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Pulp chamber enlargement impacts endodontic treatment planning. The aim of this study was to evaluate alterations in pulp chamber size of posterior teeth in individuals born with cleft lip with or without cleft palate. Ninety individuals were treated at the Cleft Lip and Palate Service of the University Hospital Lauro Wanderley, Federal University of Paraiba, between the ages of 4 and 15 years born with cleft lip with or without cleft palate were selected. Ninety-nine patients from the archives of the residency program in Orthodontics of the Brazilian Dental Association (ABO) were paired by sex and age as a comparison group. Radiographs were evaluated by a single examiner, observing the presence/absence of an enlarged pulp chamber in the first and second permanent molars of all quadrants. Chi square or Fisher’s exact tests were used (α = 0.05) in all comparisons. Pulp enlargement was more frequently found among individuals born with cleft lip with or without cleft palate (p = 0.0005). However, pulp enlargement frequency was different among subjects born with clefts (p = 0.0006). Pulp enlargement was more common in the maxilla, in both groups. Individuals born with cleft lip with or without cleft palate more often had six or more teeth affected (p = 0.02). Furthermore, individuals with a bilateral cleft more often had six or more teeth affected in comparison to unilateral cases (p = 0.002). Pulp enlargement is a frequent finding, particularly among individuals born with cleft lip with or without cleft palate, with a higher prevalence in the maxilla.

The present study aimed to evaluate if genetic variants in PAX9, MSX1, TGFα, FGF3, FGF10, FGF13, GLI2 and GLI3 are involved in TS of permanent teeth. Pretreatment dental records from orthodontic patients were assessed prior to recruitment. Patients with tooth agenesis and congenital anomalies (including oral cleft) and/or syndromes were excluded. Dental casts were used to measure the maximum crown dimensions of all fully erupted permanent teeth except second and third molars in mesiodistal direction. Teeth with caries, occlusal wear, mesiodistal restorations, and obvious deformities were not evaluated. Genomic DNA samples were used for genotyping. The allelic discrimination of 13 genetic variants was performed. The associations between TS and genotype were analyzed by linear regression, adjusted by gender at a significance level of p ≤ 0.05. Genetic polymorphisms in the tooth agenesis–related genes studied here were associated with increased and decreased TS, in both maxilla and mandible (p

Objective: The purpose of this study was to report a new variant in the Interferon Regulatory Factor 6 gene (IRF6) and to determine phenotype-genotype correlations in a family segregating Van der Woude syndrome.Methods: A five-generation family of 80 individuals segregating VWS was investigated using a tabulated pedigree but considering that three individuals registered in the pedigree died shortly after birth, the final sample size was 77 individuals. Five individuals had a complete dental clinical examination and molecular analysis performed using direct sequencing of the exon 4 and an adjacent region with 23 base pairs of the IRF6 gene.Results: Features of VWS reported in family history were present in 36.4% (28/77) of all family members; of these 57% (16/28) had pits in the lower lip, 36% (10/28) had both pits and orofacial clefts and 7 % (2/28) had only orofacial clefts. Developmental dental anomalies were observed in three individuals. The sequence analysis of exon 4 of the IRF6 gene carried out for 4 family members revealed the presence of the SNP rs7552506 (c.175-5C> G) located in five base pairs before the start of exon. The analysis of exon 4 of the IRF6 gene also revealed a new variant c.269G>C (p.Ser90Thr) which causes exchange of the Serine amino acid residue for the Threonine residue. Conclusions: The c.269G>C(p.Ser90Thr) can interfere with multimeric interactions and with protein conformation that will be slightly destabilized, because the mutant residue is bigger than the wild-type residue. The phenotypic variations in the cases studied, despite carrying the same genetic mutation, suggest that distinct genetic modifiers operate on the formation of clefts and dental development.

Objective: To analyze caries experience depending on periodontitis affection concomitant or not with cardiovascular risks or mental health issues with the hypothesis that worse accumulated caries experience is not necessarily the result of the presence of concomitant overall health issues . Material and Methods: All subjects of this cross-sectional study were participants of the Dental Registry and DNA Repository project. Variables age, ethnicity, sex, caries experience, periodontitis and mental disease statuses and blood pressure assessment, dental clinical data (DMFT, DMFS and periodontitis) were evaluated and collected from the clinical records. We used chi-square, Fisher’s exact, or Student’s t-tests to determine differences in frequencies of sex, age, ethnicity, and dental clinical data depending on caries experience, periodontitis, mental health status, and cardiovascular risks. The established alpha was 5%. Results: Of the total 1,437 subjects included in this study, 407 were individuals with high blood pressure and 1,030 were individuals without high blood pressure. Also, 558 were individuals with mental disease and 879 were individuals without mental disease. High blood pressure patients were mostly men (47.17%) and women were the majority when analyzing patients with mental illness (60.04%). Most of the patients in the different groups were white, with a mean age ranging from 15.4 to 88 years . Conclusion: We concluded that caries experience concomitant or not with periodontitis affection does not associate with high blood pressure and mental disease.

