14 results on '"Altabet, Mark A."'
Search Results
2. Steady-State Oxygen Isotope Effects of N2O Production in Paracoccus denitrificans
- Author
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Barford, Carol, Montoya, Joseph, Altabet, Mark, and Mitchell, Ralph
- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Methods for Measuring Denitrification: Diverse Approaches to a Difficult Problem
- Author
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Groffman, Peter M., Altabet, Mark A., Böhlke, J. K., Butterbach-Bahl, Klaus, David, Mark B., Firestone, Mary K., Giblin, Anne E., Kana, Todd M., Nielsen, Lars Peter, and Voytek, Mary A.
- Published
- 2006
4. Investigating the effect of El Niño on nitrous oxide distribution in the eastern tropical South Pacific.
- Author
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Ji, Qixing, Altabet, Mark A., Bange, Hermann W., Graco, Michelle I., Ma, Xiao, Arévalo-Martínez, Damian L., and Grundle, Damian S.
- Subjects
DIMETHYL sulfide ,OCEAN temperature ,OZONE layer depletion ,NITROUS oxide ,DENITRIFICATION ,GLOBAL warming ,TRACE gases - Abstract
The open ocean is a major source of nitrous oxide (N2O), an atmospheric trace gas attributable to global warming and ozone depletion. Intense sea-to-air N2O fluxes occur in major oceanic upwelling regions such as the eastern tropical South Pacific (ETSP). The ETSP is influenced by the El Niño–Southern Oscillation that leads to inter-annual variations in physical, chemical, and biological properties in the water column. In October 2015, a strong El Niño event was developing in the ETSP; we conduct field observations to investigate (1) the N2O production pathways and associated biogeochemical properties and (2) the effects of El Niño on water column N2O distributions and fluxes using data from previous non-El Niño years. Analysis of N2O natural abundance isotopomers suggested that nitrification and partial denitrification (nitrate and nitrite reduction to N2O) were occurring in the near-surface waters; indicating that both pathways contributed to N2O effluxes. Higher-than-normal sea surface temperatures were associated with a deepening of the oxycline and the oxygen minimum layer. Within the shelf region, surface N2O supersaturation was nearly an order of magnitude lower than that of non-El Niño years. Therefore, a significant reduction of N2O efflux (75 %–95 %) in the ETSP occurred during the 2015 El Niño. At both offshore and coastal stations, the N2O concentration profiles during El Niño showed moderate N2O concentration gradients, and the peak N2O concentrations occurred at deeper depths during El Niño years; this was likely the result of suppressed upwelling retaining N2O in subsurface waters. At multiple stations, water-column inventories of N2O within the top 1000 m were up to 160 % higher than those measured in non-El Niño years, indicating that subsurface N2O during El Niño could be a reservoir for intense N2O effluxes when normal upwelling is resumed after El Niño. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Enhanced microbial nitrogen transformations in association with macrobiota from the rocky intertidal.
- Author
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Pfister, Catherine A. and Altabet, Mark A.
- Subjects
NITROGEN ,CARBON compounds ,MICROORGANISMS ,MARINE algae ,DENITRIFICATION - Abstract
Microbial nitrogen processing in direct association with marine animals and seaweeds is poorly understood. Microbes can both attach to the surfaces of macrobiota and make use of their excreted nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). We tested the role of an intertidal mussel (Mytilus californianus) and red alga (Prionitis sternbergii), as well as inert substrates for microbial activity using enclosed chambers with seawater labeled with 15N -enriched ammonium and nitrate. Chambers with only seawater from the same environment served as a control. We found that 3.21 nmol of ammonium per gram of dry mass of mussel, on average, was oxidized per hour, while 1.60 nmol of nitrate was reduced per hour. Prionitis was associated with the oxidation of 1.50 nmol of ammonium per gram of wet mass per hour, while 1.56 nmol of nitrate was reduced per hour. Inert substrates produced relatively little change compared to seawater alone. Extrapolating to a square meter of shoreline, microbial activity associated with mussels could oxidize 2.5 mmol of ammonium and reduce per 1.2 mmol of nitrate per day. A square meter of seaweed could oxidize 0.13 mmol ammonium per day and reduce the same amount of nitrate. Seawater collected proximal to the shore versus 2–5 km offshore showed no difference in ammonium oxidation or nitrate reduction. Microbial nitrogen metabolism associated with mussels was not influenced by the time of day. When we experimentally added DOC (glucose) as a carbon source to chambers with the red alga and inert substrates, no change in nitrification rates was observed. Added DOC did increase dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and phosphorus uptake, indicating that DOC addition stimulated heterotrophic microbial activity, and suggests potential competition for DIN between heterotrophic and chemolithotrophic microbes and their seaweed hosts. Our results demonstrate that microbes in direct association with coastal animals and seaweeds greatly enhance nitrogen processing and likely provide a template for a diversity of ecological interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Investigating the effect of El Niño on nitrous oxide distribution in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific.
