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Purpose: The longevity of zirconia restoration depends upon its esthetic, proper occlusion, marginal adaptation, and restoration retention. This study aimed to investigate the combination of 10-MDP-containing primers between the two commercial systems (Scotchbond Universal Plus Adhesive and Panavia V5) and airborne-particle abrasion on shear bond strength (SBS) between zirconia and resin cement., Methods: High translucency zirconia discs were sectioned and sintered according to the manufacturer's recommendations. The specimens were randomly applied with three different primers (Scotchbond Universal Adhesive, Tooth Primer, and Clearfil Ceramic Primer). Then, each group was bonded with Panavia V5 and RelyX™ Universal resin cements. Airborne-particle abrasion on the zirconia surfaces was also conducted using the manufacturer's bonding protocol for both resin cements. SBS was analyzed by a two-way ANOVA with Tukey's adjustment for multiple comparisons (α = 0.05)., Results: Panavia V5 exhibited the highest SBS with Scotchbond Universal Adhesive (9.66±2.00 MPa) and Tooth Primer (8.47±2.08 MPa), respectively. As-sintered zirconia luted with primers and RelyX TM Universal resin cement exhibited lower SBS than that of Panavia V5. In regard to air-abrasion, air-abraded zirconia luted with Tooth Primer and Panavia V5 exhibited statistically significant higher SBS (29.26±3.26 MPa) than other groups (p<0.0001)., Conclusions: Combining primers from different adhesive cement systems may significantly enhance the bond strength. Zirconia luted with Scotchbond Universal Adhesive and Panavia V5 achieved the highest bond strength when combined with airborne-particle abrasion., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethical approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: The authors declare no competing interests. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Background: A recurring issue during orthodontic treatment is the detachment of brackets from the tooth surface, which proves problematic for both the patient and the orthodontist. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of various temperatures on the shear bond strength of metal molar tubes, using conventional multi-step and self-adhesive orthodontic adhesive systems., Methods: A total of 112 extracted human molars were randomly divided into eight groups (n = 14) for bonding tubes with two orthodontic adhesive systems (Transbond XT and GC Ortho Connect) at different temperatures: refrigeration temperature (4 °C), room temperature (20 °C), human body temperature (37 °C), and high temperature (55 °C). The shear bond strength (SBS) test was conducted using a universal testing machine set to a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The adhesive remnant index (ARI) was used to evaluate the amount of adhesive remnants on the molar surfaces. ARI scores were assessed under Carl Zeiss Stemi 2000-CS stereomicroscope with image recording camera AxioCam Mrc5 at ×10 magnification. The data were analyzed using Student's t-test, parametric analysis of variance (ANOVA), the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC), the Kruskal-Wallis test, and the chi-square test., Results: Higher mean SBS values were obtained with Transbond XT compared to GC Ortho Connect resin; however, the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). The SBS results were lowest at 20 °C and highest at 55 °C in the Transbond XT group, and lowest at 37 °C and highest at 20 °C in the GC Ortho Connect group with no statistically significant difference (p > 0.05). The distribution of the ARI scores between the two materials showed a statistically significant difference (p = 0.002), with higher ARI scores found in the Transbond XT group., Conclusions: Pre-heating orthodontic adhesives prior to bonding does not affect the shear bond strength., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Bioethical approval was obtained from the Lithuanian University of Health Sciences Bioethical Committee (No: 2024-BEC3-T-010) and the methods were carried out in accordance with the relevant guidelines. Informed consent to participate was obtained from all of the participants in the study. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Background: The effect of immediate dentin sealing (IDS) or delayed dentin sealing (DDS) on bond strength of different ceramic occlusal veneer restorations, was not examined yet, but the digital quantification of surface area of preparations helped in the calculation of the actual bond strength of these restorations, besides that, dentin sealing could influence the fracture resistance values of different ceramic occlusal veneer restorations. This study aimed to examine the effect of different dentin sealing strategies and different restorative materials on the debonding forces, bond strength and fracture resistance of occlusal veneer restorations., Materials and Methods: Human mandibular molars (N = 64/test) were prepared for occlusal veneer restorations fabricated from Lithium disilicate ceramic (LS) (control group), Zirconia-reinforced lithium Silicate ceramic (ZLS), High translucent zirconia ceramic (HZ), and Resin nano ceramic (LU) (n = 16). Each material was subdivided according to IDS or DDS application, (n = 8). Bond strength testing and fracture resistance values were measured using universal testing machine. Two-way ANOVA was performed to investigate the effects of the two variables, dentin sealing and material selection, and their interaction (α = 0.05), followed by One-way ANOVA and post hoc or Student t-test for further determination of significance., Results: For debonding forces and bond strength testing there were significant differences regarding different materials and dentin sealing strategies, while for fracture resistance, the material selection had a significant effect on it with no significant effects of dentin sealing strategies. The interaction between materials and dentin sealing showed no significant differences concerning all tests. For debonding forces and bond strength there was a higher result related to IDS application than DDS (p < 0.001*), and there was a significant effect of material selection on them (LS > ZLS > HZ > LU), (p = 0.001 * ). Regarding the fracture resistance there was significant increase of all studied materials than LU (p = 0.002 * )., Conclusion: Immediate dentin sealing increased the required debonding forces of occlusal veneers made of different materials and their bond strength without significant effect on their fracture resistance, however this improvement was found to be material dependant. All the used materials can withstand lateral and occlusal forces higher than the values recommended for restoring posterior teeth., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: This study was approved by the Institutional Review Board of the Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University (IRB No. 00010556-IORG 0008839). All methods were performed in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and the ethical guidelines adopted by the Research Ethics Committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, Alexandria University. Human teeth extracted due to periodontal or orthodontic reasons have been used. The extracted teeth have been collected from the [outpatient clinic] where extracted teeth were left voluntarily by the patients/parents/guardians at the disposal of the units’ staff, and informed consents were obtained from them regarding leaving the teeth for research purposes. All teeth specimens were de-identified of all potentially identifying private information. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Objective: To evaluate the effect of pre-procedural antiseptic mouthwashes on dentin bond strength of different adhesive systems., Methods: Flat occlusal dentin surfaces from 120 extracted human molars were randomly divided into four groups according to mouthwashes (0.12% chlorhexidine = CHX, 1% hydrogen peroxide = HP, 0.2% povidone-iodine = PI, and no mouthwash/control) and three subgroups of adhesives used (Clearfil SE Bond; CSE, Single Bond Universal = SBU in etch-and-rinse (ER) or self-etch (SE) modes) (n = 8). Composite resin was built up, and all bonded teeth were stored in 37°C distilled water for 24 h. Stick-shaped specimens were prepared and subjected to microtensile bond strength (µTBS) test. Failure mode analysis was determined using a light microscope. A resin-dentin interface was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM, n = 2). Elemental analysis in the PI group was further examined by SEM with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The µTBS data were statistically analyzed by two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Duncan's multiple comparison (P < 0.05)., Results: Rinsing with PI followed by SBU-SE demonstrated significantly higher µTBS than the control group (P < 0.05). Rinsing with HP showed significantly lower bond strength for CSE (P < 0.05). However, the effect of adhesive systems was not observed for all mouthwashes used (P > 0.05). SEM/EDX revealed the iodine deposition in the underlying dentin, where the highest amount of iodine was found for SBU-SE., Conclusion: CHX and PI can be recommended as pre-procedural antiseptic mouthwashes since they show no negative impact on µTBS for all tested adhesives. The dentin bond strength of CSE is hampered in the HP mouthwash group, and this should be a concern for the use of self-etching adhesive afterward.

Objectives: To examine whether the effectiveness of current dentin-priming approaches requiring solvated hydrophilic resins may be replicated by modifying the infiltration dynamics of neat methacrylate-based monomers into dry-etched dentin using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) pretreatments., Methods: H 3 PO 4 -etched mid-coronal dentin surfaces from human molars were air-dried for 30 s and randomly pretreated with 50 %(v/v) ethanolic DMSO for 20 or 60 s. Untreated samples and an isolated wet-bonding group served as controls. Samples were bonded with a three-step etch-and-rinse adhesive or simply with the solvent-free hydrophobic-rich resin. Restored crown segments (n = 7/group) were stored in distilled water for 24 h and sectioned for microtensile bond strength testing. Resin-dentin beams (0.8 mm 2 ) were tested under tension until failure (0.5 mm/min) after 24 h or 2 years of storage in artificial saliva at 37 °C. Nanoleakage evaluation and hybrid layer characterization were performed by SEM. Bond strength data was examined by three-way ANOVA followed by Tukey and Dunnett's test (α = 0.05)., Results: Pretreatments significantly affected the ability of neat and solvated resins to bond to etched-dry dentin (p = 0.001). Ageing significantly lowered bond strengths depending on resin composition and DMSO-application times (p = 0.007). While hybridization of DMSO-treated dentin with the solvated resin produced no significant reductions in bond strengths after ageing (p < 0.05) improving hybrid layer integrity, direct bonding of the neat hydrophobic-rich resin matched the long-term bonding performance of the "gold standard" wet-bonding protocol (p > 0.05)., Significance: Lowering dentin's hydration state via DMSO-dry bonding allows direct coupling of neat methacrylate-based resins, which may contribute to developing new strategies to ultimately extend the durability of resin-dentin interfaces., (Copyright © 2024. Published by Elsevier Inc.)

The aim was to compare different surface pretreatments on definitive resin crown materials manufactured additively or subtractively in terms of shear bond strength (SBS) values. Seven subgroups (n=10) were formed from additively manufactured VarseoSmile Crown Plus (VS) and subtractively manufactured Cerasmart270 blocks (CS) according to different surface pretreatments applied; sandblasting (subgroup SB), hydrofluoric acid (subgroup HF), Multi Primer (subgroup MP), subgroup SB-HF, subgroup SB-MP, subgroup SB-HF-MP, and control subgroup. A 3-mm-diameter composite was cemented onto each sample by self-adhesive resin cement. SBS values were measured and failure modes were analyzed after thermocycling. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey HSD tests. The mean SBS value of VS was found significantly higher than CS (p<0.001). Subgroups SB-HF-MP, HF, SB-MP, and MP of VS exhibited the highest SBS values (p<0.001). The VS exhibited mostly cohesive failure, while CS exhibited mostly adhesive failure.