Certain patients, despite receiving proper treatment, still show higher failure rates of restorative dental treatments. The aim of this work was to test if MMP2 and MMP3 alleles are overrepresented in individuals with secondary caries. A total of 1,089 individuals from the University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine Dental Registry and DNA Repository project were selected for this study. From this total, 341 individuals were selected for having a record of secondary caries in any type of restoration and were matched with 748 individuals by sex, age, ethnicity, and restorative work in the same teeth that did not fail. Genomic DNA extracted from saliva was used to obtain genotypes in five markers of MMP2 and MMP3 using TaqMan chemistry and end-point analysis. Chi-square was used to test if differences in allele and genotype distributions were statistically different at an alpha of 0.05. The less common allele and homozygote genotype of MMP2 rs9923304 were less commonly found among individuals with secondary caries. The less common allele of MMP2 rs2287074 was also less frequent among individuals with secondary caries. These results provide statistical evidence for the role of MMP2 in failure of restorations due to secondary caries. We can conclude that MMP2 variation impacts the risk of having secondary caries, independent of the restorative material.

IntroductionOsteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a genetic disorder characterized by bone fragility and craniofacial and dental abnormalities such as congenitally missing teeth and teeth that failed to erupt which are believed to be doubled in OI patients than normal populations and were associated with low oral health quality of life. However, the etiology of these abnormalities remains unclear. To understand the factors influencing missing and unerupted teeth, we investigated their prevalence in a cohort of OI patients as a function of the clinical phenotype (OI type), the genetic variant type, the tooth type and the onset of bisphosphonate treatment. MethodA total of 144 OI patients were recruited from The Shriners Hospital, Montreal, Canada, between 2016 and 2017. Patients were evaluated using intraoral photographs and panoramic radiographs. Missing teeth were evaluated in all patients, and unerupted teeth were assessed only in patients ≥15 years old (n = 82). ResultsOn average, each OI patient had 2.4 missing teeth and 0.8 unerupted teeth, and the most common missing and unerupted teeth were the premolars and the upper second molars, respectively. These phenomena were more prominent in OI type III and IV than in OI type I, and were not sex or age-related. Missing teeth were significantly more common in patients with C-propeptide variants than all other variants (p-value

Non-carious cervical lesions (NCCLs) are characterized by a loss of hard dental tissue near the cement–enamel junction with multifactorial etiology. The aim of this study was to demonstrate that occlusal factors as attrition, malocclusion, and bruxism, and mental disorders as depression, stress, and anxiety are involved in the etiology of NCCLs. Salivary samples and clinical data of 340 individuals selected from 6,112 participants were obtained from the University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine Dental Registry and DNA Repository project. The affected group was formed by individuals with NCCL (34 females, 34 males, mean age 55.34 years). In addition, the comparison group was formed by individuals without NCCL (136 females, 136 males, mean age 55.14 years). Eleven single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) previously associated with mental disorders were genotyped and tested for association with NCCLs. When all occlusal factors were combined there was found a significant association with NCCL (p = 0.000001/adjusted OR 4.38, 95% CI 2.50–7.69). Attrition (OR 3.56, 95% CI 2.00–6.32) and malocclusion (OR 5.09, 95% CI 1.65–15.68) as separate variables showed statistically significant associations with NCCL. There was a significant difference in stress history between the two groups (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.08–4.39). No associations between NCCLs and the SNPs selected were found. However, when the occlusal factors were analyzed as covariates, associations were found between bruxism and seven of the selected SNPs. Our results suggest that occlusal factors might be associated with NCCLs.