- Author
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Qixing Ji, Altabet, Mark A., Bange, Hermann W., Graco, Michelle I., Xiao Ma, Arévalo-Martínez, Damian L., and Grundle, Damian S.
- Subjects
NITROUS oxide ,SUPERSATURATION ,SOLUTION (Chemistry) ,ISOMERISM ,DENITRIFICATION - Abstract
The open ocean is a major source of atmospheric warming and ozone depleting gas nitrous oxide (N
2 O). Intense sea-to-air fluxes of N2 O occur in major oceanic upwelling regions such as the Eastern Tropical South Pacific Ocean (ETSP). The ETSP is influenced by the El Niño-Southern Oscillation that leads to inter-annual variations of physical, chemical and biological properties. A strong El Niño was developing in this region in October 2015, during which we investigated the N2 O production pathways and, by comparing to previous non-El Niño years, the effects of El Niño on water column N2 O distributions and fluxes. Analysis of N2 O natural abundance isotopomers suggested that both nitrification and partial denitrification (nitrate and nitrite reduction to N2 O) were important N2 O production pathways. Higher than normal sea-surface temperatures were associated with a deepening of the oxycline, while the level of sea surface N2 O supersaturation on the continental shelf was nearly an order of magnitude lower than those of non-El Niño years. Therefore, a significant reduction of N2 O efflux in the ETSP occurred during the 2015 El Niño event. At both offshore and coastal stations, the N2 O concentration profiles during El Niño showed moderate N2 O concentration gradients, and peak N2 O concentrations were deeper than during non-El Niño years; this was likely the result of suppressed upwelling retaining N2 O in subsurface waters. The depth-integrated N2 O concentrations during El Niño were nearly twice as high as those measured in non-El Niño years, indicating subsurface N2 O during El Niño could be a reservoir for intense N2 O effluxes when normal upwelling is resumed after El Niño. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Copepod-Associated Gammaproteobacteria Respire Nitrate in the Open Ocean Surface Layers.
- Author
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Moisander, Pia H., Shoemaker, Katyanne M., Daley, Meaghan C., McCliment, Elizabeth, Larkum, Jennifer, and Altabet, Mark A.
- Abstract
Microbial dissimilatory nitrate reduction to nitrite, or nitrate respiration, was detected in association with copepods in the oxygenated water column of the North Atlantic subtropical waters. These unexpected rates correspond to up to 0.09 nmol N copepod
−1 d−1 and demonstrate a previously unaccounted nitrogen transformation in the oceanic pelagic surface layers. Genes and transcripts for both the periplasmic and membrane associated dissimilatory nitrate reduction pathways (Nap and Nar, respectively) were detected. The napA genes and transcripts were closely related with sequences from several clades of Vibrio sp., while the closest relatives of the narG sequences were Pseudoalteromonas spp. and Alteromonas spp., many of them representing clades only distantly related to previously described cultivated bacteria. The discovered activity demonstrates a novel Gammaproteobacterial respiratory role in copepod association, presumably providing energy for these facultatively anaerobic bacteria, while supporting a reductive path of nitrogen in the oxygenated water column of the open ocean. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Enhanced microbial nitrogen transformations in association with intertidal macrobiota.
- Author
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Pfister, Catherine A. and Altabet, Mark A.
- Subjects
NITROGEN content of seawater ,CARBON compounds ,DENITRIFICATION ,MARINE animals ,MICROBIAL metabolism ,HETEROTROPHIC bacteria - Abstract
Microbial nitrogen processing in direct association with marine animals and seaweeds is poorly understood. Macrobiota supply a substrate for microbes to reside, and a source of excreted nitrogen and dissolved organic carbon (DOC). We tested the role of a mussel (Mytilus californianus), a red alga (Prionitis sternbergii) and an inert substrate for microbial activity using enclosed chambers and enriched ammonium and nitrate. Chambers with seawater from the same environment served as a control. We found that mussels and Prionitis elevated ammonium oxidation and nitrate reduction two orders of magnitude over that of seawater, while the effect of simply an inert substrate had relatively little effect. Extrapolating to a square meter of shoreline, microbial activity associated with mussels could oxidize 2.5 mmol of ammonium and reduce per 1.2 mmol of nitrate per day. A square meter of seaweed could produce even higher rates, at 135.2 and 320.5 mmol per day for nitrification and nitrate reduction, respectively. Seawater collected from the shore versus 2–5 km offshore showed no difference in ammonium oxidation or nitrate reduction. Microbial nitrogen metabolism associated with mussels did not change whether we measured it at night or during the day. When we experimentally added DOC (glucose) as a carbon source, there was no change to nitrification rates. Added DOC did increase DIN and phosphorus uptake, indicating that elevating the concentration of DOC stimulated heterotrophic microbial activity, and suggests potential competition for DIN between heterotrophic and chemolithotrophic microbes and their seaweed hosts. Our results indicate that microbes in direct association with coastal animals and seaweeds greatly enhance nitrogen processing, and likely provide a template for a diversity of ecological interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. N2O production and consumption from stable isotopic and concentration data in the Peruvian coastal upwelling system.