This study evaluated the influence of phosphoric acid and primer on enamel bonding performance using Panavia V5. Ground bovine enamels were assigned: using K-etchant syringe and Tooth Primer (CT), using K-etchant syringe (PA), using Tooth Primer (TP), neither K-etchant syringe nor Tooth Primer was used (NC). The micro-tensile bond strength values of CT and PA were significantly higher than TP. After thermal cycling, the values were higher in CT and PA. In the leakage test, line-shaped signal pattern at the adhesive interface was detected in NC, and the signal was partially detected in PA and TP. Observation of the adhesive interface after acid and base challenge confirmed tooth-like structures in groups except NC. Large spaces were observed between the enamel and cement in NC. Limited in this study, the lack of application of phosphoric acid or Tooth Primer may affect the enamel bonding performance.

This study evaluated the effects of HEMA and 10-MDP in the bonding agent in a 2-step self-etch adhesive system, Clearfil SE Bond 2, on water sorption (W sp ) and elastic modulus (E) of the polymerized bonding agent. The microtensile bond strength (µTBS) to dentin was also evaluated initially and after 10,000 thermal cycles (TC10,000). Four bonding agents were tested: the original, H-free (excluding HEMA), M-free (excluding 10-MDP), and HM-free (excluding HEMA and 10-MDP). HEMA increased W sp and decreased E. Initial µTBS (TC0) was highest for the original and lowest for HM-free. After TC10,000, the original maintained the highest µTBS, indicating the importance of HEMA and 10-MDP. TC10,000 did not reduce µTBS for any groups. HEMA and 10-MDP compromised mechanical property and increased water sorption, suggesting these components could potentially compromise adhesive stability.

Background: Short dentin etching, a relatively recent technique, aims to improve resin-dentin bonding by preserving hydroxyapatite crystals within the collagen spaces. This study explores short dentin etching's potential in mitigating over-etching issues in deep proximal dentin/cementum margins, an aspect not previously investigated. This study evaluates the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and marginal adaptation of two universal adhesives using different etch-and-rinse strategies (15-second and 3-second etching) and self-etch strategies, both immediate and post-thermal cycling and mechanical loading., Methods: Eighty-four molars underwent μTBS testing, categorized by the universal adhesive type (Tetric Uni and Prime&Bond Uni) (n = 42) and adhesive strategy (n = 14) with half tested after 24 h and the rest post aging. Forty-two molars received occluso-mesial preparations with proximal margins in dentin/cementum and were restored accordingly. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) examination of epoxy replicas for the restoration/gingival dentin interfaces was conducted after 24 h and aging. Dentin etching patterns were assessed using SEM. A three-way ANOVA evaluated μTBS data, while a two-way ANOVA and paired sample t-test analyzed marginal adaptation data (significance level is α = 0.05)., Results: Adhesive type, strategy, and aging significantly influenced μTBS. After aging, Tetric Uni subgroups displayed higher bond strength compared to Prime&Bond Uni subgroups. Marginal adaptation was unaffected by adhesive type or strategy, although aging reduced bond strength and adaptation for both adhesives., Conclusions: The etch-and-rinse protocol yielded higher μTBS results for the HEMA-free isopropanol-based adhesive (Prime&Bond Uni). Marginal integrity was similar for both adhesives. The 3-second and 15-second etching times produced consistent results in all tests and for both adhesives., Clinical Significance: The adhesive protocol for bonding universal adhesives to dentin is contingent on the adhesive composition., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: All procedures conducted in this study aligned with the pertinent guidelines and regulations of the Helsinki Declarations. The molars gathered were extracted for therapeutic purposes not connected to the study and with prior informed consent from healthy individuals receiving dental care at The Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry, Kafrelsheikh University. The patients willingly donated the extracted teeth to the Faculty for research purposes. All experimental protocols received approval from the Scientific Research Ethics Committee of Kafrelsheikh University (KFSIRB200-260). Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Background: Resin cements often require substrate-specific pretreatment. Recently, universal adhesive systems have been introduced, simplifying procedures by eliminating the need for multiple adhesives and offering options that do not require light curing. This study investigated the bonding performance of universal adhesive systems combined with dual-polymerising resin cements on enamel, dentin, zirconia, lithium disilicate ceramics (LDS), and resin blocks., Methods: Two universal adhesive and dual-polymerising resin cement combinations from the same manufacturer were tested: Bondmer Lightless II (BLII) with Estecem II (ECII), and Scotchbond Universal Plus adhesive (SBU) with RelyX Universal resin cement (RXU). Enamel, dentin, zirconia (Katana Zirconia UTML), LDS (IPS e.max CAD CEREC), and resin blocks (Katana Avencia P Block) were used as substrates. The universal adhesive was applied to all bonding surfaces, followed by resin cement application in micro-bore Tygon tubes and light curing for 40 s. Micro-shear bond strength (μSBS) was measured after 0 thermal cycles (0TC) or 10,000 thermal cycles (10kTC) (n = 20). Statistical analyses were conducted using t-tests and Welch's t-tests with Bonferroni correction (α = 0.05), and failure modes were examined., Results: In the BLII/ECII group, the mean μSBS values exceeded 15 MPa for all substrates at 0TC. After thermocycling, μSBS increased significantly for the enamel (p < 0.05), remained unchanged for dentin and zirconia (p > 0.05) and decreased for LDS and resin blocks (p < 0.05). In the SBU/RXU group, 0TC μSBS values exceeded 15 MPa for enamel, zirconia, and resin blocks, but thermocycling significantly decreased μSBS for all substrates (p < 0.05). Comparison between BLII/ECII and SBU/RXU group showed no significant differences for enamel and resin blocks at 0TC (p > 0.05), but the BLII/ECII group exhibited higher SBS in the other groups (p < 0.05). Adhesive failure was the most frequently observed failure type across all groups., Conclusion: The adhesive performance on diverse dental substrates including enamel, dentin, zirconia, LDS, and resin blocks was notably affected by the selection of universal adhesive systems in combination with dual-polymerising resin cements that were applied. The BLII/ECII combination demonstrated long-term stable bonding performance for enamel, dentin, and zirconia., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: All procedures in this study complied with the relevant guidelines and regulations, including the Helsinki Declaration. The Ethics Committee of the Graduate School and Hospital, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (No. D2013-022–06), approved the study protocol and the use of extracted human teeth. A total of 28 caries-free human molars, collected in accordance with the approved protocol, were obtained from Tokyo Medical and Dental University Hospital. These dental extractions were not performed for the purpose of this study but were excess material. All donors were adults and provided written informed consent. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: Yasushi Shimada declares that he has a research contract with Tokuyama Dental, which might be perceived as a potential conflict of interest. The other authors have no competing interests., (© 2025. The Author(s).)

Objectives: To evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of universal cements (UCs) to dentin prepared with different diamond burs using various adhesive strategies., Materials and Methods: One-hundred-twenty molars were prepared to expose the mid-coronal dentin. The teeth were divided into two groups according to diamond bur preparations: coarse and super-fine grit burs. The specimens were bonded to lithium disilicate discs using two UCs (RelyX Universal, RXU and Panavia SA Luting Multi, PSA) with different adhesive strategies (self-adhesive, SA; self-etch, SE and etch-and-rinse, ER). SBS was measured using a universal testing machine. The cement-dentin interfaces were observed using scanning electron microscopy., Results: Dentin SBS was significantly influenced by the adhesive strategies and the type of UCs (p < 0.05) but not for the different diamond bur preparations (p > 0.05). UCs used with ER had significantly higher SBS values than UCs used in SA mode (P < 0.05), except for PSA with super-fine diamond bur. RXU in SE mode exhibited significantly higher SBS than SA mode (P < 0.05). Regarding UCs, RXU showed a higher SBS than PSA, particularly in the SE modes when the dentin was prepared with a coarse diamond bur (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: The use of UCs combined with universal adhesives exhibited higher dentin bonding performance compared with the use of UCs alone., Clinical Significance: The etch-and-rinse mode combined with a universal adhesive is recommended to achieve the highest dentin bond strength of universal cements., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethical approval: All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the principles of Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Institutional Ethic Committee (MU-DT/PY- IRB No.2023/060.2612). Informed consent: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to analyze the shear bond strength of composite resin to a commercially available high-performance polymer material for fixed, screw-retained full arch restorations., Material and Methods: A total of 135 computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing, high-performance polymer (HPP) blocks were cut and obtained from discs (Trilor 95, Harvest Dental, Brea, CA). The samples were 10 mm × 10 mm × 10 mm. The specimen surfaces were grouped as untreated (Group A), 50 μm Al2O3 (Group B), 110 μm Al2O3 (Group C), Rocatec (3 M, St. Paul, MN) activated with silica-modified alumina oxide treatment (Group D); and trimmed coarsely with a carbide bur (Group E). Group A samples were used as controls. After surface treatments, the specimens were gently cleansed with oil-free steam and alcohol wipes. Surface conditioning was performed on all physically treated samples.  The manufacturer's recommendations were followed for bonding composite resin to the samples with light-cured Visio.link (Bredent, Chesterfield, UK). Cylinders were veneered with composite resins (diameter 5 mm, height 4 mm) and polymerized on the specimen surfaces through plastic tubes. Twenty-seven specimens were used for each testing group and aging tests were performed. The experimental samples were thermocycled.  Shear bond strength and scanning electron microscopic tests were performed. Means and standard deviations were calculated.  Statistical analysis was performed with post-hoc Tukey tests., Results: Statistical analysis revealed that there was a significant difference between the groups (p<0.001). The highest shear bond strengths were achieved for the specimens bonded with Visio.link without physical surface treatments (270.47 MPa). The lowest bond strengths were found for specimen surfaces abraded with 110 μm Al2O3 (117.03 Mpa) CONCLUSIONS: The results of this laboratory study indicated that the specimens used with Visio.link as provided by the manufacturer had the highest shear bond strengths between the composite resin and high-performance polymer test specimens. Modifications of the high-performance polymer surfaces with carbide burs did not change bonding strengths with the composite materials., (© 2023 by the American College of Prosthodontists.)

