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The World Health Organization has recommended prevaccination screening for prior dengue infection as the preferred approach prior to vaccination with the dengue vaccine CYD-TDV. These screening tests need to be highly specific and sensitive, and deliverable at the point-of-care. We evaluate here the sensitivity and specificity of the newly developed OnSite Dengue IgG rapid diagnostic test (RDT). A retrospective double-blind study of the sensitivity and specificity of the OnSite Dengue IgG RDT was performed using a sample panel consisting of archived serum specimens collected during CYD-TDV clinical trials in Latin American and Asia, with the reference serostatus for each sample determined by an algorithm using measured dengue PRNT 90 , PRNT 50 , and NS1 IgG ELISA. An additional panel of dengue seronegative samples positive for other flaviviruses and infections was used to assess cross-reactivity. Samples were included from 579 participants; 346 in the specificity panel and 233 in the sensitivity panel. The OnSite dengue IgG RDT exhibited a specificity of 98.0% (95% CI = 95.9 to 99.2) and sensitivity of 95.3% (95% CI = 91.7 to 97.6). The sensitivity for samples exhibiting a multitypic immune profile (PRNT 90 -positive to >1 dengue serotype) was 98.8% while for monotypic immune samples (PRNT 90 -positive to a single dengue serotype) it was 88.1%. The OnSite dengue IgG RDT showed minimal to no cross-reactivity to related flaviviruses. These findings support the use of the OnSite dengue IgG RDT to determine dengue serostatus in CYD-TDV prevaccination screening. IMPORTANCE Dengue remains a significant public health issue, with over 5.2 million cases reported to the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2019. The tetravalent dengue vaccine (CYD-TDV) is currently licensed for use in those aged ≥9 years; however, vaccinees with no previous exposure to dengue experience an increased risk of hospitalized and severe dengue upon subsequent heterotypic infection. Consequently, WHO recommends screening for prior dengue infection before vaccination. Screening tests for previous infection need to be highly specific and sensitive, and deliverable at the point-of-care. High sensitivity ensures that the largest number of individuals with previous infection can be identified and vaccinated, while high specificity prevents the inadvertent vaccination of those without previous infection. This study of the OnSite Dengue IgG Rapid Test, which was explicitly developed to meet this need, found that it had both high specificity (98.0% [95% CI = 95.9 to 99.2]) and sensitivity (95.3% [95% CI = 91.7 to 97.6]).

Background: A dengue pre-vaccination test that is convenient, highly specific, and highly sensitive is still needed. The OnSite Dengue IgG rapid diagnostic test (RDT) is a new rapid diagnostic test specifically designed for pre-vaccination screening. We aimed to retrospectively assess the efficacy of a tetravalent dengue vaccine (CYD-TDV) in participants determined to be dengue seropositive by the OnSite IgG RDT and to evaluate assay performances., Methods: This was a complementary study using pre-vaccination samples from two CYD-TDV efficacy trials done in five countries in the Asia-Pacific region (NCT01373281) and five countries in Latin America (NCT01374516). Baseline dengue serostatus was determined by the OnSite IgG RDT on samples from the immunogenicity subsets of the two trials. In participants who were test positive, we calculated CYD-TDV vaccine efficacy against symptomatic virologically confirmed dengue (VCD) over 25 months, and against hospitalisation with VCD over 72 months of follow-up after the first vaccination. We used a reference algorithm to determine the reference dengue serostatus for each sample, and sensitivity and specificity of the OnSite IgG RDT were calculated. Analyses were done on the whole population (aged 2-16 years), and on those aged 6 years or older and those aged 9 years or older., Findings: Of 3983 participants in the immunogenicity subsets of the efficacy trials CYD14 and CYD15, 3962 had complete dengue reference test results enabling baseline serostatus classification and 3833 had sufficient serum samples remaining for evaluation with the OnSite IgG RDT. Of the samples tested, 2486 (64·9%) of 3833 were OnSite IgG RDT-positive. In participants aged 2-16 years who were OnSite IgG RDT-positive, vaccine efficacy was 84·1% (95% CI 71·6-91·1) against symptomatic VCD, and 69·2% (38·8-84·5) against hospitalisation with VCD, with similar findings in those aged 6 years or older and those aged 9 years or older. The OnSite IgG RDT showed very high sensitivity (91·1%, 89·9-92·1) and high specificity (92·8%, 91·2-94·2) in participants aged 2-16 years, with significantly higher specificity in those aged 9 years or older (96·6%, 94·9-97·8)., Interpretation: The OnSite IgG RDT should provide a valuable tool for screening for previous dengue infection at the point of vaccination. In individuals who were OnSite IgG RDT-positive, the vaccine efficacy of CYD-TDV was high across all three age groups., Funding: Sanofi Pasteur., Competing Interests: Declaration of interests SJS, MB, RF, GHD, SH, and YA-Ö, are employees of Sanofi Pasteur and might hold shares, stock options, or both in the company. MZ, HW, and CAD were employees of Sanofi Pasteur at the time the study was done., (Copyright © 2022 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an Open Access article under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 license. Published by Elsevier Ltd.. All rights reserved.)

