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Purpose: Studies evaluating food insecurity and metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) and significant hepatic fibrosis are currently scarce. We evaluated the characteristics of food insecure individuals and whether food insecurity was associated with MASLD and significant hepatic fibrosis in the US population. Methods: In this cross-sectional study from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017–2018, 3441 participants with complete data were enrolled. We defined MASLD and significant hepatic fibrosis (≥ F2) by transient elastography in the absence of other causes of liver disease. The detailed questionnaire assessed and categorized food security as high, marginal, low, and very low food security. Results: Food-insecure subjects were more likely to be female, younger, more impoverished, non-Hispanic blacks, Hispanics, and less likely to be educated, married, and physically active. Food insecurity increased the odds of the prevalence of MASLD by 42% (odds ratio [OR]: 1.42, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.12–1.78) after adjustment for demographic, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors. The addition of diabetes and obesity did not change this association (OR: 1.36, 95% CI: 1.03–1.78). The multivariable model showed an independent relationship between food insecurity and significant hepatic fibrosis (OR: 1.40, 95% CI: 1.04–1.88) after adjustment for demographic, lifestyle, and metabolic risk factors, although the association was attenuated and changed insignificantly after adjustment for diabetes and obesity. Conclusions: Food insecurity was associated with higher odds for MASLD. While there is a relationship between food insecurity and significant hepatic fibrosis, this relationship changed insignificantly after adjustment of diabetes and obesity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]