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Background: Artificial intelligence (AI) has made deep inroads into dentistry in the last few years. In the modern-day world, artificial intelligence refers to any machine or technology that is able to mimic human cognitive skills like problem solving. To understand AI, it is important to know few of these key aspects. Artificial intelligence is termed as a capability of machines that exhibits a form of its own intelligence. Its aim was to develop machines that can learn through data so that they can solve the problems. Machine learning is part of AI, which depends on algorithms to predict outcomes based on a dataset. The purpose of machine learning is to facilitate machines to learn from data so they can resolve issues without human input. Neural networks are a set of algorithms that compute signals via artificial neurons. The purpose of neural networks is to create neural networks that function like the human brain. Deep learning is a component of machine learning that utilizes the network with different computational layers in a deep neural network to analyse the input data. The purpose of deep learning is to construct a neural network that automatically identifies patterns to improve feature detection. The aim of this systematic review was to analyze whether artificial intelligence is helpful in diagnosis and management of oral mucosal lesions.

Purpose – Mucosal lesions of the oral cavity are common findings at dental clinic worldwide. Regardless of the severity and diagnosis, oral mucosal lesions (OMLs) affect an individual’s general health, as the oral cavity serves as the main route for nutrients intake that is crucial for human survival. Data on the prevalence and distribution of OMLs is imperative to aid in the diagnosis and management of OMLs. The aim of the present study was to determine the distribution of OMLs amongst patients attending dental clinic, Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia (Hospital USM). Design and methodology - A cross-sectional study using secondary data was conducted. Dental records of patients receiving oral examination and treatment in dental clinic from January to December 2014 were obtained. Data were analysed using Chi-square test. Throughout 2014, 43 records of patients presented with OMLs were obtained. Findings - The most common lesion was ulcerative lesions (37.3%), followed by oral lichen planus (27.4%). Patients with exophytic lesions contributed 15.7%, while candida-related lesion and keratotic lesion contributed 11.8% and 7.8% respectively. Except for keratotic lesion, which was significantly associated with smoking, none other OMLs were associated with any of the risk habits (smoking, betel quid chewing or alcohol consumption). Originality/Value - Data from this study serve as a basis for OMLs epidemiology studies on larger scale that will further aid in the detection, diagnosis and better management of the oral lesions. Findings from this study further emphasize the importance of quit-smoking program to reduce the risk of developing oral keratotic lesion, among other diseases that have been associated with smoking habit.

OBJECTIVE To assess the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in patients with Pemphigus Vulgaris. METHODS Observational studies reporting the prevalence of oral lesions in pemphigus vulgaris patients, without restriction to language and year of publication, were selected in a two-phase process. Search strategies were applied to PubMed, Scopus, Livivo, Web of Science, LILACS, Google Scholar, and OpenGrey databases. Articles assessing the prevalence of oral lesions in patients with conditions other than pemphigus vulgaris were excluded. Risk of bias analysis was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute's Critical Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data. Synthesis of results was calculated by the software R Statistics version 4.0.2 (The R Foundation). Confidence in cumulative evidence was assessed with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) criteria. RESULTS From 1957 studies identified, 40 were included in qualitative synthesis and 38 in meta-analyses. The pooled prevalence of patients with oral lesions solely or concurrent with other mucocutaneous lesions was 90.3%. The prevalence of patients with exclusive oral mucosal lesions was 50.8%. Risk of bias was considered low, and the certainty of evidence was very low. CONCLUSION Oral lesions were present in approximately nine out of 10 patients with pemphigus vulgaris. The oral mucosa was the most common site of disease onset. Further longitudinal studies are urged to assess the prevalence of oral lesions at different disease stages.

Verrucous epidermal nevi (VEN) are cutaneous hamartomas characterized by keratinocytic hyperplasia. Majority are linear in distribution and tend to follow the Blaschko lines; however, some may have zosteriform (segmental) or systematized distribution involving widespread areas of skin. The systematized ones are further classified into "Nevus Unius Lateris" when one-half of the body is affected, and "Ichthyosis Hystrix" showing bilateral distribution, both being the uncommon forms. Although it can affect any body part, it rarely involves the head and neck region with seldom involvement of mucosae, scalp, and ear lobes. We saw a 6-year-old child with multiple hyperpigmented verrucous plaques predominantly present over left half of the body, ipsilateral alopecia scalp, and verrucous lesions involving mucosae of palate and tongue, which were present bilaterally. Previously, case reports of oral lesions related to VEN had demonstrated segmental, midline, or unilateral distribution. Hereby, we report this peculiar case of Nevus Unius Lateris with bilateral oral mucosal involvement, owing to its rarity.

