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Several cross-sectional studies indicated a positive association between school bullying and homicidal ideation during early adolescence. However, few longitudinal studies investigated this association. This study examined whether a bi-directional relationship exists within the longitudinal association between bullying victimization or bullying perpetration and homicidal ideation among early adolescents using a Random Intercept Cross-Lagged Panel Model. A total of 1611 early adolescents (39.5% girls; Mage = 12.50 years, SD = 0.50) were recruited from the Chinese Early Adolescents Cohort study. Data on bullying victimization, bullying perpetration, and homicidal ideation collected during three time points (September 2019, September 2020, and September 2021) were used. Bullying victimization showed a significant positive association with homicidal ideation at the between-person level. Bullying victimization and bullying perpetration had a bi-directional relationship with homicidal ideation at the within-person level. Additionally, this study considered the impact of biological sex-based differences and bullying types on adolescents' homicidal ideation. Based on these findings, school bullying might exhibit unique reciprocal associations with homicidal ideation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Animal models that use open surgical transection of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) do not accurately simulate the clinical condition regarding the pivot-shift mechanism and the associated inflammatory response that occurs before reconstruction. Purpose/Hypothesis: The purpose was to characterize a reproducible manual, nonsurgical method to mimic an isolated ACL tear in a clinically relevant model and to evaluate the development of progressive posttraumatic osteoarthritis due to ACL injury. It was hypothesized that the ACL could be reproducibly torn with minimal damage to other ligaments and that there would be progressive development of degenerative joint disease after ACL injury. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 37 mice (strain C57BL/6) were used to compare the manual procedure with sham surgery (sham group; n = 10) and with the established surgical ACL transection (ACLT) procedure (surgical group; n = 27). In the sham group, a closed manual procedure was performed on the right knee and sham surgery on the left knee. In the surgical group, the closed manual procedure was performed on the right knee and surgical ACLT on the left knee. Dissection using India ink, histological assessment with safranin O and hematoxylin-eosin staining, radiological evaluation through radiographs and microfocus computed tomography scans, and gait analyses were performed to assess cartilage/ligament status. Osteoarthritis Research Society International (OARSI) and synovitis scores, anterior tibial translation, range of motion, bone microstructure, osteophyte volume, and pain were assessed at 2, 4, and 8 weeks postoperatively. Results: The manual procedure successfully resulted in an ACL rupture and associated meniscal injury. The posterior cruciate, lateral collateral, and medial collateral ligaments were intact in all dissected knees. Two weeks after ACL tear, the surgical group showed a significantly higher synovitis score, whereas 8 weeks after ACL tear, the manual group showed a significantly higher volume of osteophytes. No significant differences were found between the groups in terms of OARSI score, anterior tibial translation, range of motion, bone microstructure computed tomography values, and stride distance/irregularity. Conclusion: This procedure can be used to create an ACL tear model without causing grossly evident injuries to other ligaments and avoiding the risk of cartilage damage from surgical instruments. Clinical Relevance: This procedure offers a more clinically relevant ACL tear model and facilitates simple, inexpensive, and reproducible development of posttraumatic osteoarthritis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Exposure to tobacco, e-cigarette, or cannabis marketing is associated with adolescent use. Few studies have examined advertising exposure prevalence and patterns across these products concurrently. This study assessed past 30-day recalled exposure to promotional messages about tobacco, e-cigarettes ("vapes" on the survey), and cannabis ("marijuana") from various sources among California adolescents (ages 12–17) in the 2022 Teens, Nicotine, and Tobacco Online Survey (N = 2530). Principal components analysis (PCA) was conducted to examine the underlying structure and patterns in advertising exposure sources. Multivariable logistic regression was used to evaluate associations between any advertising exposure and future use expectations (a susceptibility measure) in one year and at age 25 among current never-users. Overall, 65.9% of participants recently noticed at least one tobacco (52.5%), vape (51.5%), or marijuana (45.6%) advertisement. Gas stations or convenience stores were the most common source for tobacco or vape ads; billboards were for marijuana ads. In PCA, advertising exposure patterns correlated with advertising source, not the type of product. Exposures from