Statement of Problem: Delamination of veneering ceramic is one of the most common challenges relating to veneered zirconia restorations. Additive manufacturing (AM) is a fast-expanding technology that has gained widespread acceptance in dentistry and is increasingly being used to produce dental restorations. However, information about bonding of porcelain to AM zirconia is lacking., Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate the shear bond strength (SBS) of porcelain to milled and additively manufactured zirconia, and the effect of surface treatment on bond strength., Material and Methods: A Ø12×5-mm disk was designed virtually to fabricate all specimens, which were divided into 2 groups according to the manufacturing technique: additively manufactured or milled zirconia. The effect of airborne-particle abrasion and a zirconia liner before porcelain application was investigated in both groups. Veneering porcelain was fired into an alumina ring mold on the zirconia surface. SBS was measured by using a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min before and after aging (n=10). SBS data were analyzed with 3-way ANOVA (α=.05) RESULTS: A significant difference was found between milled and AM zirconia. The SBS of porcelain to milled zirconia was significantly higher (1.38 MPa) than to AM zirconia (0.68 MPa) (P<.001). The surface treatment of zirconia had no significant effect on porcelain SBS in either group (P=.254), whereas thermocycling significantly reduced the SBS of porcelain to zirconia in both milled and AM groups (P=.001)., Conclusions: Porcelain bonding to milled zirconia was better than to AM zirconia. Pretreating the zirconia substrate before porcelain application did not improve the porcelain bond., (Copyright © 2023 Editorial Council for The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) and adhesive remnant index (ARI) scores of metal brackets to glazed lithium disilicate reinforced glass-ceramics and zirconia according to various surface treatment protocols., Methods: A total of 240 lithium disilicate ceramic (LD) and 240 zirconia (Zr) blocks were randomly divided according to sandblasting, hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching, universal primer use, and the adhesive system applied. A maxillary canine metal bracket was bonded to each sample with resin cement (Transbond XT, TXT). SBS tests and ARI score analysis were performed. Four-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test was used for SBS differences, and Fisher's exact test was used for the ARI scores (p < 0.05)., Results: All groups combining a universal primer with a universal adhesive with and without sandblasting provided satisfactory SBS values for both LD and Zr. Fractures of the samples were observed only for LD in the groups combining HF with universal primers and universal adhesives with and without sandblasting., Conclusions: Combining a universal primer with a universal adhesive could be recommended for orthodontic bonding to both LD and Zr. Regarding their risks (i.e., damaging the restoration surface or burning the oral tissues), sandblasting or HF might not be necessary despite the presence of glaze covering the ceramic surface., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable Consent for publication: Not applicable Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: Achieving a stable bond with zirconia requires mechanical and chemical bonding methods. Information regarding the optimal treatment method for zirconia with varying yttrium content is scarce. This study evaluated the effect of different surface treatments on the shear bond strength of zirconia with various yttria contents., Materials and Methods: A total of 168 disc-shaped zirconia specimens were classified into 12 groups based on the surface treatment method, including airborne-particle abrasion (APA), selective infiltration etching (SIE), hot etching (HE), and control group with no treatment; and yttria contents including Zolid Zi (4.5-5.6 wt% yttrium), Zolid HT White (6.7-7.2 wt% yttrium), and Ceramill Zolid FX (9.15-9.55 wt% yttrium). The surface roughness (Ra and Rz) of the specimens and the shear bond strength was measured (α = 0.05)., Results: The results indicated that the mean bond strength of all specimens was higher after different surface treatments compared to the control group, of which the APA method resulted in higher bonding strength in all kinds of zirconia than other methods (P < 0.05). In all types of zirconia, a significant difference was observed in surface roughness (Ra and Rz) resulting from various surface treatment methods (P < 0.001). Interaction of surface treatment methods and zirconia type significantly affected shear bond strength and surface roughness (P < 0.05)., Conclusion: APA significantly enhanced shear bond strength and surface roughness across all zirconia types and yttria contents. The SIE and HE methods also showed promising results. Zolid Zi showed superior bond strength, whereas Zolid FX demonstrated reduced bond strength., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: The study was approved by the ethical committee of the Guilan University of Medical Sciences, Rasht, Iran [IR.GUMS.REC.1400.262]. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests. Declaration of generative AI in scientific writing: While preparing this work, the author used ChatGPT to improve the manuscript’s language., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of bonded substrate, zirconia surface conditioning and the interaction between them on the shear bond strength of monolithic zirconia., Methods: Forty-eight monolithic zirconia discs were CAD-CAM fabricated and divided into two groups according to surface treatment either as milled and universal primer application (Monobond N, Ivoclar-Vivadent) (P) or sandblasting then universal primer application (Monobond N) (SP). Each main group was further divided into three test groups according to the bonded substrate: dentin (DSP, DP), composite (CSP, CP) or resin modified glass ionomer (RMGI) (GSP, GP). Adhesive resin cement (Multilinik automix, Ivoclar-Vivadent) was used for bonding. Specimens were stored in water bath for six months before thermal cycling for 10,000 cycles to mimic intra oral condition. All specimens underwent shear bond strength test (SBS) using a universal testing machine. Two and one-way ANOVA and Bonferroni Post Hoc tests were used for statistical analyses., Results: The means ± SD SBS of all test groups were recorded in (MPa). DSP group showed the highest mean SBS (22.65 ± 2.0) followed by DP group (18.61 ± 2.55). Meanwhile, GSP and GP groups showed the lowest mean SBS (4.77 ± 0.09, 4.57 ± 0.73 respectively)., Conclusion: Sandblasting with priming is recommended as a monolithic zirconia surface treatment method. Dentin is the most reliable substrate followed by composite., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: All procedures performed in this study were carried out in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations of Helsinki Declarations. All the experimental protocols were approved by the ethical committee of the Faculty of Dentistry, Mansoura University with reference number (A02012023FP). Teeth extracted for therapeutic reasons unrelated to the study were collected, with prior informed consent from healthy individuals who were seeking dental care at the Outpatient Dental Clinic, Faculty of Dentistry at Mansoura University. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: Marginal adaptation of the provisional restoration often requires relining from relining materials. This study determined the effects of surface treatments on the shear bond strength (SBS) between 3D-printed provisional and bis-acryl relining materials., Materials and Methods: The 3D-printed provisional specimens (9 × 9 × 2 mm 3 ) were prepared using methacrylate-based material. Five test groups (n = 15) based on surface treatments were evaluated; (1) no treatment (CT), (2) ethanol (ET), (3) universal adhesive; CLEARFIL TRI-S BOND Universal Quick (UA), (4) airborne-particle abrasion with 50 μm aluminum oxide particles (AA), and (5) airborne-particle abrasion followed by universal adhesive (AA-UA). The specimens were bonded with relined bis-acryl resin material and left at room temperature for 24 h, allowing the complete polymerization. Then, shear bond strength was performed using a universal testing machine with a knife-edge blade parallel to the bonded surface at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min until failure occurred. The fracture surfaces were examined under stereomicroscopy (20X) and scanning electron microscopy (50X)., Results: The CT group had the lowest shear bond strength (1.92 ± 0.26 MPa), which was no statistically significant difference from ET (2.11 ± 0.23 MPa). The significantly highest shear bond strength was obtained from AA-UA (14.39 ± 1.07 MPa) (p < 0.05), followed by AA (6.39 ± 0.59 MPa) and UA (3.34 ± 0.21 MPa), respectively. Failure modes obtained were varied, with mixed and cohesive failures in AA-UA (46.6% mixed failures) and AA groups (66.6% mixed failure) whereas primarily adhesive failures were observed in CT (93.5%), ET (86.6%), and UA groups (86.6%)., Conclusions: Within the limitation of this study, the optimal bond strength was obtained when airborne-particle abrasion and universal adhesive were applied on the 3D-printed provisional material and relined with bis-acryl relining material., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: The authors declare no competing interests. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the effect of a customized low-sodium bioactive glass (BG) fillers in experimental resin composites on their bond strength to dentin after 12 months of artificial aging. Specifically, it evaluated whether the bond strength was affected by different BG concentrations (0, 10, 20, 40 wt%) and artificial aging durations (1, 6, and 12 months)., Materials and Methods: Experimental composites were prepared with 10, 20, and 40 wt% of a customized low-sodium fluoride-containing BG. The experimental composite with 0 wt% BG was used as a control, while Beautifil II (Shofu) was used as an external reference material. A universal adhesive system was applied to dentin substrates and composite build-ups were made. Bond strength was measured using a macro-shear bond strength test, and Weibull statistics were used to assess the reliability of the materials. Failure modes were analyzed to evaluate the type of the fracture., Results: After 12 months, the bond strength of all experimental composites remained stable and comparable to the control material, with statistically significant improvements between 6 and 12 months for all experimental materials. The bond strength was statistically similar across materials, except at the 12-month point, where the 20 wt% BG-composite showed significantly higher bond strength than the 40 wt% BG-composite. The frequency of mixed failures in composite increased after 12 months, particularly in experimental composites containing higher BG content., Conclusions: The incorporation of a customized low- sodium BG into resin composites did not negatively impact their bond strength to dentin over 12 months. Instead, bond strength improved over time, and the composites remained mechanically stable, although a higher incidence of mixed failures was observed with increased BG content., Clinical Relevance: The customized low-sodium BG demonstrated stable bond strength over the 12-month period, offering a promising option for functional fillers in restorative composites without compromising the longevity of the adhesive-dentin interface., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethical approval: Not applicable. Informed Consent: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

This study evaluated the bond strength (BS) of conventional, anatomized, adjustable, and CAD/CAM fiberglass post systems. Forty maxillary canine roots were weakened, endodontically treated, and divided into four groups (n=10). A slice from each of the three sections (cervical, middle, apical) of the root canal was subjected to the push-out test and the failure pattern was subsequently analyzed. The most apical slice was subjected to analysis of the cementation line thickness by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Data regarding the BS and cementation line thickness were subjected to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test followed by the variance and Tukey tests. Data failure patterns were expressed as a percentage and submitted to the chi-square test. Conventional fiberglass posts had the lowest BD compared to the other fiberglass posts (p<0.05). All fiberglass posts exhibited a higher percentage of adhesive failures to dentin. The SEM demonstrated a thicker cementation line for the conventional post compared to the other groups (p<0.05), as well as gaps and voids in the cementing material. The anatomized, adjustable, and CAD/CAM milled fiberglass post systems demonstrated a superior BS and adaptation to the root dentin compared to the conventional fiberglass post.