Oral mucosal lesions presenting as erythematous patches usually pose difficulties for a clinical diagnosis. They elicit an array of differential diagnosis that mainly includes oral candidosis, contact mucosal reaction, oral lichenoid lesion, oral psoriasiform, autoimmune disease, and, not to forget, secondary syphilis. In this present case, all those above-mentioned possibilities were ruled out, while secondary syphilis stood as the main diagnosis. As this was also later excluded by a negative serological treponemal test, the final diagnosis rested on an ectopic manifestation of benign migratory glossitis (BMG), whose diagnosis was based on the clinical aspects of the lesions, along with their spontaneous disappearance in a short period of time (a hallmark of this condition) and the presence of fissured tongue, a manifestation that occurs very often in concomitance with BMG.

Introduction: Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) may cause malfunction in the immune system and the inability to observe oral hygiene in patients due to physical deficits. A bacterial infection caused as such can constitute a significant risk factor for the development of systemic infection. The present study aimed to investigate the oral mucosal lesions, the DMFT index, and the Modified Gingival Index (MGI) in RA patients treated in Birjand city. Materials and Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed with 80 RA patients referred to rheumatology clinics of Birjand in 2018. Data were collected through observation, clinical examination, information forms, and medical records. After the patients were informed about the research purposes and signed consent forms for participation, they were examined at the rheumatology clinics. The collected data were analyzed in SPSS software (version 19). Results: Of the 80 patients, n = 64 (80%) had oral mucosal lesions. Dry mouth (66.3%) was the most common finding. The mean DMFT index score was 18.7. Conclusion: Oral mucosal lesions and the mean DMFT index score seem to be at high levels in RA patients, possibly due to the complications of the disease or the consumed medications.

Orofacial clefts are a major health problem affecting individuals worldwide. Affected children would be having functional and aesthetic problems, such as breastfeeding difficulties due to improper oral seal and nasal regurgitation. Hearing and speech difficulties are also associated with the aperture. Oral mucosal lesions are commonly missed due to higher concern over the cleft than the minority of these conditions. The purpose of the study was to assess the presence or absence of oral mucosal lesions in children with and without cleft lip and palate. A total of 89000 cases were reviewed between June 2019 to March 2020 for the incidence of oral mucosal lesions in individuals with and without cleft lip and palate only. The present study consists of 30 children divided into two groups: children with cleft lip and palate and children without cleft lip and palate. In both groups, the presence of oral mucosal lesions was noted. Absence of oral mucosal lesions in both children with cleft lip and palate and children without cleft lip and palate. In this study, there is no evidence regarding oral mucosal lesions in children with and without cleft lip and palate.

Objective: The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions, together with information on the risk habits associated with oral health, such as tobacco and alcohol use, can help in planning future oral health studies and screening programs. Material and Methods: This study presents the findings of 805 oral mucosal biopsies from patients, received over twelve years period. The cases represent 0.6 per-cent of the total number of reports examined (130.680). The data were revised and compiled for diagnosis site, age, and sex. The patients were divided into nine age groups according to decades. The classification was modified and divided into eleven main groups Results: Connective tissue lesions formed the largest group of diagnoses (24.4per cent) followed by white lesions (17.8 %per cent), verrucal-papillary lesions (15.4%per cent), red-blue lesions (14%per cent), ulcerous lesions (12.2%per cent), periodontal diseases (10%per cent), lymphoid tissue lesions (1.3%per cent), other tumors (2%per cent), pigmented lesions (0.6%per cent) only 1 metabolic disease (cherubism) (0.1per cent). Approximately 60 %per cent of the biopsies were from the second group patients with an almost equal distribution among sexes. The predominant site of the biopsies was gingiva (28%per cent) followed by lips (19.2%per cent). Conclusion: The majority of the lesions were in the category of reactive and inflammatory lesions with most occurring in the thirty age group (31-40 age) that represents permanent dentition. These results suggest that the difficulties in maintaining oral hygiene or the presence of trauma may be the primary factor in mucosal lesions occurring in the permanent dentition period.