- Author
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Bourbonnais, Annie, Letscher, Robert T., Bange, Hermann W., Échevin, Vincent, Larkum, Jennifer, Mohn, Joachim, Yoshida, Naohiro, and Altabet, Mark A.
- Subjects
NITROUS oxide ,DATA analysis ,ISOMERISM ,DENITRIFICATION ,CHEMICAL reduction - Abstract
The ocean is an important source of nitrous oxide (N
2 O) to the atmosphere, yet the factors controlling N2 O production and consumption in oceanic environments are still not understood nor constrained. We measured N2 O concentrations and isotopomer ratios, as well as O2 , nutrient and biogenic N2 concentrations, and the isotopic compositions of nitrate and nitrite at several coastal stations during two cruises off the Peru coast (~5-16°S, 75-81°W) in December 2012 and January 2013. N2 O concentrations varied from below equilibrium values in the oxygen deficient zone (ODZ) to up to 190 nmol L−1 in surface waters. We used a 3-D-reaction-advection-diffusion model to evaluate the rates and modes of N2 O production in oxic waters and rates of N2 O consumption versus production by denitrification in the ODZ. Intramolecular site preference in N2 O isotopomer was relatively low in surface waters (generally −3 to 14‰) and together with modeling results, confirmed the dominance of nitrifier-denitrification or incomplete denitrifier-denitrification, corresponding to an efflux of up to 0.6 Tg N yr−1 off the Peru coast. Other evidence, e.g., the absence of a relationship between ΔN2 O and apparent O2 utilization and significant relationships between nitrate, a substrate during denitrification, and N2 O isotopes, suggest that N2 O production by incomplete denitrification or nitrifier-denitrification decoupled from aerobic organic matter remineralization are likely pathways for extreme N2 O accumulation in newly upwelled surface waters. We observed imbalances between N2 O production and consumption in the ODZ, with the modeled proportion of N2 O consumption relative to production generally increasing with biogenic N2 . However, N2 O production appeared to occur even where there was high N loss at the shallowest stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Simulating the global distribution of nitrogen isotopes in the ocean.
- Author
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Somes, Christopher J., Schmittner, Andreas, Galbraith, Eric D., Lehmann, Moritz F., Altabet, Mark A., Montoya, Joseph P., Letelier, Ricardo M., Mix, Alan C., Bourbonnais, Annie, and Eby, Michael
- Subjects
NITROGEN isotopes ,ZOOPLANKTON ,MARINE ecology ,NITROGEN fixation ,DENITRIFICATION ,CHEMICAL reduction ,DENITRIFYING bacteria ,NITROGEN removal (Sewage purification) - Abstract
We present a new nitrogen isotope model incorporated into the three-dimensional ocean component of a global Earth system climate model designed for millennial timescale simulations. The model includes prognostic tracers for the two stable nitrogen isotopes,
14 N and15 N, in the nitrate (NO- 3 ), phytoplankton, zooplankton, and detritus variables of the marine ecosystem model. The isotope effects of algal NO- 3 uptake, nitrogen fixation, water column denitrification, and zooplankton excretion are considered as well as the removal of NO- 3 by sedimentary denitrification. A global database of δ15 NO- 3 observations is compiled from previous studies and compared to the model results on a regional basis where sufficient observations exist. The model is able to qualitatively and quantitatively reproduce many of the observed patterns such as high subsurface values in water column denitrification zones and the meridional and vertical gradients in the Southern Ocean. The observed pronounced subsurface minimum in the Atlantic is underestimated by the model presumably owing to too little simulated nitrogen fixation there. Sensitivity experiments reveal that algal NO- 3 uptake, nitrogen fixation, and water column denitrification have the strongest effects on the simulated distribution of nitrogen isotopes, whereas the effect from zooplankton excretion is weaker. Both water column and sedimentary denitrification also have important indirect effects on the nitrogen isotope distribution by reducing the fixed nitrogen inventory, which creates an ecological niche for nitrogen fixers and, thus, stimulates additional N2 fixation in the model. Important model deficiencies are identified, and strategies for future improvement and possibilities for model application are outlined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. The effect of millennial-scale changes in Arabian Sea denitrification on atmospheric CO2.