The aim of this study is to assess the presence of MDP at various stages of the bonding procedure, enhance the adhesive and mechanical behavior of cemented zirconia ceramics. Fifty ceramic slices (15 × 15 × 2 mm) and 48 discs (Ø= 10 mm, 1 mm thickness) were prepared, sintered, air-abraded with aluminum oxide, and allocated considering: 1) microshear bond strength (µSBS) between ceramic slices and luting agent cylinders (height= 1 mm, Ø= 1.2 mm); 2) fatigue behavior, ceramic discs paired and bonded onto fiber-epoxy resin discs (Ø= 10 mm, 2.5 mm thickness), and then mechanically tested (cyclic loading, starting at 400N, with increments of 100N, until failure). Four experimental groups were defined: Universal Primer (MDP primer+non-MDP resin cement - RC), Universal Adhesive (MDP adhesive+non-MDP RC), Cement (no primer+MDP RC), and Primer+Cement (MDP primer + MDP RC). For both outcomes, half of the specimens were tested after 24 hours, and half after aging. Bond strength data was analyzed via two-way ANOVA and Tukey post-hoc tests, while fatigue data went through Kaplan-Meier and Mantel-Cox post hoc tests. Regarding µSBS, aging impaired adhesion only for the Primer+Cement group (p<0.001). Universal Primer and Universal Adhesive showed the highest bond strength (p<0.05). Despite that, fatigue data indicates no significant differences (p>0.05). In conclusion, systems with MDP-containing components associated with non-MDP resin cement demonstrated enhanced adhesive capability for zirconia restorations. Nevertheless, no differences in terms of mechanical reinforcement were observed.

This study investigated the effects of nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NAPP) application and dentin rehydration with water (REHY) on bond strength (BS) of adhesives. Three etch-and-rinse adhesives were tested: Scotchbond Multi-Purpose (SBM / water-based primer + adhesive resin), Gluma Bond Universal (GBU / single-bottle containing acetone as organic solvent) and Prime&Bond Universal (PBU / single-bottle containing propanol as organic solvent). Adhesives were applied: 1- to phosphoric acid-etched dentin (Control), 2- after NAPP application for 45 seconds to etched dentin or 3- after REHY with water (10 seconds) of plasma-treated etched dentin. BS was performed using human molars and microtensile test, in which specimens were tested after 24 hours or one year (n=6). BS data were analyzed by three-way mixed ANOVA and Bonferroni's test (α=0.05). The morphology of etched dentin (n=3) and the dentin-adhesive interfaces (n=3) were evaluated using SEM. NAPP and REHY did not increase the BS of GBU and PBU. The BS of SBM to etched dentin not treated with NAPP (Control) reduced significantly after one year. The PBU adhesive showed the highest bond strength to dentin when the adhesives tested were applied after REHY. Phosphoric acid demineralized dentin to a depth of 5 mm that allowed the adhesive penetration into the dentinal tubules, forming the resin tags. Interfacial structures were maintained after one year. Argon plasma treatment was not beneficial in increasing the dentin bond strength of adhesives to etched-dentin at 24 hours. However, rehydration after plasma application prevented the bond strength reduction for three-step adhesive after one year.

This study investigated the effect of rosmarinic acid (RA) on the immediate microtensile bond strength (µTBS) of 1-step self-etch adhesive to artificial caries-affected dentine (CAD), with or without NaOCl treatment. Dentine surfaces of 60 premolars were subjected to pH-cycling for artificial caries induction. Samples were randomly categorized into: NaOClRA group treated with 6% NaOCl and RA, RA group treated with RA solution, NaOCl group treated with 6% NaOCl, and untreated control group. Surface morphology was evaluated using SEM. Following bonding and composite placement, the specimens were sectioned into 1 mm 2 beams after 24 h of water storage, then µTBS test was done. Failure modes were assessed under stereomicroscope. There was significant increase in the µTBS of NaOClRA compared to NaOCl group (p=0.001). RA group showed significant increase in µTBS compared to NaOCl and control groups, (p<0.001, p=0.009 respectively). In conclusion, RA improved the µTBS to CAD with or without NaOCl treatment.

This study investigated the adhesion of 4META-MMA-TBB resin to CAD/CAM composite resin blocks. CAD/CAM composite resin blocks were subjected to alumina blasting, ceramic primer treatment, or both, and then bonded with 4META-MMA-TBB resin. The tensile bond strength of 4META-MMA-TBB resin to blocks without surface treatment was approximately 20 MPa, but with surface treatment, it significantly improved to approximately 40 MPa. Cohesive failure was observed in some blocks with surface treatment with both alumina blasting and ceramic primer. As a result of Soxhlet extraction of the adhesive interface with acetone solvent and FT-IR spectrum analysis, it was found that PMMA remained on the block surface when surface treatment with both alumina blasting and ceramic primer were performed. These results demonstrated that the bond strength of 4META-MMA-TBB resin is significantly improved when both alumina blasting and ceramic primer are applied as surface pretreatment to the CAD/CAM composite resin block.

This study evaluated the effect of different occlusal surface finishes (glaze and silica glass infiltration) on surface characteristics and fatigue behavior of partially stabilized zirconia (PSZ) plates adhesively bonded onto epoxy resin discs. PSZ disc specimens (n = 15; Katana blocks STML, Kuraray Noritake Dental) were produced (Ø = 10 mm; thickness = 1.2 mm) and allocated into 3 groups: As sintered (S), silica glass infiltration (SGI), and glaze application (G). The PSZ intaglio surface was air-abraded with 50-µm alumina powder followed by bonding agent application. All produced PSZ were adhesively cemented onto dentin analogue discs made of epoxy resin material (Ø = 10 mm; thickness = 2 mm). Step stress fatigue test was performed (load ranging from 200 to 1800 N; step size 100 N and 10,000 cycles; 20 Hz). The topographic, microstructural, and fractographic analyses were performed by scanning electron microscopy. Results: No statistically significant difference in fatigue behavior was detected among the groups. All failures started at the bonding surface. Silica glass-infiltration and glaze layer application provided a smoothing effect, while the sintered group had a surface with grooves. The occlusal surface finishing method (silica glass infiltration or glazing) had no deleterious effect on fatigue behavior of adhesively bonded PSZ plates.

Objectives: To investigate the survival rates and fracture resistance of dentures made from different teeth (milled, 3D-printed, fabricated), bases (milled, 3D-printed, pressed) and bonding combinations., Materials and Methods: Specimens (11 groups, n = 8 per group) were fabricated from combinations with a denture tooth (anterior tooth 21) and a denture base material. The groups consisted of combinations of teeth (6x), denture base materials (5x) and adhesive bonding options (4x). The teeth were printed, milled or prefabricated. The denture base was produced conventionally or was milled or 3D-printed. Two dentures were milled from one industrially produced block. The dentures were subjected to thermal and mechanical loading (TCML) and subsequent fracture test., Statistics: ANOVA, Bonferroni-test, Kaplan-Meier survival, Pearson correlation; α = 0.05., Results: Mean loading cycles varied between 221,869 (8), 367,610 (11), 513,616 (6) 875,371 (3) and 9,000,030 (4). ANOVA revealed significant (p ≤ 0.001) different surviving cycles. Log Rank test showed significantly (p < 0.001) different loading cycles. Fracture force after TCML varied between 129.8 +/- 97.1 N (3) and 780.8 +/- 62.5 N (9). ANOVA comparison revealed significant (p < 0.001) different fracture loadings between the individual systems. Correlation was found between fracture force and loading cycles (0.587, p < 0.001)., Conclusions: Different survival rates and fracture forces were found for dentures made of different teeth (milled, 3D-printed, prefabricated), bases (milled, 3D-printed, pressed) and bonding combinations. Milled, pressed and prefabricated systems provided longer survival and fracture force than the other tested systems., Clinical Relevance:  Optimal tooth-base combinations can help to produce a denture that is stable and resistant during clinical application., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethical approval: Not Applicable. Informed consent: Not Applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

This study aimed to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) when bonding a universal resin cement to a disilicate glass-ceramic using different adhesive protocols. Sixty specimens were etched with 10% hydrofluoric acid (HF) for 20 s and assigned to one of four treatment protocols (n = 15): The Positive control protocol comprised use of a universal adhesive system + adhesive resin cement; the Test1 protocol comprised use of a new universal adhesive system + universal resin cement; the Test2 protocol comprised use of a silane coupling agent + universal resin cement; and the use of a universal resin cement without adhesive and silane served as the Negative control. One of the two resin cement cylinders built on each specimen in each group was used to test for 24-h SBS, while the other was thermocycled and then tested for SBS. Data were submitted to two-way ANOVA, Tukey's test, and Weibull analysis. The negative control (24 h) showed the lowest SBS mean value. The Test2 protocol resulted in the highest SBS mean value after thermocycling. Adhesive and mixed failures were prevalent in all groups. No statistical difference in m values was observed among the groups at 24 h. After thermocycling, the two Test protocols showed the highest m values. The m values were significantly lower after thermocycling than at 24 h for all groups. After thermal aging, The Test2 protocol resulted in a statistically significantly higher SBS mean value after thermal aging than seen for the other groups., (© 2024 Scandinavian Division of the International Association for Dental Research. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)

