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Introduction: A history of major depressive disorder before pregnancy is one risk factor for peripartum depression. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the validation and factor structure of the Japanese version of the Inventory to Diagnose Depression, Lifetime version (IDDL) for pregnant women., Methods: The study participants were 556 pregnant women. Factor analysis was performed to identify the factor structure, construct validity was examined based on the results of the factor analysis, and reliability was examined using Cronbach's α coefficient., Results: Based on the results of the factor analysis of the IDDL, a bifactor model composed of a single general dimension along with the following five factors was extracted: (1) depression, anxiety, and irritability (items 1, 2, 8-10, and 19-21); (2) retardation, decreased concentration, indecisiveness, and insomnia (items 4, 11, 12, and 17); (3) decrease in appetite/significant weight loss (items 13 and 14); (4) increase in appetite/significant weight gain (items 15 and 16); and (5) diminished interest, pleasure, and libido (items 5-7). Cronbach's α coefficients for these five factors were as follows: 0.910, 0.815, 0.780, 0.683, and 0.803, respectively., Conclusions: The reliability, construct validity, and factor structure of the Japanese version of the IDDL were confirmed in pregnant women., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Aim: Although the association between maternal depression and bonding failure during pregnancy and after delivery has been investigated, the causal relationships remain unclear., Methods: A total of 751 women (mean [SD] age, 32.1 [4.4] years) completed the Mother-Infant Bonding Questionnaire and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale during early pregnancy before week 25 (T1), during late pregnancy around week 36 (T2), and at 5 days after delivery (T3). We created a structural regression model to clarify the relationships between depressive mood and bonding failure during pregnancy and at 5 days after delivery. The model was tested with structural equation modeling., Results: Our non-recursive model fit the data well, and we found that: (i) during T2, bonding failure predicted depressive mood (P < 0.01, r = 0.23); (ii) at T3, bonding failure predicted depressive mood (P < 0.05, r = 0.31); (iii) during T1, depressive mood was correlated with bonding failure (P < 0.01, r = 0.45); (iv) depressive mood during T1 predicted depressive mood during T2 (P < 0.01, r = 0.58); (v) depressive mood during T2 predicted depressive mood at T3 (P < 0.01, r = 0.45); (vi) bonding failure during T1 predicted bonding failure during T2 (P < 0.01, r = 0.84); and (vii) bonding failure during T2 predicted bonding failure at T3 (P < 0.01, r = 0.44). The determinant coefficients of depressive mood and bonding failure at T3 were 0.41 and 0.28, respectively., Conclusion: Our large-scale cohort study indicates that bonding failure predicts depressive mood during pregnancy and 5 days after delivery. These findings suggest that protection and support for pregnant women with depressive mood and bonding failure may prevent both issues during pregnancy and the early stage after delivery., (© 2017 The Authors. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences © 2017 Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology.)

Although the association between social support and postpartum depression has been previously investigated, its causal relationship remains unclear. Therefore, we examined prospectively whether social support during pregnancy affected postpartum depression. Social support and depressive symptoms were assessed by Japanese version of Social Support Questionnaire (J-SSQ) and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS), among 877 pregnant women in early pregnancy and at one month postpartum. First, J-SSQ was standardized among peripartum women. The J-SSQ was found to have a two-factor structure, with Number and Satisfaction subscales, by exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Analysis of covariance was performed to examine how EPDS and J-SSQ scores during pregnancy affected the EPDS score at postpartum. Significant associations were found between postpartum EPDS score and both EPDS and total scores on the Number subscales during pregnancy (β = 0.488 and -0.054, ps < 0.001). Specifically, this negative correlation was stronger in depressive than non-depressive groups. Meanwhile, total score on Satisfaction subscales was not significantly associated with postpartum EPDS score. These results suggest that having a larger number of supportive persons during pregnancy helps protect against postpartum depression, and that this effect is greater in depressive than non-depressive pregnant women. This finding is expected to be vitally important in preventive interventions.

