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A conference paper about the difficulties in reaching Latin American consumers through advertising is presented. The author believes that advertisers in the United States must be careful not to group Latin American countries together. He believes that in terms of advertising, countries should be dealt with on an individual basis due to differences in the availability of marketing information.

Copyright of Ecos de Economía is the property of Universidad EAFIT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Retrospective surveys are important for documenting vital events in historical time periods. The assumption used in these analyses is that the information reported at the time of the interview portrays a representative picture of past events. Using the Census Bureau's 1990 panel of the Survey of Income and Program Participation, this paper examines the potential problems encountered in deriving retrospective statistics when immigrants -- who married or had children outside of the U.S. -- constitute a significant proportion of survey respondents. The inclusion of these "immigrated" vital events in the survey resulted in (1) underestimating the mean age at first marriage for all Hispanics in the survey by 0.4 years, and (2) overestimating the premarital first birth ratio for Asians by 50 percent. Given likely future continued immigration from Latin America and Asia, these results suggest that future surveys should include migration histories in order to enable the survey to produce accurate retrospective statistics for these groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents fertility estimates for foreign-born women from the April 1983 Current Population Survey. The survey data indicate that women 18-44 years old from Latin America, especially from Mexico, have a higher fertility rate than their European counterparts, with women from Asia having an intermediate level of fertility. In addition, the childbearing of Latin American women made up about one half of the estimated 271,000 children born to all foreign-born women in the year preceding the April 1983 CPS. An evaluation of the data indicates that although the survey information is useful in identifying fertility differences among foreign-born women in the United States, the relatively large sampling errors associated with these data restrict their usefulness for detecting annual changes in the childbearing patterns of immigrant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Latin America has among the highest rates of intimate partner violence. While there is increasing evidence that intimate partner violence is associated with mental health problems, there is little such research for developing countries. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between Bolivian women's experiences with physical, psychological, and sexual intimate partner violence and mental health outcomes. Methods: This study analyzes data from the 2008 Bolivia Demographic and Health Survey. 10,119 married or cohabiting women ages 15-49 are included in the analysis. Probit regression models are used to assess the association between intimate partner violence and mental health, after controlling for other demographic factors and partner characteristics. The questionnaire uses selected questions from the SRQ-20 to measure symptoms of mental health problems. Results: Intimate partner violence is common in Bolivia, with 47% of women experiencing some type of spousal abuse in the 12 months before the survey. Women exposed to physical spousal violence in the past year are more likely to experience symptoms of depression, anxiety, psychogenic non-epileptic seizures, and psychotic disorders, after controlling for other demographic and partner characteristics. Women who experienced sexual abuse by a partner are most likely to suffer from all mental health issues. Psychological abuse is also associated with an increased risk of experiencing symptoms of depression, anxiety, and psychogenic seizures. Women who experienced only psychological abuse report mental health problems similar to those who were physically abused. Conclusion: This study demonstrates an urgent need for research on the prevalence and health consequences of psychological abuse in developing countries. Our findings highlight the need for mental health services for victims of intimate partner violence. Because physical and psychological violence are often experienced concurrently, it is recommended that health providers who are treating victims of physical intimate partner violence also screen them for symptoms of potential mental health problems and refer them to appropriate mental health services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Immigration is rapidly changing the demographics of elementary schools in the metro Atlanta, Georgia area. Although students from Latin America represent the largest shift in diversity, students from Asian countries are also enrolling in record numbers. This paper discusses the role of the school library media specialist in serving Chinese-speaking children. Bibliographies of recommended English–Chinese books for elementary school media center collections and recommended English-language books of interest to children of Chinese heritage are included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1950s, international migration in Latin America has been transformed from immigration from extra-regional sources, to migration among countries within Latin America itself. While this shift has been noted in the literature, its systematic study remains in its infancy. This paper provides an overview of the literature dealing with international migration in Latin America, and it addresses problems with transit and census data for the region. In addition, the main themes of the other papers of this issue are introduced and several lines of needed research are suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To summarise the findings from this supplemental issue on the distribution of malnutrition (stunting/short stature, anaemia and overweight) by wealth, education and ethnicity within and between ten Latin American countries.Design: We retrieved information from each country's article and estimated the