The goal of this study was to test if oral health outcomes are associated with the same genetic markers in Black and White individuals who did not have cancer. From a total of 6,100 subjects from the Dental Registry and DNA Repository project, 1,042 individuals who self-identified as White and 266 as Black without a history of cancer were included in this analysis. Genotyping data from IRE1—rs196929, RHEB—rs2374261 and rs1109089, AXIN2—rs2240308 and rs11867417, and RPTOR—rs4396582, present in cell regulatory pathways, were analyzed. We ran separate analyses in self-reported Black and White groups to reduce possible confounding effects of population stratification. Internal diagnostic codes from our dental registry were converted into Phecodes in order to run the analysis using the PheWAS package, installed in R Studio software. Periodontitis was associated with RHEB in both Black and White patients, with the minor allele increasing the likelihood of developing periodontitis in the White group and yielding a protective effect in the Black individuals. The presence of ulcers and gingivitis were associated with RPTOR and AXIN2, respectively, in the White group, but an association was not detected for the Black group. On the other hand, phenotypes such as dental fracture, diseases of the tongue, attrition, erosion, abrasion, fordyce granules, and torus and exostosis were uniquely associated with the Black group. Periodontitis associated with RHEB in both Black and White patients, and associations found in Black individuals may be the result of social disparities that lead to higher levels of stress, and these observed differences require further study.

Background Dental caries is one of the most common chronic diseases and is influenced by a complex interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Most previous genetic studies of caries have focused on identifying genes that contribute to dental caries in specific ethnic groups, usually of European descent. Methods The aim of this study is to conduct a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify associations affecting susceptibility to caries in a large multiethnic population from Argentina, the Philippines, Guatemala, Hungary, and the USA, originally recruited for studies of orofacial clefts (POFC, N = 3686). Ages of the participants ranged from 2 to 12 years for analysis of the primary dentition, and 18–60 years for analysis of the permanent dentition. For each participant, dental caries was assessed by counts of decayed and filled teeth (dft/DFT) and genetic variants (single nucleotide polymorphisms, SNPs) were genotyped or imputed across the entire genome. Caries was analyzed separately for the primary and permanent dentitions, with age, gender, and presence/absence of any type of OFC treated as covariates. Efficient Mixed-Model Association eXpedited (EMMAX) was used to test genetic association, while simultaneously accounting for relatedness and stratification. Results We identified several suggestive loci (5 × 10−8 P −6) within or near genes with plausible biological roles for dental caries, including a cluster of taste receptor genes (TAS2R38, TAS2R3, TAS2R4, TASR25) on chromosome 7 for the permanent dentition analysis, and DLX3 and DLX4 on chromosome 17 for the primary dentition analysis. Genome-wide significant results were seen with SNPs in the primary dentition only; however, none of the identified genes near these variants have known roles in cariogenesis. Conclusion The results of this study warrant further investigation and may lead to a better understanding of cariogenesis in diverse populations, and help to improve dental caries prediction, prevention, and/or treatment in future.

Objective: This randomized clinical study aimed to evaluate the success of hyaluronic acid (HA) as a pulpotomy medicament of human primary molars and to compare it with formocresol (FC) and ferric sulphate (FS) pulpotomy treatments up to 12 months. Materials and methods: The study was conducted with 130 primary molars of 44 children. The ethical approval and registration to clinical trials (No: NCT04115358) were completed. After the removal of all the coronal pulp tissue, a 0.5% HA gel, or a FC, or a 20% FS solution were applied randomly to the radicular pulp tissues of the primary molars. Then, the pulp chambers were filled with a zinc oxide eugenol cement and restored either with a composite filling material or with a stainless-steel crown. The treatment success rates of the 3 groups were followed and compared clinically and radiographically at 1st-, 3rd-, 6th- and 12th-months. Results: Primary molars treated with FC, FS and HA dressings were clinically successful 77.5%, 86.8% and 87.5% respectively after 12th-month follow-up (p > .05). Radiographic successes of FC, FS and HA groups were lower than clinical successes (57.6%, 68.8%, 57.9% respectively at the 12th-month) but the difference between the groups was not statistically significant (p > .05). Equivalence analysis assuming not more than 10% difference between the materials suggested that HA was not inferior to FC or FS. Conclusions: Within the limitations of this study, our randomized clinical trial shows that HA is a promising pulpotomy medicament in primary molars. However, further studies are justified to further improve the HA material success.

There is great interest in identifying the subset of individuals in the population that are more susceptible to dental caries. We proposed that a portion of these particular individuals are more susceptible to dental caries due to changes in dental enamel that are related to amelogenin genomic variation. However, apparently amelogenin function can be impacted by inflammation, and this can lead to small changes in the structure of the dental enamel that later in life increases the risk of dental caries.