- Author
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Altabet, Mark A., Higginson, Matthew J., and Murray, David W.
- Subjects
- *
DENITRIFICATION , *ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide - Abstract
Examines the effect of millennial-scale changes in Arabian Sea denitrification on atmospheric carbon dioxide. Importance of marine denitrification in the regulation of atmospheric greenhouse gases; Variation of denitrification with glacial-interglacial cycles; Response of global marine productivity to changes in denitrification.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. The effect of millennial-scale changes in Arabian Sea denitrification on atmospheric CO2.
- Author
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Altabet, Mark A., Higginson, Matthew J., and Murray, David W.
- Subjects
DENITRIFICATION ,ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide - Abstract
Examines the effect of millennial-scale changes in Arabian Sea denitrification on atmospheric carbon dioxide. Importance of marine denitrification in the regulation of atmospheric greenhouse gases; Variation of denitrification with glacial-interglacial cycles; Response of global marine productivity to changes in denitrification.
- Published
- 2002
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Climate-related variations in denitrification in the Arabian Sea from sediment 15N/14N ratios.
- Author
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Altabet, Mark A. and Francois, Roger
- Subjects
- *
SUSPENDED sediments , *NITROGEN isotopes , *DENITRIFICATION - Abstract
Reports nitrogen isotope data for sediment cores from three sites in the Arabian Sea. Regional changes in the isotopic composition of subsurface nitrate; Effect of global marine denitrification on the marine biogeochemical cycles during the Late Quarternary period.
- Published
- 1995
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Nitrogen isotope gradients off Peru and Ecuador related to upwelling, productivity, nutrient uptake and oxygen deficiency
- Author
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Mollier-Vogel, Elfi, Ryabenko, Evgenia, Martinez, Philippe, Wallace, Douglas, Altabet, Mark A., and Schneider, Ralph
- Subjects
- *
NITROGEN isotopes , *UPWELLING (Oceanography) , *NUTRIENT uptake , *MARINE productivity , *OXYGEN , *MARINE sediments , *PHYTOPLANKTON - Abstract
Abstract: We present new nitrogen isotope data from the water column and surface sediments for paleo–proxy validation collected along the Peruvian and Ecuadorian margins between 1°N and 18°S. Productivity proxies in the bulk sediment (organic carbon, total nitrogen, biogenic opal, C37 alkenone concentrations) and 15N/14N ratios were measured at more than 80 locations within and outside the present-day Peruvian oxygen minimum zone (OMZ). Microbial N-loss to N2 in subsurface waters under O2 deficient conditions leaves a characteristic 15N-enriched signal in underlying sediments. We find that phytoplankton nutrient uptake in surface waters within the high nutrient, low chlorophyll (HNLC) regions of the Peruvian upwelling system influences the sedimentary signal as well. How the δ 15Nsed signal is linked to these processes is studied by comparing core-top values to the 15N/14N of nitrate and nitrite (δ 15NNOx ) in the upper 200m of the water column. Between 1°N and 10°S, subsurface O2 is still high enough to suppress N-loss keeping δ 15NNOx values relatively low in the subsurface waters. However δ 15NNOx values increase toward the surface due to partial nitrate utilization in the photic zone in this HNLC portion of the system. δ 15Nsed is consistently lower than the isotopic signature of upwelled NO3 −, likely due to the corresponding production of 15N depleted organic matter. Between 10°S and 15°S, the current position of perennial upwelling cells, HNLC conditions are relaxed and biological production and near-surface phytoplankton uptake of upwelled NO3 − are most intense. In addition, subsurface O2 concentration decreases to levels sufficient for N-loss by denitrification and/or anammox, resulting in elevated subsurface δ 15NNOx values in the source waters for coastal upwelling. Increasingly higher production southward is reflected by various productivity proxies in the sediments, while the north–south gradient towards stronger surface NO3 − utilization and subsurface N-loss is reflected in the surface sediment 15N/14N ratios. South of 10°S, δ 15Nsed is lower than maximum water column δ 15NNOx values most likely because only a portion of the upwelled water originates from the depths where highest δ 15NNOx values prevail. Though the enrichment of δ 15NNOx in the subsurface waters is unambiguously reflected in δ 15Nsed values, the magnitude of δ 15Nsed enrichment depends on both the depth of upwelled waters and high subsurface δ 15NNOx values produce by N-loss. Overall, the degree of N-loss influencing subsurface δ 15NNOx values, the depth origin of upwelled waters, and the degree of near-surface nitrate utilization under HNLC conditions should be considered for the interpretation of paleo δ 15Nsed records from the Peruvian oxygen minimum zone. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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