Subject. This review presents a modern literature review on the clinical manifestations of severe autoimmune disease — pemphigus vulgaris, chronic genetic determinate dermatosis — by the example of epidermolysis bullosa, dermatosis — lichen planus, acute immuno-mediated disease — multiforme exudative erythema. The goal is to conduct a systematic analysis of modern domestic and foreign literature to determine some features of the clinical manifestations of chronic dermatoses with lesions of the oral mucosa. Methodology. A review of the studies allows us to consider the etiology and pathogenesis of the development of these nosologies, approaches to modern classification, as well as an analysis of their clinical features with an emphasis on differential diagnosis. Results. It was noted that with combined damage to the skin and oral mucosa, the diagnosis of these dermatoses in patients does not present any particular difficulties. However, the significance of determining pathognomonic signs of damage to the oral mucosa with a particular dermatosis increases significantly with an isolated lesion of the oral mucosa, and when it is the primary and only manifestation of skin disease. Conclusions. Undoubtedly, the principle of continuity of the interested specialties among which are undoubted - dermatovenerologists, dentists, gastroenterologists, gynecologists, neuropsychiatrists, has great prospects in both diagnosis and complex treatment. Nevertheless, for their widespread use, the local and general treatment of these patients needs to be verified, solving urgent problems of introducing and adapting modern technologies for rapid prototyping them into practical healthcare, which together will allow significant progress in their diagnosis and prevention.

Background: This population-based cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions (OMLs) in children in a rural area in China as epidemiological data on these conditions from such areas are insufficient. Methods: A total of 3145 children in rural Yunnan were enrolled. A socio-economic questionnaire and a field survey of OMLs were administered. We gathered information on factors (sex, age, caregiver, parental education, and last-month household income) that might be associated with OMLs in these children.Results: OMLs in children in rural Yunnan had a prevalence of 1.8% (95% CI; 1.3–2.3%). The most prevalent OML was oral ulcer (n=11; 18.3%), followed by linea alba (n=10; 16.7%), whereas the least prevalent OMLs were frenal tag (n=1; 1.7%) and herpetic infection (n=1; 1.7%). On unadjusted or adjusted regression, school-aged children had about 50% lower risk of OMLs than preschoolers.Conclusions: These findings indicate that the prevalence of OMLs in rural Yunnan is lower than previously reported. Additionally, age might be associated with the risk of OMLs in children in rural Yunnan.

INTRODUCTION: The presence of Oral Mucosal Lesions (OMLs) in one’s oral mucosa can lead to unwanted consequences and mostly are due to tobacco use. AIM: To document the prevalence of OMLs among patients of Delhi NCR and provide health education counselling to those under the grip of this evil practice. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed the data of a total of 402 subjects visiting various screening camps in Delhi NCR and recalled a total of 174 patients, out of which 161 reported back to us for further diagnosis and screening of OMLs. The examination of patients in the camp were an ADA type III examination. All patients we given a health education while tobacco users were also given a specialized one-on-one health education regarding the tobacco and its ill effects as well as techniques for cessation. A descriptive analysis of the sample was first performed using means (±standard deviation (SD)) for continuous variables and frequencies (proportions) for categorical variables. The chi-square test was used for statistical analysis and to find significant difference, if any. RESULTS: Among the 402 subjects screened, the mean age was 33.24±6.74 Years and most of the study population belonged to the age group of 25-60 Years [178(44.3%)]. 301(74.8%) of the study population were males. The main chief complaint was periodontal problem [187(46.5%)], while 15 patients (3.73%) came for regular check-up. The prevalence of leukoplakia was found to be 8.70% and OSMF was found to be 6.21%. A significant difference was seen among gingivitis with respect to age and gender (p CONCLUSION: It is advised that regular Oral Health Drives and counselling sessions be arranged for the people of Delhi NCR to reduce the burden of the OMLs.

A diverse spectrum of benign oral mucosal lesions exists, presenting as either isolated oral findings or in association with dermatologic conditions. Oral lesions can closely resemble one another; therefore, it is important for clinicians to be able to recognize their distinctive features, to be able to recognize benign versus malignant disease, and to recognize when obtaining a biopsy specimen is warranted. The first article in this continuing medical education series reviews oral anatomy, the clinical attributes of several benign lesions of the oral cavity, and appropriate management and therapeutic modalities.