Aim: Postnatal depression has demonstrated long-term consequences on child cognitive and emotional development; however, the link between maternal and child pathology has not been clearly identified. We conducted a prospective study using self-rating questionnaires to clarify the association between bonding disorder and maternal mood during pregnancy and after childbirth., Methods: A total of 389 women participated in this study and completed questionnaires. Participants were asked to complete the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and the Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale four times during pregnancy and the postpartum period., Results: We found statistically significant weak to moderate correlations (r = 0.14-0.39) between the EPDS and Mother-to-Infant Bonding Scale scores at each testing period. Women who experienced low mood tended to have stronger bonding disorder. Furthermore, the effectiveness of attachment between the mother and child was closely related to the mood of the mother as measured by the EPDS., Conclusion: We observed different patterns of bonding and maternal mood. Distinct subtypes regarding maternal mood and formation of mother-to-infant attachment suggests that analysis of bonding disorder should be performed considering the course of maternal depressive symptoms., (© 2014 The Authors. Psychiatry and Clinical Neurosciences © 2014 Japanese Society of Psychiatry and Neurology.)

Background: The primary objective of this study was to analyze the pattern of depressive moods related to pregnancy and postpartum in a dataset collected prospectively. A secondary objective was to assess the association between (1) low moods during pregnancy and postpartum depressive symptoms, and (2) maternity blues and postpartum depressive symptom., Method: Three hundred eighty-seven women completed self-administered questionnaires. The participants were asked to respond to Stein's Maternity Blues Scale (Stein's Scale) on five consecutive days after delivery and to the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) during both pregnancy and postpartum., Results: 32.0% of the women were identified as having a score of more than 9 on EPDS during pregnancy and postpartum. 21.6% of the women scored above the Stein's Scale cut-off point for at least 1 day during the 5-day period following delivery. The odds ratio (95% CI) for postpartum low mood if the women experienced low mood during pregnancy was 4.46 (2.48-8.04), while the odds ratio for postpartum depressive symptoms if the women experienced symptoms of maternity blues was 5.48 (2.74-10.98). In logistic regression analysis, the number of days in which women scored over the cut-off point by Stein's Scale proved to be the more significant predictor of scoring over the EPDS cutoff (8/9) [OR (95% CI)=2.74 (1.89-3.96)]., Conclusion: The rate of maternity blues in our findings was similar to the rates previously reported in Japan, but lower than the rates observed in Western countries. Furthermore, our longitudinal study confirms the likelihood of subsequent postpartum depressive symptoms if low moods during pregnancy and/or maternity blues are present., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Background: The Highs scale has been developed to evaluate hypomanic symptoms in the first postpartum week. However, it has not been elucidated whether this scale is also applicable to pregnant women. To address this issue, we confirmed the factor structure, reliability, and validity of the Japanese version of the Highs scale for pregnant and postpartum women. Methods: 418 women provided effective responses to both the Highs scale and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) during early pregnancy (before week 25), late pregnancy (around week 36), at 5 days and at 1 month after delivery. Subjects were randomly divided into two groups, and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were performed for each group. Cronbach's alpha was calculated and the correlation of the Highs scale with EPDS was analyzed. The correlation between the subscales was analyzed at four time points, and the correlation of subscales between the four time points was confirmed. Results: This scale was found to have the two-factor structure with elation and agitation subscales. The two subscales had reasonable internal consistency at all time points (Cronbach's alpha range: Factor 1, 0.696–0.758; Factor 2, 0.553–0.694). The overall scale had reasonable internal consistency at all time points (Cronbach's alpha range: 0.672–0.738). Based on the correlation analysis of the two subscales and EPDS, discriminative and convergent validity were indicated at all time points, confirming the construct validity of the Highs scale. Subscale scores showed a significant correlation with EPDS at all time points (r = 0.388, 0.384, 0.498, and 0.442, p < 0.01). Conclusions: The Japanese version of the Highs scale is reliable and valid, and can be applied for evaluating the hypomanic symptoms during pregnancy and postpartum period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]