Objectives: The hierarchical structure of enamel gives insight on the properties of enamel and can influence its strength and ultimately caries experience. Currently, past caries experience is quantified using the decayed, missing, filled teeth/decayed, missing, filled surface (DMFT/DMFS for permanent teeth, dmft/dmfs for primary teeth), or international caries detection and assessment system (ICDAS) scores. By analyzing the structure of enamel, a new measurement can be utilized clinically to predict susceptibility to future caries experience based on a patient&rsquo, s individual&rsquo, s biomarkers. The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that number of prisms by square millimeter in enamel and average gap distance between prisms and interprismatic areas, influence caries experience through genetic variation of the genes involved in enamel formation. Materials and Methods: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of enamel from primary teeth were used to measure (i) number of prisms by square millimeter and interprismatic spaces, (ii) prism density, and (iii) gap distances between prisms in the enamel samples. The measurements were tested to explore a genetic association with variants of selected genes and correlations with caries experience based on the individual&rsquo, s DMFT+ dmft score and enamel microhardness at baseline, after an artificial lesion was created and after the artificial lesion was treated with fluoride. Results: Associations were found between variants of genes including ameloblastin, amelogenin, enamelin, tuftelin, tuftelin interactive protein 11, beta defensin 1, matrix metallopeptidase 20 and enamel structure variables measured (number of prisms by square millimeter in enamel and average gap distance between prisms and interprismatic areas). Significant correlations were found between caries experience and microhardness and enamel structure. Negative correlations were found between number of prisms by square millimeter and high caries experience (r value= &minus, 0.71), gap distance between prisms and the enamel microhardness after an artificial lesion was created (r value= &minus, 0.70), and gap distance between prisms and the enamel microhardness after an artificial lesion was created and then treated with fluoride (r value= &minus, 0.81). There was a positive correlation between number of prisms by square millimeter and prism density of the enamel (r value = 0.82). Conclusions: Our data support that genetic variation may impact enamel formation, and therefore influence susceptibility to dental caries and future caries experience. Clinical Relevance: The evaluation of enamel structure that may impact caries experience allows for hypothesizing that the identification of individuals at higher risk for dental caries and implementation of personalized preventative treatments may one day become a reality.

Contains fulltext : 218124.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) Our understanding of erosive tooth wear and its contributing factors has evolved considerably over the last decades. New terms have been continuously introduced, which frequently describe the same aspects of this condition, whereas other terms are being used inappropriately. This has led to unnecessary confusion and miscommunication between patients, professionals, and researchers. A group of 15 experts, selected by the European Organization for Caries Research (ORCA) and the Cariology Research Group of the International Association for Dental Research (IADR), participated in a 2-day workshop to define the most commonly used terms in erosive tooth wear. A modified Delphi method was utilized to reach consensus. At least 80% agreement was achieved for all terms discussed and their definitions related to clinical conditions and processes, basic concepts, diagnosis, risk, and prevention and management of erosive tooth wear. Use of the terms agreed on will provide a better understanding of erosive tooth wear and intends to enable improved communication on this topic.

Objective: To determine if protein profiles identified in saliva could be used to determine risk and severity of erosive tooth wear. Material and Methods: Three types of saliva sampling were performed to obtain saliva from 34 18-year old individuals that received regular dental check-ups, along with clinical status of the dentition and risk factor related to erosive tooth wear using the VEDE scale. Protein profiles in saliva were determined using electrophoresis and the calculation of the percentage of a specific band at a specific molecular weight in relationship to the total protein in that sample (% of total) using molecular weight standards. This quantification was repeated for each protein band across a range of molecular weights for each sample to test for association with erosive tooth wear status . Results: There were no differences in the number of detectable proteins sourced from the parotid gland, nor the unstimulated and stimulated whole saliva. Five out of the 34 individuals had no signs of erosive tooth wear despite an acidic diet and were more likely to have proteins with molecular weight smaller than 1 KDa (p=0.03) . Conclusion: There is potential for the use of protein profiling to determine risks for erosive tooth wear.