average difference in the prevalence of malnutrition between groups. We estimated the associations between countries' malnutrition prevalence and GDP, percentage of women with high education and percentage of non-indigenous ethnicity.Setting: Nationally representative surveys from ten Latin American countries conducted between 2005 and 2017.Participants: Children (<5 years), adolescent women (11-19 years) and adult women (20-49 years).Results: Socially disadvantaged groups (low wealth, low education and indigenous ethnicity) had on average 15-21 (range across indicators and age groups) percentage points (pp) higher prevalence of stunting/short stature and 3-11 pp higher prevalence of anaemia. For overweight or obesity, adult women with low education had a 17 pp higher prevalence; differences were small among children <5 years, and results varied by country for adolescents by education, and for adults and adolescents by wealth and ethnicity. A moderate and strong correlation (-0·58 and -0·71) was only found between stunting/short stature prevalence and countries' GDP per capita and percentage of non-indigenous households.Conclusions: Overweight was equally distributed among children; findings were mixed for ethnicity and wealth, whereas education was a protective factor among adult women. There is an urgent need to address the deep inequalities in undernutrition and prevent the emerging inequalities in excess weight from developing further. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Local social-service organizations can shape the process of immigrant integration, but their ability to do so partially hinges on whether immigrants can reasonably access services. In addition to distance or proximity, key features of an organization (e.g., capacity, multilingual staff) also shape whether a social-service program is accessible. This study explores the spatial relationship between Latino immigrant neighborhoods and organizations that we define as “immigrant-serving.” We argue that spatial access to social services is a characteristic of the immigrant receiving context and therefore integral to how we understand processes of immigrant integration. Method: Drawing on unique survey data from social-service organizations in metropolitan Chicago, Illinois, Los Angeles, California, and Washington, DC, and tract-level demographic information from the American Community Survey, we measured spatial access to social-service providers across neighborhoods with different degrees of Latino immigrant concentration. We then identified a subset of organizations that we define as Latino immigrant-serving organizations and examined their accessibility relative to Latino immigrant neighborhoods. Results: We found evidence of considerable mismatch between Latino immigrant neighborhoods and service providers, but there is some variation across context and by provider type. Latino immigrants tend to have greater access to Latino immigrant-serving organizations, but there are few of these providers, and they are more likely to provide select types of services. Conclusions: Our findings have important implications for how immigrant-serving organizations are defined, the understanding of immigrant access to the safety net, and more generally, the variability of opportunities for immigrant integration across local receiving contexts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the last two decades, Spain has evolved rapidly from a classic labour exporter to a labour importer. Until the 1930s Spain's migration history was predominantly marked by emigration to the Americas, and from the end of World War II until the early 1970s by emigration to some industrialized countries in Western Europe. For the first time in modern times, Spain is now the second country in the world with large-scale immigration. Its strategic location, a relatively permissive immigration policy and economic opportunities derived from Spain's entry into the European Community have positioned this country as a major destination for immigrants. Additionally, since the mid-1990s international migration in Spain has dramatically changed in origin composition. Despite the common perception of Africa as the most important source of immigration, some Latin American countries, in a very short time, have become some of the major sources of immigration to Spain; indeed, the term 'Latin-Americanization' has been coined to describe this process. This being so, the aim of this article is twofold. First, we examine the main reasons behind the extremely rapid increase of Latin American migration to Spain during the last decade. Then we briefly discuss some future perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Educational assortative mating and economic inequality are likely to be endogenously determined, but very little research exists on their empirical association. Using census data and log-linear and log-multiplicative methods, I compare the patterns of educational assortative mating in Brazil, Chile, and Mexico, and explore the association between marital sorting and earnings inequality across countries. The analysis finds substantial variation in the strength of specific barriers to educational intermarriage between countries, and a close association between these barriers and the earnings gaps across educational categories within countries. This finding suggests an isomorphism between assortative mating and economic inequality. Furthermore, educational marital sorting is remarkably symmetric across gender in spite of the different resources that men and women bring to the union. This study highlights the limitations of using single aggregate measures of spousal educational resemblance (such as the correlation coefficient between spouses' schooling) to capture variation in assortative mating and its relationship with socioeconomic inequality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la CEPAL is the property of United Nations Publications and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article summarizes three of the data collection studies that can assist researchers in examining population aging processes in the Latin America and Caribbean region with an emphasis on cross-national comparisons, including the population of Mexican immigrants