Background: The tetravalent dengue vaccine (CYD-TDV) has been shown to provide protection against dengue disease over 5-year follow-up in participants with previous dengue infection, but increased the risk of dengue hospitalisation and severe dengue during long-term follow-up in those without previous dengue infection. WHO recommended pre-vaccination screening to identify those with previous dengue infection (ie, dengue seropositive) who would benefit from vaccination. We re-evaluated CYD-TDV efficacy in those identified as dengue seropositive using five commercially available immunoassays, and assessed immunoassay performance., Methods: We included participants in the immunogenicity subsets of the phase 3 CYD14 (NCT01373281) and CYD15 (NCT01374516) CYD-TDV efficacy trials, which enrolled children aged 2-16 years in 2011-12 in five countries in the Asia-Pacific region (CYD14) and five Latin American countries (CYD15). Participants assessed had received at least one injection of study drug (CYD-TDV or placebo) and had baseline samples available. We tested baseline samples by IgG-based immunoassays to classify baseline dengue serostatus, using two ELISAs (EUROIMMUN and Panbio) and three rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs; TELL ME FAST, SD BIOLINE, and OnSite). Vaccine efficacy in preventing symptomatic, hospitalised, and severe virologically confirmed dengue was determined for participants who tested positive by each immunoassay. The specificity and sensitivity of each immunoassay was determined as percentage negative and positive agreement compared with the reference algorithm, which used dengue plaque reduction neutralisation test with 50% and 90% cutoffs and non-structural protein 1 IgG ELISA results to assign baseline serostatus., Findings: Samples were available for 3967 participants, 2735 (69·0%) of whom were classified as seropositive by the reference algorithm. Vaccine efficacy against symptomatic virologically confirmed dengue in immunoassay-positive participants was high across all five immunoassays (EUROIMMUN ELISA 88·2% [95% CI 77·3 to 93·9], Panbio ELISA 87·6% [76·7 to 93·4], TELL ME FAST RDT 88·8% [67·0 to 96·2], SD BIOLINE RDT 82·8% [66·9 to 91·1], and OnSite RDT 89·7% [64·6 to 97·0]), as was vaccine efficacy against hospitalised virologically confirmed dengue (EUROIMMUN-ELISA 72·8% [38·9 to 87·9], Panbio ELISA 77·5% [52·8 to 89·3], TELL ME FAST RDT 92·4% [37·8 to 99·1], SD BIOLINE RDT 87·2% [54·5 to 96·4], and OnSite RDT 73·7% [-5·1 to 93·4]) and severe virologically confirmed dengue (EUROIMMUN ELISA 86·9% [-16·8 to 98·5], Panbio ELISA 91·3% [27·6 to 99·0], TELL ME FAST RDT 100·0% [not estimable to 100·0%], SD BIOLINE RDT 89·4% [9·6 to 98·8], and OnSite RDT 73·4% [-193·7 to 97·6]). The immunoassays exhibited high specificity (≥98·8% for all immunoassays apart from SD BIOLINE RDT) but variable sensitivities, with higher sensitivities observed for the ELISAs (EUROIMMUN 89·2% [87·9 to 90·3] and Panbio 92·5 [91·4 to 93·5]) than the RDTs (TELL ME FAST 52·5% [50·6 to 54·4], SD BIOLINE 71·1% [69·3 to 72·8], and OnSite 47·6% [45·7 to 49·5])., Interpretation: Our findings suggest that these immunoassays could be used for pre-vaccination screening for CYD-TDV as tools to assist risk stratification until more sensitive and convenient tests become available., Funding: Sanofi Pasteur., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

We assessed a dengue IgG rapid diagnostic test (RDT) and IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to determine their suitability for dengue prevaccination screening. Each exhibited ≥99% specificity. The RDT demonstrated no Zika cross-reactivity, while the ELISA displayed greater sensitivity. Both could safely guide vaccination in Puerto Rico pending availability of improved serotests., (Copyright © 2019 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: In September 2018, the World Health Organization recommended that prevaccination screening be used with the tetravalent dengue vaccine (CYD-TDV), to ensure that only individuals with evidence of prior dengue infection (PDI) are vaccinated. Dengue rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) would offer a potential solution for prevaccination screening at the point-of-care, but data on performance of available RDTs for identifying PDI are limited. We determined the suitability of four dengue RDTs and two conventional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) to identify PDI and evaluated cross-reactivity with co-circulating flaviviruses., Methods: Specificity was assessed using 534 dengue-negative [determined by 50% plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT50)] serum samples from USA (n = 229) and dengue-endemic regions (n = 305). Sensitivity was assessed using 270 samples from recent (n = 90) or remote (n = 90) virologically confirmed prior dengue cases, and dengue PRNT50-positive samples (n = 90). Cross-reactivity was assessed in dengue-seronegative samples that were seropositive for yellow fever (n = 57), Japanese encephalitis (n = 37), West Nile (n = 59) or Zika (n = 41)., Results: Dengue IgG RDTs and the Panbio ELISA exhibited favourable specificities (99-100%), higher than the Focus ELISA (95%). The RDTs had variable sensitivities (40-70%) that were lower than those of the ELISAs (≥90%). Cross-reactivity to other flaviviruses was low with RDTs (≤7%), but more significant with ELISAs (up to 51% for West Nile and 34% for Zika). No cross-reactivity to any of the four closely related flaviviruses was observed with the CTK Biotech RDT. For each SeroTest, sensitivity appeared similar in samples from individuals with recent (<13 months) vs remote (3-4 years) virologically confirmed PDI., Conclusions: In general, dengue IgG RDTs were found to be more specific and less cross-reactive than the ELISAs, but the latter were more sensitive for identifying PDI cases. Currently available RDTs could be temporizing tools for rapid and safe prevaccination screening until improved RDTs with increased sensitivity become available., (© International Society of Travel Medicine 2019. All rights reserved. For Permissions, please e-mail: journals.permissions@oup.com.)