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Objective: Sound periodontal foundation of abutment teeth is essential for successful restorative therapy and also for long-term success of prosthodontic restorations. Porcelain fused to metal (PFM) has been a popular choice of novel esthetic material in fixed prosthodontics over the last few decades. The present study aimed to assess the long term effect and tissue responses of fixed partial prosthesis using PFM material on vital and non- vital abutments on the periodontal parameters both clinically and radiographically. Methodology: Following ethical committee approval, the study group comprised of 86 abutment teeth in 41 systemically healthy patients (24 males and 17 females) aged between 18 – 45 years who had received 3 unit fixed prosthesis made of PFM, having equigingival margins using vital and non-vital abutments. The following parameters were assessed at baseline, phase 1, 3 and 4 (1 year follow up) – CAL, Probing depth, Distance between CEJ/ cervical crown margin and alveolar crest of the abutment teeth (radiograph). Results: Statistical analysis carried out by SPSSV22 software revealed no significant changes in probing depth and CAL (p>0.05) and significant changes in radiographic bone levels (p0.05) with non vital abutments. However, significant differences were observed between vital and non vital abutments with regard to probing depth at the end of 2years, CAL and radiographic bone levels at 6months, 1 year and 2 years (p

BACKGROUND:The replacement of missing teeth with fixed partial dentures is largely dependent upon the health and stability of the surrounding periodontal structures. FPDs are often prepared on vital teeth as abutments. Esthetic materials have become popular in fixed prosthodontics today. AIM:The present study aimed to assess the long term effect and tissue responses of various types of fixed partial prosthesis placed on vital abutment teeth on the periodontal parameters both clinically and radiographically. MATERIALS AND METHOD: Following ethical committee approval, the study group comprised of 87 abutment teeth in 41 systemically healthy patients (24 males and 17 females) aged between 18 – 45 years who had received 3 unit fixed prosthesis(IPS empress, PFM or zirconia), having equigingival margins using vital teeth as abutments. The following parameters were assessed at the time of bridge placement and 1 year follow up – CAL, Probing depth, Distance between CEJ/ cervical crown margin and alveolar crest of the abutment teeth(radiograph). RESULTS:Statistical analysis carried out by SPSSV22 software revealed significant changes in clinical parameters with IPS empress and radiographic parameters with PFM and Zirconia from time of bridge placement till the 1 year follow up.(P CONCLUSION:There seemed to be favorable responses of the periodontal tissues to the various esthetic materials used on vital abutments of FPDs.

Background:The outcomes of techniques employed for depigmentation are varied and no one method can be deemed as ideal. The present case series is an evaluation of 4 popular depigmentation procedures `carried out today. Material and methods: 5 patients with non-syndrome associated gingival hyperpigmentation in all 4 quadrants based on Dummetts scoring criteria were included. Healing and pain were assessed following depigmentation carried out by scalpel, bur, electro surgery and laser in the 4 quadrants respectively and followed up for a period of 2 years. Results: Healing following Scalpel method and laser were better than bur and electro surgery. Post-operative pain was less with the use of scalpel and laser when compared to the other 2 techniques at the end of 1month. Pain was still evident at the site of electro surgery at the end of 2 months. However at the end of 3, 6 months and 1 and 2 years there was no difference in all 4 techniques. Conclusion: Better treatment outcomes were observed with the scalpel and laser techniques than bur and electrosurgery.

Background and Objectives Herbal dentifrices are fast gaining popularity in most parts of Asia and Europe. Although effects of dentifrices on pathogenic plaque microorganisms has been documented, little or no evidence exists with regard to their effects on the useful microflora, which help to keep the pathogenic strains at bay. The present study was attempted to evaluate and compare these effects of herbal and conventional dentifrice. Methods 60 student participants in the age group of 18 to 28 years with good oral hygiene (OHI score = 0) were randomly divided into two groups, test and control. The test group used herbal dentifrice and the control group, a regular dentifrice. Plaque and saliva samples were collected at baseline, immediately after brushing, 12 hours after brushing, at 1 week and at 1 month, and cultured. The Streptococcus mitis and Lactobacillus counts along with total microbial counts were estimated at the various time intervals. Results Day 1 showed no significant difference between test and control groups with regard to Streptococcus mitis and Lactobacillus counts as well as total CFU (P>0.05), but at one week control group showed significant increase in streptococcus count in plaque and saliva(P>0.01). Whereas, the test group showed significant increase in L. bacillus and total CFU count in saliva, 12 hrs after brushing, when evaluated at one month (p>0.01). Conclusion Herbal dentifrices may be slightly more effective in preservation of beneficial oral microflora when compared to regular dentifrices, although both are equally effective in inhibiting the pathogenic microorganisms.