in the United States. These are the Survey on Health and Wellbeing of Elders conducted in seven urban centers of the region, the national Mexican Health and Aging Study, and the Hispanic Established Populations for Epidemiologic Studies of the Elderly in the United States. The article describes the studies and marks them as informative, comprehensive, and still underanalyzed in particular for the purpose of cross-national analyses of aging among Latin American and Caribbean populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Census data for 1990⁄91 indicate that Australian and Canadian immigrants have higher levels of English fluency, education, and income (relative to natives) than do U.S. immigrants. This skill deficit for U.S. immigrants arises primarily because the United States receives a much larger share of immigrants from Latin America than do the other two countries. After excluding Latin American immigrants, the observable skills of immigrants are similar in the three countries. These patterns suggest that the comparatively low overall skill level of U.S. immigrants may have more to do with geographic and historical ties to Mexico than with the fact that skill-based admissions are less important in the United States than in Australia and Canada. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Historical research among European countries finds large differences in the level of social, economic or demographic development among countries, or regions within countries at the time marital fertility rates began their decline from traditional high levels. This research tests a threshold hypothesis which holds that fertility will decline from traditional high levels if threshold levels of life expectancy and literacy are surpassed. Using a pooled regression analysis of 1950, 1960, 1970 and 1980 crude births rates (CBRs) in 20 less developed Latin American countries, in conjunction with 10-year lagged measures of social, economic and family planning program development, analyses reveal statistically significant effects of passing Beaver's (1975) threshold levels of 1950 literacy, or 1950 life expectancy, that are independent of levels of lagged literacy (or lagged life expectancy), economic and family planning program development, as well as measures that control period effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although various studies of human fertility were conducted on special populations in the U.S. earlier in the century, the Puerto Rican survey in 1948 was the first major effort outside continental U.S., and probably the first representative sample of a total political unit with respect to fertility, as of September 1, 1964. The study, utilizing traditional public opinion methodology, asked untraditional questions, such as the frequency of sexual relations and details of each pregnancy. Throughout the decade of 1950 the number of such studies increased even faster than the population, and began to include questions on knowledge and use of birth control. Within a decade such studies became so common that they have recently achieved the distinction of initial nomenclature. In the trade they are now referred to as, Attitude, Use, and Knowledge (AUK) studies. Even demographers, an austere clan traditionally hostile toward soft data, have begun to admit the possible utility of the AUK type of data. Recent population projections for the U.S. represent a landmark in demography, since for the first time in history they include couples' intentions about family size.

This article focuses on areal differences in Latin American fertility. In Latin America, the rate of population growth is currently one of the highest in the world. Whereas the world as a whole is increasing in population at the approximate rate of 1.7 per cent annually, the rate of growth in Latin America is currently somewhere near 3 per cent per year. With the recent tabulation of many of the censuses conducted in Latin America in the early years of this decade, the authors are now in possession of definite data concerning population growth for 12 of the 20 Latin American nations. Two nations, Venezuela and Costa Rica, have had the phenomenally high annual growth rate of 3.9 per cent. Data on differences in fertility cross-classified by other characteristics of the individual appear in the censuses of only a few Latin American nations. Additional data on correlates of fertility among individuals have been gathered by survey researchers in a few scattered places. The relative paucity of data for Latin America concerning the fertility of individuals cross-classified by their characteristics enhances the value of data concerning the fertility of women in given areas classified by characteristics of the total population in these areas.

Migration is both a spatial and a temporal phenomenon. The definition of spatial areas and the comparative use of periodic census data are important elements in the coverage of internal migratory movements. The residual method has been widely applied in Latin America, but unreliable vital statistics limit its accuracy and corrective factors must be introduced. The author discusses techniques for ascertaining place of birth, procedures applied to obtain information on out-migrants at specific periods, the distribution of migrants in time and by age (using cohorts and promotions) and other results shown up by migration statistics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the views of different disciplines, methodologies and subjects with regards to Latin American migration. It provides brief discussions on the sociological, demographical, geographical and political perspectives and the resulting impact of migration. It suggests that the study of migration should be approached through usage of various methodologies.

The article discusses erectile dysfunction epidemiology in Latin America. Topics include erectile dysfunction is defined as the inability to maintain or achieve erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual function; population surveys of erectile dysfunction was studies and potential risk factors were identified; erectile dysfunction was found to be common in Latin America as of other parts of the world, correlated to age and medical conditions of the population.