Objective: To review the published evidence for the role of cross-head speed on the apparent mechanical properties and bond strength of filled resins to tooth structure in order to identify the causes of inconsistency and contradictory results., Method: The data for all available mechanical test results for studies involving dental resins at more than one strain rate was collected from 22 papers. Statistical reanalysis using linear regression was used to test the hypothesis that cross-head speed was correlated with the outcome, with the implication of causality, in each case., Results: In many cases the expected trend was found, in others not. However, it was apparent that the quality of data was often less than can be achieved, and that known interferences have not been recognized., Significance: Experimental work for the effect of cross-head speed on bond strength and other properties for dental resin-based materials has often failed to reach the standard which is required for useful data and thus better comprehension of behaviour. Other relevant conditions, such as temperature and water saturation, are in need of attention in this context., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study assessed the bond strength of resin-based restorative materials to fast-setting calcium silicate cement (Aarhus Uinversity, Denmark) when treated with each of two one-bottle universal adhesive systems. The cement surface (N = 256) was treated with a self-priming adhesive and a self-etch phosphate monomer-containing adhesive with and without etching of the cement surface. Specimens then received either resin composite or compomer restorative materials (n = 32). The bond strength was measured after 1 day and 1500 thermocycles (n = 16). The failure type was visually inspected. The cement-adhesive-restorative material interface was visualized using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression. Restorative material type, resin adhesive system, and thermocycling had a statistically significant effect on the bond strength. Compomer restorative material and self-etch universal adhesive system demonstrated statistically significantly higher bond strength values to fast-setting calcium silicate cement, predominantly exhibiting cement cohesive failure. Etching the cement surface enhanced the bond strength of the self-priming universal adhesive. Thermocycling significantly reduced the bond strength. SEM showed self-etch universal adhesive seemingly diffused over the etched cement surface compared to other groups. Self-etch phosphate monomer-containing universal adhesive and compomer resulted in the highest bond strength to fast-setting calcium silicate cement., (© 2024 The Author(s). European Journal of Oral Sciences published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Scandinavian Division of the International Association for Dental Research.)

Purpose: This study aimed to assess the bonding stability of three universal adhesives to a CAD-CAM feldspathic ceramic with or without prior silane application., Materials and Methods: The universal adhesives tested were Ambar Universal (FGM), Single Bond Universal (3M), and Ybond Universal (Yller). Scotchbond Multipurpose Plus (3M) was used as a control. The silane used was RelyX Ceramic Primer (3M). Microtensile bond strength (μTBS) to Vitablocs Mark II was measured after 24 h or 6 months of water aging (n = 20). Failure modes were observed through scanning electron microscopy, and pH and degree of C=C conversion (DC) of the adhesives were measured (n = 3). Data were analyzed using one-, two-, and three-way ANOVA., Results: The pH values differed significantly among the adhesives (p < 0.001), while the DC was similar (p = 0.141). The universal adhesives showed significant differences in μTBS, with higher immediate results when using silane and lower results after aging. Notably, a significant decrease in μTBS was observed after 6 months when silane was applied. In contrast, the control adhesive exhibited consistent results between the 24-h and 6-month storage periods. The universal adhesives showed a decrease in μTBS ranging from 25.5% to 40.1% after prolonged storage. Adhesive failures were predominant in all groups. The presence or absence of silane in the adhesive composition did not affect the bonding performance., Conclusions: The application of a separate silane coupling agent improved the immediate bond strength of universal adhesives to CAD-CAM feldspathic ceramic. However, this bond strength significantly decreased after 6 months of water aging. The bond strength remained stable for universal adhesives when applied without silane after 6 months of aging., (© 2023 by the American College of Prosthodontists.)

Aim: The aim of this study was to compare the microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and failure mode of 4 different universal adhesive systems (UAs) on human dentin., Materials and Methods: The study sectioned the occlusal thirds of 32 human third molars and divided them into 4 groups based on the adhesive system used. Group A: Palfique Universal Bond, Group B: Single Bond Universal, Group C: All-Bond Universal, and Group D: One Coat 7 Universal. The specimens underwent a 10,000-cycle thermocycling ageing process prior to testing (n = 32). Afterwards, 8 beams were obtained per group and subjected to µTBS testing using a digital universal testing machine at a speed of 1 mm/min. The microtensile bond strength values were analysed in Megapascals (MPa), and the failure mode was evaluated using a stereomicroscope. Welch's parametric ANOVA with robust variance and the Games-Howell post hoc test were used for µTBS comparisons, and Fisher's exact test was used to determine the association between adhesive type and failure mode. The significance level was set at P < .05., Results: Group D showed a significantly higher µTBS than groups A (P < .001) and B (P < .001), but no significant difference was observed with group C (P= .075). Furthermore, groups B and C showed significantly higher µTBS than group A (P< .001 and P < .001, respectively), but there was no significant difference between groups B and C (P = .132). Additionally, group A exhibited a significant association with an adhesive failure mode (P < .05), whereas groups B, C, and D were significantly associated with a mixed failure mode (P < .05)., Conclusion: The One Coat 7 Universal adhesive system showed higher microtensile bond strength values and higher chemical interaction with dentin compared to Palfique Universal Bond and Single Bond Universal. However, no significant differences were observed compared to All-Bond Universal., Competing Interests: Conflict of interest None disclosed., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

To establish an acid-etching protocol for Biodentine and Cimmo DTA, evaluating compressive strength, bond strength, surface morphology in scanning electron microscope and failure modes after different etching times. Two test specimens were prepared for each cement and divided into four groups (n = 12) according to the acid-etching time (0, 5, 10 and 15 s). Compressive strength was tested using a universal testing machine, while bond strength was evaluated after bonding with Filtek Bulk Flow resin using Universal ESPE Single Bond adhesive. Failures were classified as surface-adhesive, cement-cohesive, resin-cohesive and mixed. Biodentine showed significantly higher compressive strength than Cimmo DTA (p < 0.001), regardless of acid etch time (p < 0.001). Different acid-etching strategies are required for Biodentine and Cimmo DTA, with Biodentine requiring selective etching and Cimmo DTA requiring a full 15-s etch to optimise bond strength properties., (© 2024 Australian Society of Endodontology Inc.)

Statement of Problem: Despite the advances in dental cements a significant gap remains in understanding how different dispensing and mixing techniques impact the physical properties of resin-based cements., Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to investigate how the physical properties, shear bond strengths (before and after thermocycling), and film thickness of resin-based cements change based on the dispensing and mixing methods., Material and Methods: Eight different resin-based cements were evaluated, and specimens were prepared for each method (n=14) by following International Organization for Standardization (ISO) standards. The specimens were desiccated and immersed according to the ISO standard, and measurements were made to determine water sorption, solubility, mass change, and film thickness. Finally, specimens were thermocycled (5-55˚C for 20 000 cycles), and shear bond strength was evaluated. Statistical analysis was then performed with the 1- and 2-way ANOVA and the Tukey post hoc test (α=.05)., Results: For Variolink Esthetic (automix, 30.03 µg/mm 3 ), the W sp was 74.8% greater than Variolink II (hand mix, 17.18 µg/mm 3 ) and 682.3% more soluble (P<.05). The least soluble resin-based cements were RelyX Unicem (3.83 µg/mm 3 ), RelyX Unicem 2 (2.22 µg/mm 3 ), and Variolink II (2.43 µg/mm 3 ). PANAVIA SA automix and G-CEM LinkAce automix had twice the film thickness as their hand mixed counterparts (P<.05). Thermocycling reduced the shear bond strength for most resin-based cements. RelyX Unicem (3.94 MPa), Variolink II (8.52 MPa), and G-CEM Capsule (5.02 MPa) demonstrated significantly higher shear bond strength compared with their automix counterparts (P<.05)., Conclusions: The dispensing methods were found to significantly impact the properties of resin-based cements. Variolink II demonstrated the lowest water sorption and highest shear bond strength among the cements tested. RelyX in both mixing methods exhibited a low solubility rate. Additionally, RelyX showed consistent thickness, regardless of the different dispensing methods., (Copyright © 2024 Editorial Council for The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: This study aimed to introduce a novel technique for fabricating provisional crowns integrated as a single unit with aligner attachments., Methods: A total of 60 crowns with attachments were prepared: 20 conventional (Protemp) and 40 3D-printed (20 bonded with attachments; 20 integrated with composite attachments as a single unit) using NextDent resin. Two central incisors were scanned (once without attachments and once with attachments) to create STL files for specimen printing. Half of the specimens (30, n = 10 per group) underwent thermal cycling (5000 cycles). Shear bond strengths (MPa) were evaluated using a universal testing machine. The debonded areas and attachment failures were analyzed to determine the fracture type. Data analyses were performed using ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests (α = 0.05)., Results: The 3D-printed specimens showed higher strength values than the bonded attachments per group (P < 0.001). The 3D-printed crowns with attachments demonstrated the highest strength (12.39 ± 1.92 MPa). Thermal cycling significantly decreased the bond strength of the attachments (P < 0.001), except in the 3D-printed crowns with composite attachments as a single unit, which showed no significant change after thermal cycling (P = 0.643). In the bonded attachment groups, the adhesive type was the predominant failure mode, while in the 3D-printed groups, attachment fractures were the primary cause of failure., Conclusion: The 3D-printed provisional crowns with attachments have high strength and is clinically appropriate for orthodontic treatment when temporization of teeth is indicated., Clinical Significance: The developed technique for fabricating 3D-printed provisional restorations with orthodontics attachments as a single unit is a promising approach. The technique may be incorporated into the digital orthodontic treatment workflow when temporization is indicated., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: Using computer-aided design and manufacturing (CAD-CAM) technology in restorative dentistry increased the application of lithium disilicate (LD) materials. The bond strength to core and repairing materials is crucial in the restoration's longevity. This systematic review evaluates the shear bond strength (SBS) of CAD-CAM-LD restorative materials to other materials using different surface treatments., Methods: An electronic literature search was performed through PubMed/Medline, Embase, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar. Studies were selected based on specific criteria. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Quasi-Experimental Studies., Results: Eleven studies were included, primarily investigating composite resin as the repair material. SBS values ranged from 0.82 to 32.96MPa, with the highest values observed for IPS e.max-CAD subjected to silicon carbide polishing, hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching, and silane application. For core materials, the highest SBS was reported for HFtreated IPS e.max-CAD bonded to tribochemically coated titanium and air-abraded zirconia, with SBS values ranging from 5.88 to 34MPa., Conclusions: This review indicates that HF etching combined with silane application is the most effective method for improving bond strength in CAD/CAM-LD restorations. Applying surface treatments to both the core material and CAD/CAM-LD can further enhance bond strength., (Copyright© 2024 Dennis Barber Ltd.)

