups have changed since World War II, but educators today continue to face the challenge of helping students understand and develop the skills, knowledge, and habits of heart to be effective citizens in pluralistic democratic society. Balancing unity and diversity is a critical component of that challenge. In this article, the author stresses the important role of schools in helping to resolve the tension between unity and diversity. She argues that giving students the opportunity to grapple with real questions and issues that give prominence to the tension between diversity and unity can help them understand that there are no easy answers and that while they may not find immediate solutions they can help create an environment where the issues can continue to be explored and ultimately resolved. By learning from history, recognizing the ways in which elements of history continue to be present in contemporary society, and taking action to right an old wrong, they gave individuals a glimpse of how schools can educate students who understand the unity-diversity tension and act accordingly.(Contains 1 endnote.)
- Published
- 2007
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