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CLP) is considered the most frequent congenital malformations of the head and neck, with cleft individuals exhibiting more chances of presenting abnormalities such as developmental defects of enamel (DDE). Matrix metallopeptidase 2 (MMP2) is a membrane-bound protein with collagen-degrading ability and has important roles in tooth formation and mineralization. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency, location, severity and extent of DDE found in the maxillary incisors for groups of individuals born with CLP, as well as understanding their relationship with the cleft side. Besides, this study addresses the hypothesis that DDE can be influenced by variation in theMMP2genes (rs9923304). Individual samples, clinical history, intraoral photographs and panoramic radiographs were obtained from 233 patients under treatment at the Cleft Lip and Palate Service of the University Hospital Lauro Wanderley at the Federal University of Paraíba. Digital images were examined by the same evaluator using the Classification of Defects According to the Modified DDE Index, and then loaded into the Image Tool software, where two measurements were made: total area of the buccal surface (SA) and the area of the DDE (DA), obtaining the percentage of the surface area affected (%SAD) (ICC = 0.99). Genomic DNA was extracted from saliva samples from 124 participants. Genotyping was carried out using TaqMan chemistry for one marker inMMP2(rs9923304). Statistical analyses were performed by The Jamovi Project software. The Shapiro-Wilk test was applied, followed by the Student’s t-test and the Mann-Whitney test. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests, and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) calculations were used to determine Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and statistically significant differences with an alpha of 0.05. No significant differences in the prevalence and extent of enamel defects were found between male and female individuals born with CLP (p = 0.058256). The frequency of individuals presenting teeth with DDE, in relation to the cleft and non-cleft side, was statistically different (p 7.151> 10.942). However, the averages of %SAD were similar (p = 0.18). The highest means of the %SAD were found in individuals with bilateral cleft lip with or without cleft palate (BCLP) when compared to individuals with unilateral cleft lip with or without cleft palate (UCLP), for the teeth inside (IA) and outside the cleft area (OA) (p MMP2may have a role in the cases that presented DDE and genotyping rs9923304 could serve as the basis for a genomic approach to define risks for individuals born with CLP. Frequency and severity of DDE is strongly related to the CLP phenotype, since the highest values were found for BCLP. However, the extent of the DDE is independent of its relationship with the side of the cleft.

The aim of this study was to evaluate microbiological changes, oral soft tissue toxicity, and caries-preventive effect of an experimental titanium tetrafluoride (TiF4) varnish compared with a commercially available fluoride varnish (NaF), using in situ and in vivo models. The treatment groups were the following: TiF4 varnish (experimental varnish), Duraphat® (fluoride positive control), placebo varnish (no fluoride), and no treatment (negative control). The varnishes were applied once over the enamel surface using a microbrush. For the in vivo study, 48 Wistar rats were infected with Streptococcus sobrinus 6715, received a treatment, and were submitted to a cariogenic challenge. After 4 weeks, S. sobrinus, oral soft tissue toxicity, presence, and severity of caries were evaluated. For the in situ study, 12 volunteers took part in this randomized crossover, double-blind study performed in four phases of 14 days each. They used intraoral appliances containing four enamel specimens that received the varnish according treatment group. After 24 h, the varnish was removed and plaque accumulation was allowed. A 20% sucrose solution was dripped over the enamel blocks (10×/day for 5 min each). Total streptococci, S. mutans, Lactobacillus, Candida spp. counts, and presence of white spot lesions were evaluated. Lesion depth was also quantified by micro-CT. For the in vivo study, the fluoride (F-varnishes) showed a statistically significant reduction in the percentage of S. sobrinus compared to the negative control (p 0.05). However, the specimens treated with TiF4 exhibited lower percentage of white spot lesions and the lesion depth was significantly reduced by F-varnishes (p

Background Oral hygiene instruction is an intervention widely practiced but increased knowledge about oral health does not necessarily dramatically impact oral disease prevalence in populations. We aimed to measure plaque and bleeding in periodontal patients over time to determine patterns of patient response to oral hygiene instructions. Methods Longitudinal plaque and bleeding index data were evaluated in 227 periodontal patients to determine the impact of oral hygiene instructions. Over multiple visits, we determined relative plaque accumulation and gingival bleeding for each patient. Subsequently, we grouped them in three types of oral hygiene status in response to initial instructions, using the longitudinal data over the period they were treated and followed for their periodontal needs. These patterns of oral hygiene based on the plaque and gingival bleeding indexes were evaluated based on age, sex, ethnic background, interleukin 1 alpha and beta genotypes, diabetes status, smoking habits, and other concomitant diseases. Chi-square and Fisher’s exact tests were used to determine if any differences between these variables were statistically significant with alpha set at 0.05. Results Three patterns in response to oral hygiene instructions emerged. Plaque and gingival bleeding indexes improved, worsened, or fluctuated over time in the periodontal patients studied. Out of all the confounders considered, only ethnic background showed statistically significant differences. White individuals more often than other ethnic groups fluctuated in regards to oral hygiene quality after instructions. Conclusions There are different responses to professional oral hygiene instructions. These responses may be related to ethnicity.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:52:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2018-04-01 Objective: The goal of the present work was to use dental conditions that have been independently associated with cleft lip and palate (CL/P) as a tool to identify a broader collection of individuals to be used for gene identification that lead to clefts. Study design: We studied 1573 DNA samples combining individuals that were born with CL/P or had tooth agenesis, supernumerary teeth, molar incisor hypomineralization, or dental caries with the goal to identify genetic associations. We tested 2 single-nucleotide polymorphisms that were located in the vicinity of regions suggested to contribute to supernumerary teeth. Overrepresentation of alleles were determined for combinations of individuals as well as for each individual phenotypic group with an α of.05. Results: We determined that the allele C of rs622260 was overrepresented in all individuals studied compared with a group of unrelated individuals who did not present any of the conditions described earlier. When subgroups were tested, associations were found for individuals with hypomineralization. Conclusions: Although we did not test this hypothesis directly in the present study, based on associations reported previously, we believe that CL/P is actually a syndrome of alterations of the dentition, and considering it that way may allow for the identification of genotype-phenotype correlations that may be useful for clinical care. Department of Pedodontics School of Dentistry Istanbul University Department of Pedodontics School of Dentistry Istanbul Medipol University Department of Oral Biology University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine Department of Pediatric Dentistry UNESP Department of Pediatric Dentistry University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Medicine Department of Pediatric Dentistry UNESP