Background: During restoring class II and V cavities with resin composite, hemostatic agents are frequently used to control gingival bleeding and/or gingival fluid to provide a dry field which is crucial for efficient bonding. Hemostatic agents may adversely affect the bonding procedure, thus their removal prior to bonding is essential. The current study evaluates the effect of two hemostatic agents and different dentin cleansing protocols on the shear bond strength of resin composite to dentin using a universal adhesive., Methods: Ninety premolars were sectioned to expose coronal dentinal surfaces which were divided into 3 groups: control group, not treated with hemostatic agent (n = 10); a group treated with Viscostat "20% ferric sulphate" (n = 40); and a group treated with Viscostat clear "25% aluminum chloride" (n = 40). The groups treated with hemostatic agents were subdivided into 4 subgroups according to the cleansing protocol: water, phosphoric acid, katana cleaner, and air abrasion. Shear bond strength (SBS) of resin composite bonded to the treated dentin using a universal adhesive was measured after thermocycling., Results: Two-way ANOVA showed that hemostatic agent, cleansing protocol and their interaction has significant effect on SBS (p < 0.0001). Viscostat (10 ± 3.3 MPa) exhibited lower SBS than Viscostat Clear (16.2 ± 5.5 MPa). Acid etching (17.3 ± 7.3 MPa) showed higher SBS compared to Katana Cleaner (12.6 ± 4.7 MPa), water (12.1 ± 4.8 MPa) and air abrasion (10.8 ± 2 MPa)., Conclusion: The use of hemostatic agents can adversely affect the bond strength of universal adhesives to dentin. Phosphoric acid provided the best hemostatic agent-cleansing protocol while katana cleaner and air abrasion demonstrated inferior results., Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Ethical approval of protocol (# 124-10-22) was obtained by the Research Ethics Committee, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. The written informed consent was obtained from all patients from whom the teeth were extracted according to the protocol (# 124-10-22) approved by Research Ethics Committee, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Background: The purpose of the study is to evaluate the effect of 7 different desensitizing agents on the shear bond strength (SBS) of zirconia restorations to dentin with a self-adhesive resin cement and determine the failure modes., Methods: Eighty molars' occlusal surfaces were ground to expose dentin and were randomly divided into 8 groups (n = 10): 1. Gluma (HEMA/Glutaraldehyde) 2. Bifluoride (Sodium Fluoride/Calcium Fluoride) 3. Admira (Bis-GMA/HEMA) 4. Smart Protect (Glutaraldehyde) 5. Teethmate (Tetracalcium phosphate, Dicalcium phosphate) 6. Clinpro White (Sodium fluoride) 7. BisBlock (Oxalic acid) and 8. Control (No-treatment). After applying the agent, a self-adhesive resin cement (Rely-X U200) was used to lute zirconia discs (4 mm height and 4 mm diameter) to dentin. After stored in distilled water at 37 °C for 24 h, all groups were thermocycled for 2500 cycles between 5 ± 2 °C and 55 ± 2 °C. Specimens were submitted to SBS test with a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min until failure. SBS values were compared with ANOVA. Post-hoc multiple comparisons were performed with Dunnett T3. The failure modes of specimens were examined with stereomicroscope at a magnification of 20X and the distribution of the failure modes were evaluated with Pearson Chi-Square test., Results: Regarding mean SBS values in MPa's; Admira (10.70 ± 3.99), Smart Protect (9.62 ± 3.93), and Gluma (8.90 ± 3.76) treatments showed higher SBS values compared to control group (p < .05) according to ANOVA. The SBS values of Teethmate (5.31 ± 2.37) and Clinpro White (4.32 ± 2.44) were higher than control group but the difference was not found significant (p > .05). BisBlock (2.33 ± 1.94) and Bifluouride (1.60 ± 1.47) groups showed the lowest SBS values but their difference between control group was not found statistically significant (p > .05). Most specimens showed adhesive failure but no statistically significant difference was found in the distributions of failure modes according to Chi-square test., Conclusion: Within the limitation of the study; Admira, Smart Protect, and Gluma increased the SBS of the zirconia restorations to dentin and can be recommended to use on prepared dentin surfaces prior to the cementation., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate The present study was accepted by the Ege University Medical Faculty Clinical Researches Ethics Committee with decision number 15 − 9.1/11 on 26 October 2015. The authors declare that informed patient consent was provided from the involved patients. Consent for publication Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Objective: This study aimed to systematically review the effect of laser treatment on the bond strength of epoxy resin-based and calcium silicate-based endodontic sealers to root dentine., Methods: The search encompassed four databases: PubMed/MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, and ISI Web of Science. Inclusion criteria were limited to in vitro studies conducted on extracted human teeth evaluating bond strength in megapascals (MPa) of either epoxy resin-based or calcium silicate-based sealers, using the push-out test. Two independent reviewers appraised the methodological quality of the selected studies to assess the risk of bias. Meta-analysis was performed for different laser types, endodontic sealers, and control groups. Standard Mean Difference and 95% Confidence Interval values were calculated., Results: 17 studies met the inclusion criteria for qualitative synthesis, and 15 for quantitative analysis. Meta-analyses revealed that certain lasers (Er,Cr:YSGG, Er:YAG) significantly increased bond strength for epoxy resin-based sealers when compared to negative controls (inert solutions), but did not show a significant advantage over EDTA agent. For calcium silicate-based sealers, laser treatment did not show significant enhancement in bond strength compared to either inert solutions or EDTA. The subgroup analysis suggested that erbium lasers, especially in the PIPS mode, potentially increase the bond strength of epoxy resin-based sealers., Conclusion: Laser treatment enhances the bond strength of epoxy resin-based sealers compared to inert solutions, but not more than EDTA. For calcium silicate-based sealers, laser treatment does not significantly improve bond strength over inert solutions or EDTA., Clinical Relevance: Laser treatment increases the bond strength of epoxy resin-based sealers., Competing Interests: Declarations Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objectives: To assess the influence of different primer compositions-silane (S), 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP), and the combination of silane and MDP (S + MDP)-on the bonding performance of MDP-free and MDP-containing resin cements to highly translucent zirconia., Materials and Methods: Tribochemical silica-coated zirconia plates were pretreated with one of three experimental primers, S, MDP, or S + MDP, with untreated specimens serving as controls. Subsequently, these plates were bonded to stainless-steel rods using either two MDP-free or two MDP-containing resin cements. Tensile bond strength was measured after 24 h (TC0) and following thermal cycling (4-60 °C for 10,000 cycles; TC10,000). Data were analyzed using a three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), followed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey-Kramer post hoc tests (α = 0.05). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) assessed the elemental mass concentrations on the zirconia surfaces., Results: For MDP-free resin cements, MDP-treated specimens exhibited significantly greater bond strengths than controls, regardless of the aging conditions. However, a significant reduction in bond strength was observed between TC0 and TC10,000 in most of the MDP-free resin cement groups, except for one S + MDP group. Conversely, for MDP-containing resin cements, the S + MDP group exhibited no statistically significant differences between aging conditions. Notably, XPS analysis detected silicon, zirconium, and aluminum on the zirconia surfaces., Conclusions: No significant difference in tensile bond strength was observed between aging conditions for MDP-containing resin cements bonded to tribochemical silica-coated zirconia primed with S + MDP., Clinical Relevance: The combination of MDP-containing primers and resin cements demonstrated superior bonding performance to tribochemical silica-coated zirconia., Competing Interests: Declarations Ethics approval and consent to participate Not applicable. Competing interests The authors declare no competing interests., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objectives: This study was to investigate the effects of optimized microstructured surfaces on bond strength and bond durability of the latest nanoparticle jetting (NPJ)-printed zirconia., Methods: Zirconia microstructured surfaces with different geometries and void volume were analyzed through three-dimensional finite element analysis for surface micromorphology optimization. Zirconia disks and cylinders were additively manufactured by an NPJ 3D printer (N = 128). They were randomly divided into four groups based on surface micromorphology optimization and airborne-particle abrasion (APA) treatment before they were bonded using 10-methacryloloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) containing resin cement (Clearfil SA luting cement). The shear bond strengths (SBSs) were tested before and after 10,000 thermocycles and were analyzed by one-way ANOVA analysis. Failure modes were determined by optical microscopy. Zirconia surfaces were analyzed with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and three-dimensional interference microscopy., Results: The optimized microstructured surface was characterized by circular microstructures with 60 % void volume, about 20 µm of depths, about 10 µm of undercuts, and consistent beam widths. The optimized microstructured surface combined with APA treatment and MDP-containing resin cement possessed the highest SBSs both before and after thermocycling aging (P＜0.05). The greater reductions of zirconia bond strengths occurred when the zirconia were not treated with APA (P＜0.05)., Significance: The optimized microstructured zirconia surface with circular microstructures and 60 % void volume fabricated by the latest NPJ printing technology could greatly enhance the zirconia bond strength and durability in combination with APA treatment and application of MDP-containing resin cement, which might be promising for adhesively bonded indirect restorations of NPJ-printed zirconia., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Statement of Problem: Additively manufactured composite resins for definitive restorations have been recently introduced. The bond strength between these composite resins and different substrates has not been extensively studied., Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to measure the shear bond strength (SBS) between additively manufactured composite resins and dentin and titanium substrates and compare those with the SBS between subtractively manufactured polymer-infiltrated ceramic and the same substrates (dentin and titanium), when different dual-polymerizing resin cements were used., Material and Methods: One hundred and eighty cylinder-shaped specimens (Ø5×5 mm) were prepared from 3 materials recommended for definitive restorations: an additively manufactured composite resin (Crowntec [CT]); an additively manufactured hybrid composite resin (VarseoSmile Crown Plus [VS]); and a subtractively manufactured polymer-infiltrated ceramic (Enamic [EN]) (n=60). Specimens were randomly divided into six subgroups to be cemented to the two substrates (dentin and titanium; n=30) with 1 of 3 resin cements (RelyX Universal, Panavia V5, and Variolink Esthetic DC) (n=10). The restoration surface to be bonded was treated according to the respective manufacturer's recommendations. Dentin surfaces were treated according to the resin cement (Scotchbond Universal Plus Adhesive for RelyX Universal, Panavia V5 Tooth Primer for Panavia V5, and Adhese Universal for Variolink Esthetic DC), while titanium surfaces were airborne-particle abraded, and only the specimens paired with Panavia V5 were treated with a ceramic primer (Clearfil Ceramic Primer Plus). SBS was measured in a universal testing machine at a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. Failure modes were analyzed under a microscope at ×12 magnification. Data were analyzed by using 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey honestly significant difference tests (α=.05)., Results: When SBS to dentin was considered, only restorative material, as a main factor, had a significant effect (P<.001); EN had the highest SBS (P<.001), while the difference in SBS values of CT and VS was not significant (P=.145). As for SBS to titanium, the factors restorative material and resin cement and their interaction had a significant effect (P<.001). Within each resin cement, EN had the highest SBS to titanium (P<.001), and within each restorative material, Variolink resulted in the lowest SBS (P≤.010). Overall, EN and RelyX were associated with the highest SBS to titanium (P≤.013). Mixed failures were predominant in most groups., Conclusions: Regardless of the substrate or the resin cement used, the subtractively manufactured polymer-infiltrated ceramic had higher shear bond strength than the additively manufactured composite resins. The SBS of the additively manufactured composite resins, whether bonded to dentin or titanium, were not significantly different from each other. Regardless of the restorative material, Variolink DC resulted in the lowest SBS for titanium surfaces., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This study evaluated the effect of 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (SH) or calcium hypochlorite (CH) submitted to passive ultrasonic irrigation (PUI) or conventional irrigation (CI) on the incidence of residues and the bond strength of the cementation system to post-space dentin. Distilled water (DW) and 2.5% SH followed by 17% EDTA (SH-ED) were used as negative and positive control groups, respectively. The cervical, middle, and apical thirds of the post space were evaluated. One hundred and twenty bovine incisors were endodontically treated and post-space preparation was performed. The specimens were randomly assigned to six groups, according to the solution and irrigation method: DW-CI, SH-ED-CI-SH, SH-CI, SH-PUI, CH-CI, and CH-PUI. The incidence of residues (n=10) over the dentin was evaluated by scores using SEM images. Other specimens were irrigated as previously described and the post cementation was immediately performed using a conventional dual resin cement and a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system. Push-out and failure modes were performed for bonding evaluation. Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn test for incidence of residues data and one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests for bond strength data were used at a significance level of 5%. The protocols that showed a lower incidence of residues were: SH-ED-CI-SH, SH-PUI, and CH-PUI for the cervical third and SH-ED-CI-SH for the middle third (p<0.05). In the apical third, the protocols were similar to each other (p>0.05). Bond strength values were higher after irrigation with DW-CI for all thirds (p<0.05). 2.5% sodium or calcium hypochlorite negatively impacted the adhesion interface and exhibited a greater incidence of residues over the post-space radicular dentin., (©Operative Dentistry, 2024.)