COVID-19 is a new disease which mainly presents with respiratory symptoms, however can present with a multitude of signs and symptoms affecting various body systems. Several oral manifestations related to COVID-19 have also been reported. We carried out a systematic review to explore the types of oral mucosal lesions that have been reported in COVID-19 related literature up to the date of 25th of March 2021. A structured electronic databases search using Medline, Embase and CINAHL as well as gray literature search using Google Scholar revealed a total of 322 studies. After removal of duplicates and the primary and secondary filtering process, 12 studies were included for final appraisal. We have identified several different types of oral mucosal lesions in patients with COVID-19 infection, present at various locations within the oral cavity. Most of the studies appraised in this review were of high risk of bias according to the Joanna Briggs Institute checklist. The current published literature does not allow differentiation as to whether the oral lesions are caused by the viral infection itself or instead related to oral manifestations secondary to existing patient comorbidities or treatment instigated to combat the disease. It is important for healthcare professionals to be aware of the possible link between COVID-19 and oral mucosal lesions, and we hereby discuss our findings.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome (SJS) is a life-threatening acute and fatal dermatological disease. It can present with many variations and rapidly worsens in a short period of time. Early diagnosis and management play an important role in stopping SJS from progression. Various drugs such as antibiotics, anticonvulsants and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can trigger the disease as an adverse effect. Oral and dental manifestation of SJS is uncommon. However, dentists should be clinically oriented towards signs and symptoms of the disease, both oral and systemic. We present a case of a 37-year-old male with no past medical history who presented to the dental emergency clinic complaining of dysphagia and burning sensation in the mouth. On oral examination, oral rash and blisters were observed. In addition, a bilateral forearm erythematous, non-blanching painful rash with some blisters was found after antibiotic administration three days earlier. The antibiotic was stopped and the patient was started on topical betamethasone for 14 days, topical chlorhexidine for 10 days, and oral nystatin suspension 100,000 units. A complete resolution of the oral and systemic manifestation was seen without the need for hospital admission.

Objective: One of the most important alterations in elderly is the destruction and loss of teeth and oral mucosal lesions. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of biopsed pathologic lesions in elderly registered in the pathology department of Isfahan University of Medical Sciences during 1989 to 2018 years. Material and Methods: This crosssectional descriptive-analytic study was performed on pathologic lesions in elderly archived in Faculty of Dentistry, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences. In this study, all archived information of elderly over 65 years including gender, age, location of lesion, clinical diagnosis, pathology diagnosis, and diagnosis year were evaluated in last three decades, and were analyzed statistically. Results: The age range of elderly patients was 65 to 90 years with a mean of 72.8 ± 4.9. The highest frequency for location of lesions was related to mandibular vestibule (21.1%). The most clinical diagnosed lesions were squamous cell carcinoma (24.5%) and Epulis Fissuratum (13.4%). The highest pathologic diagnosed lesions were related to reactive lesions group (35.6%). The squamous cell carcinoma malignancies and other malignancies were increased significantly in elderly patients with high age. Conclusion: According to the considerable frequency of oral lesions in elderly and increased frequency of squamous cell carcinoma and other malignancies, attention to oral lesions in elderly and periodic examinations are important to early diagnosis and treatment. KEYWORDS Pathology; Biopsy; Elderly; Oral lesions; Isfahan.

Population-based studies on the prevalence of oral lesions in soft tissues have received more attention nowadays, although the literature about this issue are still scarce, comparing with other topics in dentistry, like caries and periodontal disease. The main contributions of the epidemiological studies of these oral conditions are the detailed description of their characteristics in specific population groups, providing knowledge that will be useful in their prevention, early diagnosis, and appropriate treatment. Most epidemiological studies in oral lesions use convenience samples to study specific population groups, with certain demographic, but few are population-based. Many approaches analyze the oral mucosal lesions (OML) according to their prevalence in different ages, which is convenient, since the occurrence of the oral diseases vary during the life of the individuals, due to the distinct factors that they are exposed. The objectives of this chapter are to discuss about the epidemiology of soft tissues lesions, highlighting the main methodologies in terms of the collection and analysis of OML, to present the main results of the studies on the prevalence of OML in the different age groups, and to point out new possibilities for the use of technologies, such as molecular biology, teledentistry, and others, which can be applied in the service of these epidemiological studies.

Chronic oral mucosal lesions can be associated with several mucocutaneous diseases. This article reviews the autoimmune and immune-mediated, reactive, genetic, and infectious diseases that may present with chronic oral and/or cutaneous manifestations and provides a rational approach to diagnosis and management.

