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Objective: Several studies in the literature have used contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging to investigate arachnoid granulations protruding into the cranial dural sinuses. The current study aimed to investigate the protrusion of arachnoid granulations into the superior sagittal sinus, transverse sinus, straight sinus, and confluence of sinuses and determine the frequency of brain herniation into giant arachnoid granulations using contrast-enhanced 3-dimensional T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging. Materials and Methods: Images of 550 patients with intra-sinus arachnoid granulations who underwent contrast-enhanced 3-dimensional T1-weighted thin-slice magnetic resonance imaging were retrospectively re-evaluated. Only 300 patients with at least 1 intra-sinus arachnoid granulation were included in the study. The protrusion of arachnoid granulations into superior sagittal sinus, transverse sinus, straight sinus, and confluence of sinuses was investigated. In addition, large arachnoid granulations and brain herniations into arachnoid granulations were also noted. Results: A total of 889 focal filling defects of arachnoid granulations, at least 1 in the dural sinus, were detected. Of the filling defects of arachnoid granulations, 183 were in the right transverse sinus, 222 in the left transverse sinus, 265 in superior sagittal sinus, 185 in straight sinus, and 34 in confluence of sinuses. Brain herniation into arachnoid granulations was detected in 8 (2.7%) of the patients included in the study. All the filling defects detected in the dural sinuses on post-contrast 3-dimensional T1-weighted images were isointense with cerebrospinal fluid and had round, oval, or lobulated contours. A positive weak correlation was found between patient age and the size and number of arachnoid granulations (r = 0.181, P < .01 and r = 0.207, P < .001, respectively). It was observed that the size and number of arachnoid granulations increased as the age of the patients increased. Conclusions: The distribution, shape, number, and size of intra-sinus arachnoid granulations can vary considerably. Brain herniation into arachnoid granulation can also be seen. Three-dimensional cranial magnetic resonance imaging sequences can be safely used in the evaluation of arachnoid granulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The position of the patella relative to the femur is critical in the evaluation of patellofemoral joint diseases. Blumensaat defined a line to evaluate patellofemoral congruence, which is still used clinically. This study aimed to evaluate age- and gender-related changes in the blumensaat line (BL). Methods: Images of 229 patients, who underwent standard lateral knee radiography at 30° flexion, were retrospectively evaluated. The relationship between BL and interior pole of the patella was examined, and the variability of the measurements according to gender and age groups was investigated using statistical methods. Results: Two hundred and twenty-nine patients (128 men; 101 women) were included in the study. The mean age was 41.96±13.41 years (39.63±13 years for men and 44.90±12.2 years for women). BL passed through the lower pole of the patella in only two (0.9%) of the 229 patients. No statistically significant difference was found in the BL measurement of men and women (p>0.05). There was also no statistically significant relationship between age and these distance values (r=-0.112; p>0.05). Conclusion: It was concluded that there was no difference between genders and different age groups in terms of BL measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]