Background: The mentioned advantages of bulk-fill composite resin and high-viscosity glass ionomer restorative materials have increased their use in restorative dentistry in recent years; accordingly, the bonding of these materials to dental tissues and their mechanical properties have become more important., Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different application methods on Vicker's hardness and shear bond strength of three different restorative materials., Methods: In this in-vitro study; Teflon molds were used for the microhardness test. In the control group, reinforced high-viscosity glass ionomer, high-viscosity glass ionomer, and flowable bulk-fill composite resin were applied by the manufacturer's instructions. In other groups, preheating, ultrasonic activation, and both preheating and ultrasonic activation were applied, respectively (n = 14). Microhardness values of the upper surfaces of the specimens were measured with Vicker's hardness measuring device. For the shear bond strength test, 84 intact human molar teeth were used. The teeth were sectioned two in the mesiodistal direction (n = 14). The materials were applied to the dentin using the same placement protocols as those used in the hardness test. After the specimens were maintained at 37°C for 24 h, the shear bond strength test was performed using a universal test device., Statistical Analysis Used: The data were analyzed using SPSS 26.0 at a 95% confidence level. The Mann-Whitney test was also used for the statistical analysis of the data (P = 0.05)., Results: Preheating the restorative materials significantly decreased the shear bond strength in the flowable bulk-fill composite resin group (11.77 ± 4.46 MPa) compared with that in the control group (12.14 ± 4.23 MPa) (P < 0.05) but significantly increased the shear bond strength in the reinforced high-viscosity glass ionomer group (3.91 ± 2.93 MPa) (P < 0.05)., Conclusions: It can be concluded that preheating before application may increase the shear bond strength of reinforced high-viscosity glass ionomer., (Copyright © 2024 Nigerian Journal of Clinical Practice.)

Background: To investigate the effects of thermal cycling and surface treatment methods on the bonding effectiveness of multi-step resin cements to CAD/CAM blocks., Methods: A total of 198 slices, 66 each from CAD/CAM blocks (feldspathic ceramic: Vitablocs TriLuxe Forte, V; resin matrix ceramics (RMCs): Cerasmart, C; and Shofu Block HC, S), were obtained and randomly divided into two subgroups for etching with hydrofluoric acid (HFA) and sandblasting with Al 2 O 3 (SB). After the surface treatments, one etched and one sandblasted sample of each CAD/CAM block was observed via SEM analysis at 500× magnification. The remaining 32 etched and 32 sandblasted samples of each CAD/CAM block were divided into two subgroups to be cemented with total-etch (TE) and self-etch (SE) resin cements. Then, half of the 16 samples in all the subgroups were subjected to aging (TC) for 5000 cycles (n = 8). The shear bond strength (SBS) of each sample was measured. Four-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Tukey tests were used to analyze the data (p < 0.05)., Results: With or without TC, the highest SBS values for V were obtained with the HFA-TE and HFA-SE interactions, respectively. C presented the highest SBS values with HFA-SE and SB-TE interactions, whereas S presented the highest SBS values with SB-TE and HFA-TE interactions. Except the SB-SE interaction, C presented lower SBS values after TC than other materials. HFA created less porosity on the C and S surfaces than V. SB visibly roughened the surfaces of all the materials but caused fractures, cracks, and damage to the surfaces., Conclusion: Similar SBS values can be achieved between feldspathics, RMCs, and multi-step adhesive resins with both HFA and SB treatments. However, the SBS values obtained from the SB-SE interaction may be below the recommended threshold values for all materials after TC. SB can cause distinctive cavities, fissures, and damage, especially on the surfaces of RMCs., (© 2024. The Author(s).)

Statement of Problem: Several additively and subtractively manufactured resin-based materials indicated for interim and definitive fixed dental prostheses have been launched. However, knowledge of the bond strength of these materials to different implant abutment materials is limited., Purpose: The purpose of this in vitro study was to evaluate the shear bond strength (SBS) of additively and subtractively manufactured resin-based materials to different implant abutment materials., Material and Methods: One hundred and ten disk-shaped specimens (Ø3×3 mm) were fabricated either additively from 2 resins indicated for definitive use (Crowntec; AM&#95;CT and VarseoSmile Crown Plus; AM&#95;VS) and 1 resin indicated for interim use (FREEPRINT temp; AM&#95;FP) or subtractively from a nanographene-reinforced polymethyl methacrylate (G-CAM; SM&#95;GC) and a high-impact polymer composite (breCAM.HIPC; SM&#95;BC). After allocating 2 specimens from each group for scanning electron microscope evaluation, the specimens were divided according to the abutment material (CopraPeek; polyetheretherketone, PEEK and Dentium Superline Pre-Milled Abutment; titanium, Ti) (n=10). All specimens were airborne-particle abraded with 50-µm aluminum oxide. After applying a resin primer (Visio.link) to PEEK and an adhesive primer (Clearfil Ceramic Primer Plus) to Ti specimens, a self-adhesive resin cement (PANAVIA SA Cement Universal) was used for cementation. All specimens were stored in distilled water (24 hours, 37 °C), and a universal testing device was used for the SBS test. SBS data were analyzed with 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey honestly significant difference tests, while the chi-squared test was used to evaluate the difference among the abutment-resin pairs in terms of failure modes (α=.05)., Results: The interaction between the material type and the abutment type and the main factor of material type affected the SBS (P<.001). SM&#95;BC-PEEK and SM&#95;GC had the lowest SBS followed by SM&#95;BC-Ti, whereas AM&#95;VS-PEEK had the highest SBS (P≤.001). AM&#95;CT-Ti had higher SBS than AM&#95;FP-PEEK (P=.026). SM&#95;GC had the lowest and AM&#95;VS had the highest SBS, while AM&#95;CT and AM&#95;FP had higher SBS than SM&#95;BC (P≤.004). The distribution of failure modes was significantly different among tested material-abutment pairs, and only for AM&#95;CT among tested materials (P≤.025). Most of the material-abutment pairs had a minimum of 80% adhesive failures., Conclusions: Regardless of the abutment material, additively manufactured specimens had higher bond strength and one of the subtractively manufactured materials (SM&#95;GC) mostly had lower bond strength. The abutment material had a small effect on the bond strength. Adhesive failures were observed most frequently., (Copyright © 2024 Editorial Council for The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of simplified ceramic surface treatments on the microshear bond strength (μSBS) of 2 resin cements to a zirconia-reinforced lithium silicate (ZLS) material. Blocks of ZLS were sectioned to obtain a total of 90 specimens (1.5 mm thick), which were assigned to 9 different surface treatment protocols (n = 10). Either hydrofluoric acid (HF) surface conditioner or ammonium polyfluoride self-etching ceramic primer (Monobond Etch & Prime [MEP]) was used for surface treatment and then combined with different bonding strategies (Monobond N silane-based universal primer, Prosil silane coupling agent, Ambar Universal APS self-etching adhesive, and/or Signum Zirconia Bond methyl methacrylate-based bonding system [SZB]) and luting agents (Allcem or Multilink Automix dual-curing resin cement). Composite resin cylinders were bonded to ZLS with each of the cementation protocols, and the specimens were subjected to 6000 thermal cycles from 5°C to 55°C prior to the μSBS evaluation. The failure mode was analyzed with the aid of a stereoscopic loupe. Statistical analyses were performed with 1-way analysis of variance and Tukey HSD test (α = 0.05). The HF and MEP protocols resulted in significantly higher μSBS values (P < 0.001), while conditioning with SZB resulted in the lowest μSBS. Multilink Automix groups presented higher μSBS values than Allcem groups (P < 0.01). There was no statistically significant difference in the μSBS values of the MEP + Allcem groups based on whether or not an adhesive layer was applied. The failure mode was predominantly adhesive for all specimens. The results indicate that the ammonium polyfluoride-based material MEP may be used as a substitute for surface treatment with HF and silane, but the use of a zirconia primer alone is not advised for bonding to a ZLS ceramic material., Competing Interests: No conflicts of interest reported.