Some oral manifestations have been observed in patients with coronavirus disease in 2019 (COVID-19). However, there is still a question about whether these lesions are due to coronavirus infection or secondary manifestations resulting from the patient's systemic condition. Thus, this article aims to report an additional case of the oral conditions in a patient diagnosed with COVID-19. Our patient, a sixty-seven-year-old Caucasian man, tested positive to coronavirus and presented oral manifestations such as recurrent herpes simplex, candidiasis, and geographic tongue. We support the argument that some oral conditions could be secondary to the deterioration of systemic health or due to treatments for COVID-19. The present case report highlights the importance of including dentists in the intensive care unit multi-professional team to improve oral health in critical patients not only COVID-19 patients. Also, to contribute to evidence-based and decision-making in managing infectious diseases.

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı hastaların oral kavitede meydana gelen mukozal lezyonlar ve oral kanserle ilgili farkındalıklarının ve yaklaşımlarının değerlendirilmesidir. Yöntem: Çalışmaya farklı sebeplerle Ağız, Diş ve Çene Radyolojisi kliniğine başvuran, 18 yaş ve üstü 500 hasta (250 erkek, 250 kadın) dahil edildi. Katlımcılara demografik bilgilerini, oral mukozal lezyon ve kanser farkındalıklarıyla bu lezyonlara yaklaşımlarını sorgulayan 25 sorudan oluşan bir anket uygulandı. Hastaların intraoral muayenesi yapıldı. Bulgular: Çalışmaya dahil edilen hastaların yaş ortalaması 38,44±14,24 yıldı. Katılımcıların çoğunluğunun eğitim durumu üniversiteydi (%47,2). Ağrı (%25) hastaların en sık başvurma nedeniydi. İntraoral muayene sonucunda hastaların %32’sinde mukozal lezyon belirlenirken, en sık gözlenen lezyon dil lezyonlarıydı (%13,8). 206 (%41,2) katılımcı ağız içinde, diş etinde, damakta, dilde fark ettikleri yara ya da değişiklik için diş hekimine gitmediğini belirtti. 249 (%49,8) katılımcı ağız yaralarının bulaşıcı olduğunu düşündüğünü söyledi. 296 (%59,2) hasta ağız içinde çıkan yara ya da değişikliklerin vücudu etkileyebilecek sistemik bir hastalıkla, 215 (%43) hasta ise kan değerlerindeki değişikliklerle ilgili olabileceğini düşündüğünü bildirdi. Katılımcılın 142 (%28,4)’si ağız kanseri ile ilgili bilgisinin olduğunu belirtirken, 206 (%41,2) katılımcı ağız kanserini ilk kez duyduğunu söyledi. 411 (%82,2) kişi dudak/yanak ısırma/emme gibi parafonksiyonel alışkanlıkların ağız kanserine neden olmayacağını düşündüğünü ifade etti. Sonuç: Bu anket çalışması hastaların oral mukozal lezyonlar ve ilişkili olabilecek hastalıklarla ilgili farkındalıklarının arttırılması ile dünyada sıklığı giderek artmakta olan oral kanserlerin erken teşhisi ve önlenmesi için bilgilendirilmeleri gereken çalışmaların yapılması gerektiğini ortaya koymuştur., Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate the patients' awareness and attitude about oral mucosal lesions and oral cancer. Method: The study population consisted of 500 patients (250 male,250 female) aged 18 years old and above who were applied to department of dentomaxillofacial radiology. A questionnaire composed of 25 questions and designed to detect the participants' demographic information, awareness about oral mucosal lesion and cancer was performed. Intraoral examination was applied. Results: The mean age of the participants was 38.44±14.24. The most frequent educational level of the participants was university (47.2%). The most frequent reason for applied to dental clinic was the pain (25%). Mucosal lesion was detected in 32% of the patients. Tongue lesions (13.8%) were the most frequently detected. 206 (41.2%) participants reported that they did not go to the dentist for mouth sores. 249 (49.8%) participants thought that the mouth sores were contagious. 296 (59.2%) patients stated that the mouth sores are related to a systemic disease. 215 (43%) patients reported that the mouth sores are related to changes in blood values. 142 (28.4%) participants had information about oral cancer. 206 (41.2%) participants said that they had heard of oral cancer for the first time. 411 (82.2%) patients thought that parafunctional habits would not cause oral cancer. Conclusion: This survey revealed that studies should be done to inform patients for early diagnosis and prevention of oral cancer that has been increasing frequency in the world with increasing of awareness about oral mucosal lesions and its related diseases on patients.