Background Host modulation is fast gaining popularity as one of the most safe and effective therapeutic modalities in a number of systemic ailments and also periodontal disease. Of these, herbal agents and probiotics have emerged as popular therapeutic agents. The present study was attempted to comparatively evaluate for the first time the effects of both these agents on chronic periodontitis. Materials and methods In this double blinded randomized controlled clinical trial, 96 systemically healthy patients with chronic periodontitis between the ages of 25-55 years were randomly divided into 3 groups. Following scaling and root planing, group 1 was administered the herbal immunomodulator tablets twice daily for 2 weeks, group 2, probiotic tablets twice daily for 2 weeks and group 3 was not administered any agent. Changes in gingival index, gingival bleeding index, pocket depth and interleukin - 6 (IL-6) levels in saliva and GCF were assessed at day 0, at 1 month, at 3 months and 6 months following which statistical analysis was done. Results Statistically significant reduction (p

Background: The search for an agent that would predictably and permanently occlude the tubules, and blend with them led to the discovery of HYDROXYAPATITE (HAP). The present double blinded randomsed controlled clinical trial aimed to compare the desensitizing effects of two forms of HAP with 2 other popular agents, potassium nitrate and potassium nitrate with sodium monofluorophosphate. Methods: Clinical study: 716 hypersensitive teeth in 50 patients with hypersensitive symptoms, confirmed by visual analogue scale (VAS) and verbal rating scale (VRS), were randomly divided into 4 groups (A,B,C and D) treated with HAP dry sol gel and liquid precipitate form, potassium nitrate and sodium monofluorophosphate respectively. The responses were evaluated at 0, 1 day, 1, 2, 4 and 8 weeks respectively for all groups and later statistically analysed. Results: HAP treated teeth showed statistically significant reduction in hypersensitive symptoms (p

Introduction: The maxillary central incisor in particular holds the key in creating a highly esthetic frontal profile and therefore appropriate selection of the tooth is of utmost importance in the restoration of the anterior segment of teeth in completely or partially edentulous patients. Although a number of studies have suggested various reference guides towards estimation of the width of central incisor, there have been no suitable guides to ascertain the length of the incisor in the absence of pre-extraction records. Purpose of the study: The present study attempted to arrive at a correct proportion for determining as far as possible the correct length of the maxillary central incisor with the help of facial measurements in the absence of pre-extraction records in a small proportion of the subcontinent Indian population. Materials and methods: The distance from the bridge of the nose to the base was compared to the length (actual and calculated by regression) of the maxillary central incisor in 400 patients of both sexes between the age groups of 20-35 years. Results: The length of the maxillary central incisor by calculated measurement ratios of facial measurements and regression equation showed variations between 0.2 to 0.4 mm in males and females respectively which was statistically significant (p

Non-smokers exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) absorb nicotine and other compounds just as smokers do, and as the exposure to ETS increases, the level of these harmful compounds in the body also increases. The ill effects of ETS range from gingival pigmentation to lung cancer and death. The exposure to ETS is difficult to quantitatively measure and has been approximated by self-reported estimates, primarily of the smoking history of spouses. However, the documentation of gingival pigmentation in non-smokers is meager and has remained contentious. We aimed to assess the effects of ETS from smoker parents on gingival pigmentation in children and young adults and assess the urine cotinine levels in these individuals.A total of 153 non-smoking participants with ≥1 smoker parent were randomly selected from the outpatient Department of Periodontics, Bangalore Institute of Dental Sciences and Postgraduate Research Center, Bangalore, India. These participants were divided into three groups based on age, and the smoking history of parents was established by an interview with participants and parents. The degree of gingival pigmentation of participants was assessed by using the gingival pigmentation index and a standardized digital oral photograph. A urine analysis was conducted to assess levels of cotinine. The κ statistic was performed for interexaminer agreement, and χ(2) and Fisher exact tests were used for statistical analyses.The prevalence of gingival pigmentation in passive smokers was statistically significant (P0.05). Increased levels of urinary cotinine were observed in all three groups with the highest levels in group 3 (19 to 24 years old).This study depicts the effects of ETS on gingival melanin pigmentation.

Achieving and maintaining implant stability are prerequisites for a dental implant to be successful. Implant stability can be defined as the absence of clinical mobility, which is also the suggested definition of osseointegration. Primary implant stability at placement is a mechanical phenomenon that is related to the local bone quality and quantity, the type of implant and placement technique used. Secondary implant stability is the increase instability attributable to bone formation and remodeling at the implant/tissue interface and in the surrounding bone. There are many ways in which the implant stability can be evaluated such as clinical measurement of cutting resistance during implant placement, reverse torque test, the periotest. This article aims to throw light on the various methods to determine implant stability.

Background and objectives: Tissue engineering is fast gaining popularity in the field of periodontics, as periodontal disease is a complex condition, involving destruction of vital tooth supporting structures.