Objectives: This study aims to investigate the effect of colloidal platinum nanoparticles (CPN) on the durability of resin-dentin bonding performance with contemporary adhesives., Methods: Sixty non-carious human maxillary premolars were subjected to microtensile bond strength (µTBS) testing and divided into two main groups: CPN-treated and untreated. Within each group, specimens were randomly allocated to Clearfil Megabond 2 (MB2), Scotchbond Universal Plus Adhesive with self-etch mode (SE-SUP), and etch-and-rinse mode (ER-SUP) subgroups (n = 10/group). CPN was applied to dentin in the MB2 and SE-SUP groups for 20 s, followed by rinsing before adhesive application. In the ER-SUP group, CPN was applied after etch-and-rinse. The µTBS was tested after 24 h, 6 months, and 1 year, and the fracture modes were observed using SEM. The µTBS data were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA and post-hoc Tukey HSD test (α = 0.05). An additional twelve premolars underwent TEM/STEM/EDX for ultra-morphological observations., Results: The application of CPN significantly prevented a decline in the µTBS of both the MB2 and SE-SUP groups. No significant decrease was observed in the ER-SUP group, either with aging or CPN application. Ultra-morphological images revealed platinum nanoparticles attaching to the collagen fibrils of the hybrid layer regardless of aging. It was highlighted that the nanoparticles attached to the banded collagen in the aging groups were observed., Significance: CPN exhibits the potential in enhancing the longevity of resin-dentin bonding in SE mode., Competing Interests: Declaration of Competing Interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objectives: This study investigated the effect of different surface treatments on the shear bond strength (SBS) and failure modes of self-cured (SC) and light-cured (LC) high-viscosity glass ionomer cements (HVGICs) to silver diamine fluoride (SDF)-treated simulated carious dentin (SCD)., Methods and Materials: Extracted human premolars were sectioned and pH cycled for 10 days to simulate carious dentin. The demineralized specimens were treated with 38% SDF (Riva Star) for 2 minutes, washed, stored in deionized distilled water at 37°C for 2 weeks, and subjected to the following surface treatments (n=14): T1 - no treatment (control); T2 - 10 seconds polyacrylic acid (PAA); T3 - 5 seconds phosphoric acid (PPA); T4 - 5 seconds PPA plus universal adhesive (Zipbond); and T5 - 5 seconds PPA plus resin-modified GIC adhesive (Riva bond LC). SC (Riva Self-cure HV) and LC (Riva Light-cure HV) HVGICs were applied to the conditioned specimens and stored in artificial saliva at 37°C for 1 week. SBS and failure modes were subsequently determined. Statistical analyses were performed using Kruskal-Wallis/post-hoc Mann-Whitney U and Chi-square tests (α=0.05)., Results: The highest SBS was observed when SC and LC were restored with T2 and T5, respectively. Significant differences in SBS were as follows: SC - T2, T1 > T5, T3; LC - T5, T4, T3 > T2. SC generally exhibited adhesive failures, while LC presented both adhesive and mixed failures., Conclusion: The preferred method for preparing SDF-treated carious dentin before restoration application is PAA for SC and PPA plus RMGIC adhesive for LC HVGICs., (©Operative Dentistry, 2024.)

Resin cements are widely used to cement dental restorations; however, limited studies are available on the bond strength of these cements to computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) base metal alloys. This study compared the shear bond strength between a self-etching resin cement (Panavia F 2.0) and a millable cobalt-chromium alloy (Ceramill Sintron) following various surface treatments. A total of 40 cylindrical alloy cores (6 mm in diameter × 8 mm in height) were milled and assigned to 1 of 5 groups for different surface treatments (n = 8): control (no surface treatment); sandblasting; metal primer; sandblasting + metal primer; or acid etching. Resin cement was then used to bond cylindrical composite resin specimens to the pretreated core surfaces. The specimens underwent a 1500-cycle thermocycling procedure and shear bond strength testing. The data were analyzed using 1-way analysis of variance, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. The mean (SD) shear bond strength values in the different surface treatment groups were significantly different (P < 0.05): sandblasting, 16.59 (7.10) MPa; acid etching, 15.63 (2.94) MPa; sandblasting + metal primer, 13.28 (1.27) MPa; metal primer, 8.90 (2.08) MPa; and control, 8.86 (3.57) MPa. The mean differences in shear bond strength values were significant between the sandblasting and control groups (P = 0.003) and between the acid-etching and metal primer groups (P = 0.013). Surface roughening procedures--either sandblasting or acid etching of the alloy surface--improved the shear bond strength of resin cement to milled alloy surfaces. The use of metal primer between the alloy surface and resin cement did not significantly increase the bond strength., Competing Interests: No conflicts of interest reported.

Objective: Self-etching dental adhesives bond with dentin through chemical reactions with calcium. This study assessed bond strength (BS) using microtensile (µTBS) and microshear (µSBS) tests on sound and post-radiotherapy dentin, with dental adhesives containing different functional monomers., Methods: Sound dentin (SD) and post-radiotherapy irradiated dentin (ID) were tested with two adhesive systems: Clearfil SE Bond (SE, 10-MDP-based) and FL Bond II (FL, containing carboxylic and phosphonic monomers with S-PRG bioactive particles). The tests occurred initially (24 h) and six months later; fracture mode was also analyzed (40x). Ninety-six human molars were randomly assigned (n = 12), and half were irradiated with a 70 Gy radiation dose. For µTBS test, teeth were bonded, restored and sectioned them into beams (0.64 mm 2 ). The µSBS test used filled transparent cylindrical matrices with resin composite and light-cured them after dental adhesive applications. Three-way ANOVA and Tukey's test (p < 0.05) analyzed the data., Results: µTBS showed a significant substrate x adhesive interaction (p < 0.001), while µSBS was significant for all factors (p = 0.006). SE and FL performed better on SD and ID, respectively, in the µTBS test. As for µSBS, SE showed higher values on ID (p < 0.05). Lower BS values occurred for SD-FL and ID-SE after six months., Conclusion: Dental adhesive performance varied based on substrate type and test method. FL was more stable for ID in µTBS, while SE excelled in µSBS., Clinical Relevance: As post-radiotherapy irradiated dentin becomes more vulnerable, self-etching systems based on functional monomer and bioactive ingredients may exhibit appropriate bonding to this altered substrate., (© 2024. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Background: It was aimed to investigate the effect of sandblasting and laser surface treatment on shear bond strength in composite restoration repair in vitro., Methods: A micro-hybrid composite (Filtek Z250, 3 M-ESPE, USA) was used to prepare 120 samples. The samples were subjected to a thermal cycle test 5,000 times between 5 and 55 0 C, and they were randomly divided into 12 groups (n = 10). No surface treatment was performed in Groups 1 to 4, which were designed as control groups. The surfaces of the samples in Groups 5 to 8 were sandblasted with a Cojet device, and the surfaces of the samples in Groups 9 to 12 were applied Er, Cr: YSGG laser. After the sample surfaces were divided into groups with and without acid etching, universal adhesive was applied, and the repair process was performed using Filtek Z250 or nano-filled resin composite (Filtek Ultimate, 3 M-ESPE, USA). The thermal cycle test was repeated 5,000 times between 5 and 55 0 C on all repaired samples. The repair shear bond strength of the samples was measured using a universal testing device (Shimadzu IG-IS, Kyoto, Japan). The fracture types were evaluated by optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Statistical analyses of the findings were evaluated by the Kruskal Wallis test and Mann Whitney U test at 0.05 significance degree., Results: The highest mean shear bond strength values were obtained from the samples sandblasted with CoJet, followed by Er, Cr: YSGG laser, and the control group. It was determined that there was a significant difference between the mean shear bond strength values obtained from the control group and the other surface treatment groups (p < 0.05). In general, significantly higher mean shear bond strength values were obtained when the universal adhesive was applied in total-etch mode compared to the application in self-etch mode (p < 0.05). Additionally, it was determined that higher shear bond strength values were obtained with Filtek Ultimate compared to Filtek Z250 (p < 0.05)., Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it can be concluded that the use of universal adhesive in total-etch mode, in addition to surface treatments on the resin composite surface in the repair protocol and the use of nano-filled resin composite as repair material can increase the mean shear bond values in repair., (© 2024. The Author(s).)