People in tropical countries may experience a range of oral health problems, most commonly dental caries. This can start in infancy and can have a significant effect on a child's health and well-being. In older age groups periodontal diseases are more common and can lead to tooth loss. People may also present with a range of oral pathologies, including oral cancer, oral mucosal lesions (e.g., ulcers, pigmented lesions, and infections), jaw cysts, and benign tumors of bone and soft tissues. Oral cancer is often associated with tobacco habits, such as smoking and tobacco chewing (including betel quid). Patients with oral cancer often present late, when treatment may be more invasive and less effective. Dental caries, periodontal disease, and oral cancer are all largely preventable, and it is more cost-effective to focus on prevention rather than treatment. Trauma to the mouth and jaws is also common, due to falls, motor vehicle accidents, assaults, and sports injuries.

Objective The aim of this study was to perform a systematic review and meta-analysis answering the following questions: (a) "What is the prevalence and risk of oral lichen planus among patients with diabetes mellitus?" and (b) "What is the prevalence and risk of diabetes mellitus among patients with oral lichen planus?". Material and methods A bibliographic search was conducted in PubMed/Medline and Scopus database from 1966 to March 2018, using the following terms: "Lichen planus" AND "Diabetes mellitus" AND "Prevalence" AND "Oral mucosal lesions". Results Twenty-two studies were included in this review. Twelve studies assessed the prevalence of diabetes mellitus among patients with lichen planus. The prevalence reported ranges from 1.6% to 37.7% with a relative risk of 2.432. Ten studies assessed the prevalence of lichen planus among patients with diabetes mellitus which showed a prevalence of lichen planus ranging from 0.5% to 6.1% with a relative risk of 1.4. Conclusions Contradictory results were found when analyzing the relationship between lichen planus and diabetes mellitus. Diverse factors should be considered when studying this association for a correct interpretation of results. Diabetes mellitus has high prevalence and morbidity, which is why new case-control studies are needed to further investigate this association.

(1) Background: Several studies investigating the clinical outcomes of potentially premalignant oral epithelial lesions treated with CO2 lasers have been published over the last decades. (2) Methods: A systematic research review was performed for studies published between 2011 and 2021 in the PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar databases. (3) Results: Initially, the search identified 52 relevant articles. The primary analysis of the titles and abstracts eliminated 22 articles, leaving 30 articles whose full texts were examined. A total of 22 articles met the inclusion criteria. The studies were classified into 3 categories. (4) Conclusions: After evaluating the results of all the studies included in this review, an initial general statement can be made, namely that CO2 lasers are a treatment option worth taking into consideration when approaching oral mucosal lesions. When compared to other types of lasers used in dental practice, the CO2 laser stands out due to its many advantages.

Oral lichen planus (OLP) is one of the most common oral mucosal lesions affecting 0.5-2% of the adult population. It is difficult to distinguish between OLP and other oral mucosal diseases. Structural changes in the glycans of saliva proteins might be reliable indicators of OLP. However, little is known about the alteration of salivary glycopatterns during OLP.We aimed to investigate the alterations of salivary protein glycosylation related to OLP.Twenty-eight patients with OLP and 30 age- and sex-matched healthy volunteers (HVs) were enrolled in the test group to probe the difference of salivary glycopatterns using lectin microarrays. The lectin blotting were further utilized to validate the expression of certain glycans.The glycoproteins recognized by three lectins [Aleuria aurantia lectin (AAL); Phytolacca americana (PWM); Phaseolus vulgaris agglutinin (E + L), (PHA-E + L)] were mainly increasing in the saliva of OLP. Meanwhile, these glycoproteins also exhibited significant age-associated alterations.This study provided a new basic insight into salivary glycopatterns in OLP and helped to develop new potential biomarkers for diagnosis of OLP.