Although children with oral clefts have a higher risk for dental anomalies when compared with the general population, prior studies have shown conflicting results regarding their dental decay risk. Also, few studies have assessed dental decay risk in unaffected relatives of children with clefts. Thus, the question of increased risk of dental decay in individuals with oral clefts or their unaffected relatives is still open for empirical investigation. This study characterizes dental decay in the largest international cohort to date of children with nonsyndromic clefts and their relatives, as compared with controls, and it addresses whether families with oral clefts have a significantly increased risk for dental decay versus the general population. A total of 3,326 subjects were included: 639 case probands, 1,549 unaffected relatives, and 1,138 controls. Decay was identified from in-person dental examinations or intraoral photographs. Case-control differences were tested with regression analysis. No significant differences were shown in percentage decayed and filled teeth and decayed teeth in the primary dentition (dft, dt) and permanent dentition (DFT, DT) in cases versus controls. In the cleft region, no significant differences were seen in primary or permanent decay (dt, DT) when compared with controls. No difference was found with regard to cleft type and percentage dft, dt, DFT, and DT in case probands. Nonsignificant differences were found in unaffected siblings and parents versus controls (primary and permanent dentitions). Collectively, these findings indicate that individuals with nonsyndromic oral clefts and their families do not have a higher dental decay risk as compared with the general population. These results suggest that either genetic or environmental factors underlying a higher susceptibility for dental anomalies do not increase caries risk or that the seemingly higher risk for dental decay associated with increased dental anomalies in case probands may be superseded by possible greater access to dental care.

Our goal was to verify the association between candidate polymorphisms and skeletal Class III malocclusion in a well-characterized homogeneous sample set.Thirty-five single-nucleotide polymorphisms were studied from 10 candidate loci in 54 Class III subjects and 120 controls. Skeletal Class III characteristics included ANB angle less than 0°, SNB angle greater than 83° (mandibular prognathism), SNA angle less than 79° (maxillary deficiency), Class III molar relationship, and negative overjet. Inclusion criteria for the controls were ANB angle between 0° and 4°, Class I molar relationship, and normal overjet. Chi-square and Fisher exact tests and principal component (PC) analysis were used to determine overrepresentation of marker alleles with alpha of 0.05. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals were calculated.MYO1H (rs10850110 AG) (P 0.01; odds ratio, 7.44 [4.02-13.77]) was associated with an increased risk for the mandibular prognathism phenotype. These results were confirmed by PC analysis, which showed 4 PCs representing the sample variations (PC1, 37.24%; PC2, 20.02%; PC3, 12.18%; and PC4, 11.40%), and PC1 was associated with MYO1H (P 0.001). We also found by PC analysis associations between MYO1H (P 0.001) and GHR (rs2973015 AG) (P = 0.001) with PC2 and between FGF10 (rs593307 AG) (P = 0.001) with PC4.Polymorphism in MYO1H could be used as a marker for genetic susceptibility to Class III malocclusion with mandibular prognathism, and polymorphisms in GHR and FGF were associated with maxillomandibular discrepancies. This study may contribute to improved diagnosis and further research assessing possible differences in treatment responses based on genetic polymorphisms.