Aim and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the number, types, and locations of oral mucosal lesions in patients who attended our outpatient department. Materials and Methods: The patients were divided into four groups based on age: 17–24 years, 25–34 years, 35–44 years and >44 years old. Clinical oral examination was done with diagnostic instruments using the Color Atlas of Common Oral Diseases as a guide for diagnosis. When clinical features were not diagnostic, a biopsy was undertaken. The lesions were divided into 7 major groups – normal variants, tobacco related, tongue lesions, potentially malignant disorders and oral malignancies, reactive lesions, inflammatory and pigmented lesions. Results: Among 1500 outpatients, of the 587 (39.1%) patients diagnosed with oral mucosal lesions, males were 416 (70.8%) and females 171 (29.1%). The age range of the patients was between 17 and 80 years. The overall prevalence of oral mucosal changes or lesions was 39.1%. The most commonly affected age group was >44 years. Overall, tobacco-related lesions (35.9%) were the most frequently detected conditions, followed by tongue lesions (16.1%), premalignant and malignant lesions (13.9%), inflammatory lesions (12.6%), normal variants (9.5%), reactive lesions (7.6%), and pigmented lesions (4.0%). Conclusion: The results of the present study provide important information about the prevalence of oral mucosal lesions among patients seeking dental care. The study provides baseline data for future studies about the prevalence of oral lesions in the general population.

BACKGROUND In recent years, health professionals and public are becoming more aware of the importance of oral health. We conducted this study to delineate the different types of oral mucosal lesions and their prevalence among people of Southern Kerala, India. MATERIALS AND METHODS Ours is a descriptive study where 4000 patients who attended two major tertiary care centres of South Kerala were examined for any oral mucosal lesions. RESULTS Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions in our study was 12.9%. Oral aphthae were the most common mucosal lesion observed while Fordyce spots accounted for maximum number of mucosal variants. CONCLUSION Better community awareness about various oral diseases and methods of prevention helps to improve the quality of life.

Objectives The assessment of loss of tissue autofluorescence (LAF) has been proposed as an adjunct to comprehensive oral examination to enhance the detection of mucosal lesions harbouring dysplasia or carcinoma. The assessment of LAF is not based on completely objectified parameters therefore intraobserver and interobserver variability cannot be neglected alongside the issue of correct interpretation of LAF. The present study evaluated intraobserver and interobserver variability in the clinical assessment of LAF as performed by oral medicine practitioners (OMPs) or general dental practitioners (GDPs). Materials and Methods Couples of clinical pictures, acquired under white incandescent dental operatory light and during the assessment of LAF performed by VELscope were retrieved. Four OMPs and eight GDPs were asked to assess the pictures and to score the LAF. Kappa statistics allowed the assessment of intra- and inter-observer related variability. Results Pictures of 109 lesions representative of all oral mucosal sites and clinical appearances were selected. OMPs had a better intraobserver agreement than GDPs (substantial versus moderate). The moderate (k = 0.506) interobserver agreement observed among both OMPs and GDPs in a 2-score model (positive versus negative), lowered down to poor values only among GDPs when a 3-score or 4-score model (including uncertain judgements) was applied. Conclusions A good agreement (k>0.8) was never observed and the present results are similar to previously reported data about conventional oral examination. Irrespective of the diagnostic accuracy, the assessment of AF seems not to be able to improve observer-related variability in the clinical assessment of oral mucosal lesions.

Background Electronic cigarette use continues to rise, yet there are no reviews summarizing dermatologic manifestations associated with electronic cigarettes in the literature. Objective To review the literature regarding cutaneous manifestations associated with electronic cigarette use and increase awareness of side effects associated with this rapidly developing public health epidemic. Methods The PubMed database was searched for related literature. All studies involving the effects of electronic cigarette use on the skin or mucosa were obtained and reviewed for evidence. Results Contact dermatitis, thermal injuries, and oral mucosal lesions have been reported with the use of electronic cigarettes. Limitations The conclusions presented in individual case reports or series are not based on randomized controlled trials. Conclusion Electronic cigarettes can present with harmful dermatologic manifestations.

Lichen sclerosus (LS) is a chronic inflammatory mucocutaneous disease that often affects the anogenital area; oral mucosal lesions are extremely rare. A 52-year-old woman presented for evaluation of an 8-year history of a persistent whitish plaque in the buccal mucosa. Intraoral examination revealed multiple elevated whitish plaques diffusely distributed in the buccal mucosa associated with an area of tissue atrophy. Although both leukoplakia and lichen planus were considered, incisional biopsy and later, full excision confirmed the histopathological diagnosis of oral LS. After 6 months of follow-up, there are no clinical signs of relapse. This case highlights the importance of clinical and histopathological findings for the correct diagnosis and treatment of oral LS.

Introduction: The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) crisis has evoked an exigent need to explicate the association between severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and oral mucosal lesions. The present systematic review aims to elucidate the recent literature on oral manifestations related to COVID-19 so as to help the dental professionals for better screening and early diagnosis of the disease. Materials and Methods: A comprehensive literature search on PubMed, Science direct, Scopus, and Embase databases was carried out from December 2019 to March 2021 using keywords “Coronavirus,” “COVID-19,” “SARSCoV-2,” “Oral mucosal lesions,” and “Oral manifestation.” Additional information was obtained from Cochrane, World Health Organization, and Medscape. The full text articles of case reports and cross-sectional studies were analyzed and included. The review included 25 articles. Results: Four most common oral manifestations were found: gustatory and olfactory dysfunction, xerostomia, oral mucosal lesions, and salivary gland diseases. Vasculitis, opportunistic infections, drug eruption secondary to administration of Non-Steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs), stress, immunosuppression, and hyperinflammatory immune response secondary to COVID-19 might be some of the relevant predisposing factors responsible for the onset of oral manifestations in patients with COVID-19. Conclusion: The early detection of oral symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 infection could help the clinicians to perform a better screening, and in recognizing early manifestations of the disease. However, the oral manifestations might be misdiagnosed due to subsequent challenge of undergoing oral examinations, hence diverse studies should be undertaken by the researchers to gain a better insight into the topic.

Lipoid proteinosis (LP) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by deposits of hyaline material within skin and mucous membranes of the upper aerodigestive tract, especially the vocal cords. We aimed to investigate possible associations between oral LP (oLP) manifestations and demographic data and extra-oral lesions. Cases of oLP were collected following a systematic search of Medline’s PubMed and Google Scholar (1948–2014). We added four new cases. Demographic data, consanguineous marriage status, oral lesion site(s), and related symptoms were analyzed for potential associations. A total of 137 patients with oLP lesions were analyzed. Parental consanguinity status was known for 52 patients, and the parents were not related in 38 (73%) of them. The tongue was the most commonly affected oral site (68%), and it was associated with significantly more affected family members (P = 0.002). The palate and gingiva were the least involved sites (25 and 6%, respectively): the former had a tendency to be affected in younger patients and the latter in older ones. Patients with palatal and labial lesions had significantly less skin scarring (P

Background: A large number of factors may influence the conditions of oral-mucosa and regulate its thresholds against reactions to external irritations and insults. External damage to the tissues may be caused by infections and or other chemical, thermal and mechanical means or there may be some genetic factors involved. The aim of the study was to determine the prevalence of different oral habits and habit related oral lesions among the study population in Kashmir, India. Methods: The final study sample comprised of 7000 patients visiting 2 Government Hospitals in Srinagar and Pulwama district, Kashmir, India. All the selected subjects were examined for any oral mucosal lesions. The diagnosis of the lesion was made based on history, clinical features, according to standard guidelines and color atlas. Results: Prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was found to be 8%. Smoker’s palate was the most frequently found oral lesion comprising of 33.89% followed by oral lichen planus and leukoplakia (13.55% each). Other lesions included chemical burns, erythroplakia, OSMF and lichenoid reactions. Subjects were indulged into various habits; the most prevalent being the cigarette smoking (56.46%), followed by hukka and bidi smoking and smokeless tobacco. Conclusions: The prevalence of oral mucosal lesions was 8% among the study sample. Subjects were associated with various deleterious habits which were found more in males than females. This study helps in public awareness about the ill effects of oral habits and may motivate them in overcoming their indulgence.

Background and Aim: Oral mucosal lesions have various prevalence rates among different populations. Few studies have evaluated the frequency of oral mucosal lesions in Iranian population. This study aimed to determine the frequency of oral mucosal lesions and the related factors. Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted based on the data in the archives of two referral centers, including the Pathology Departments of the Cancer Institute of Imam Khomeini and Buali hospitals in Tehran, from June 2000 to July 2014. Age, sex, location of the lesions and microscopic diagnosis were retrieved from the files, and the data were analyzed by SPSS13 using Chi-square test. Results: Among 59273 files, 976 patients (1.56%) had oral mucosal lesions, and the most prevalent pathologies were epithelial lesions (89.4%), followed by connective tissue lesions (6.5%). Squamous Cell Carcinoma (53%) was the most prevalent epithelial lesion. The most common location of oral mucosal lesions was the lips (27.8%). Mean age of the patients was 44 ± 3 years. The incidence of mucosal lesions increased with age, while no correlation was observed between mucosal lesions and sex (P