tobacco-specific sources and nearer point of sale were associated with current use, older age, LGBTQ + identity, and sensation seeking. Among never-users, advertising exposure was associated with one-year and age-25 use expectations for cigarettes (one-year expectations adjusted odds ratio: 1.7; 95% CI: 1.1, 2.5), vapes (2.3; 1.5, 3.5), and marijuana (2.1; 1.5, 3.0). California adolescents' exposure to tobacco, e-cigarette, and cannabis marketing is common, follows similar patterns, and is associated with use susceptibility. Comprehensive restrictions on marketing accessible to adolescents could help prevent youth use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim and objectives: This qualitative study explores why breast cancer patients do not share disease‐related information with their dependent children. Background: 'Open' communication between breast cancer patients and their children is beneficial to both. However, some still try to avoid discussing their diagnosis and related information with their children. Some worries lie in communicating with dependent children, but the underlying cause remains unclear. Design: Qualitative descriptive study. Methods: Semi‐structured interview was used in this study. Twenty breast cancer patients with children (aged 8–18 years) were recruited at two urban tertiary hospitals in mainland China. Qualitative content analysis was conducted to analyse and identify themes and subthemes. This study followed the COREQ checklist for qualitative studies. Results: Three main themes were identified: (1) Uncertainty about the future: Their struggles with cancer remain a sensitive subject with their children. They described the uncertainty surrounding their disease prognosis and their children's response. They were also unsure whether, when and how to inform their children of their conditions; (2) Useless and risky for their children to know the truth: They considered it useless because their children can neither understand nor change the existing facts. They were concerned that it could affect their children's emotional state, character and academic performance; and (3) All for their children's sake: They were willing to take care of their affairs without troubling their dependent children as much as possible. Conclusion: Most mothers delayed communicating disease‐related information to their dependent children. However, they often underestimated children's abilities and ignored their thoughts and wishes. Motherhood leads to avoidance and concealment in discussing health issues with their children. Relevance to clinical practice: Mothers should try to understand their children's views towards cancer earlier. Healthcare professionals, especially nurses, should provide further consultation and intervention services to assist mothers and their children. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To propose a new method for glenoid bone loss measurement, the constellation technique (CST); determine its reliability and accuracy; and compare the validity of CST with that of the conventional technique (CVT) and standard measurements for ratio calculation. Materials and Methods: Sixty shoulders with intact glenoids and no glenohumeral instability and arthritis underwent CT scans. Simulated osteotomies were conducted on the 3D models of glenoids at two cutting locations, expressed as clock face times (2:30–4:20; 1:30–5:00). Two experienced surgeons compared three methods for glenoid bone loss measurement; CVT (best-fit circle), CST ('5S' steps), and standard measurement. Eight undergraduates remeasured five randomly chosen shoulders with moderate to severe bone loss. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were calculated for raters. Results: With a defect range between 2:30 and 4:20, all 60 glenoids demonstrated minimal bone loss (< 15%); while between 1:30 and 5:00, 42 shoulders were with moderate bone loss (15–20%), and 18 shoulders with severe bone loss (≥ 20%). For experienced raters, no significant differences were noted between protocos for all categories of bone loss (p ≥ 0.051), with good inter- and intraobserver reliability indicated by ICC. For novice raters, post hoc Tukey analysis found that CST was more accurate in one patient with a standard mean bone loss of 23.2% ± 1.9% compared with CVT. Conclusion: The CST turned the key step of glenoid defect evaluation from deciding an en face view to determining the glenoid inferior rim. The protocol is simple, accurate, and reproducible, especially for novice raters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Studies in our laboratory have demonstrated mitochondrial dysfunction in human and animal models of supraspinatus tendinopathy. SS-31 (elamipretide) has been reported to improve mitochondrial function and to be effective in clinical trials for several diseases. The potential of SS-31 in treating tendinopathy has not been explored. Hypothesis: SS-31 would improve mitochondrial function in human tenocytes sampled from patients with tendinopathy. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: Healthy tenocytes were obtained from normal hamstring tendon biopsy specimens in 9 patients undergoing anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction, and tenocytes were collected from degenerative supraspinatus tendon biopsy specimens in 9 patients undergoing rotator cuff repair. Tenocytes were cultured, used at passage 1, and assigned to 4 groups: healthy tenocytes, healthy tenocytes with 1μM SS-31 treatment for 72 hours, degenerative tenocytes, and degenerative tenocytes with 1μM SS-31 treatment for 72 hours. The outcomes included measurements of mitochondrial potential, mitochondrial morphology by transmission electron microscopy imaging, reactive oxygen species and superoxidative dismutase activity, gene expression, and cell viability. Results: An increase in the cell fraction with depolarized mitochondria was found in degenerative tenocytes (P =.014), followed by a decrease after SS-31 treatment (P =.018). Transmission electron microscopy images demonstrated morphological changes with a decreased number and size of mitochondria per cell in the degenerative tenocytes (P =.018) and with improvement after SS-31 treatment. There was no significant difference in the level of reactive oxygen species between healthy and degenerative tenocytes in culture, but superoxidative dismutase activity was significantly decreased in the degenerative group (P =.006), which then increased after SS-31 treatment (P =.012). These findings suggested that mitochondrial dysfunction may be reversed by SS-31 treatment. The gene expression of matrix metalloproteinase-1 (matrix remodeling, P =.029) and fatty acid–binding protein 4 (fatty infiltration, P =.046) was significantly upregulated in the degenerative tenocytes and reduced by SS-31 treatment (P =.048; P =.007). Gene expression for hypoxia-inducible factor1 α and the proapoptotic regulator Bcl-2–associated X protein was increased in the degenerative tenocytes. There was a significant decrease in cell viability in degenerative tenocytes as compared with the healthy tenocytes, with small improvement after treatment with SS-31. Conclusion: There are changes in mitochondrial structure and function in tenocytes derived from degenerative tendons, and SS-31, as a mitochondrial protectant, could improve mitochondrial function and promote the healing of tendinopathy. Clinical Relevance: Mitochondrial dysfunction appears to play a role in the development of tendinopathy, and SS-31, as a mitochondrial protective agent, may be a therapeutic agent in the treatment of tendinopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Postoperative neurocognitive disorders (PNDs) is common among surgical patients, however, the effect of glucocorticoids for preventing PNDs is not clear. This review aims to evaluate the effect of glucocorticoids on the incidence of PNDs in adult patients undergoing surgery. Methods: The databases of PubMed/Medline, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and Web of science were searched for all available randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from inception to April 30, 2022. RCTs comparing the effect of glucocorticoids with placebo on the incidence of PNDs in adult surgical patients (≥18 years old) were eligible. Subgroup analyses and meta-regressions were performed to evaluate sources of clinical heterogeneity. The level of certainty for main outcomes were assessed by the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) methodology. Results: Eleven trials with a total of 10,703 patients were identified. Compared with the control group, glucocorticoids did not reduce the incidence of PNDs (RR: 0.84, 95% CI: 0.67 to 1.06, P = 0.13, GRADE = moderate). Secondary analyses for primary outcome did not change the result. In addition, the length of ICU stay was decreased in glucocorticoids group (RR: −13.58, 95% CI: −26.37 to −0.80, P = 0.04, GRADE = low). However, there were no significant differences between groups with regards to the incidence of postoperative infection (RR: 0.94, 95% CI: 0.84 to 1.06, P = 0.30, GRADE = moderate), blood glucose level (RR: 1.05, 95% CI: −0.09 to 2.19, P = 0.07, GRADE = low), duration of mechanical ventilation (RR: −2.44, 95% CI: −5.47 to 0.59, P = 0.14, GRADE = low), length of hospital stay (RR: −0.09, 95% CI: −0.27 to 0.09, P = 0.33, GRADE = moderate) and 30-day mortality (RR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.70 to 1.06, P = 0.16, GRADE = moderate). Conclusions: This meta-analysis suggests that perioperative administration of glucocorticoids may not reduce the incidence of PNDs after surgery. The effect of glucocorticoids on decreased length of ICU stay needs further researches. Future high-quality trials using acknowledged criteria and validated diagnostic tools are needed to determine the influence of glucocorticoids on long-term PNDs. Systematic Review Registration: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display%5frecord.php?ID=CRD42022302262, identifier: CRD42022302262. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This survey study employed a framework of self-presentation motives in physical exercise to advance the understanding of exercise monitoring apps users' sharing behaviours on social networking sites (SNS). 551 participants were recruited using Qualtrics national research panel. A model of moderated mediation was proposed and analysed. The results suggested that both agentic and communal self-presentation motives significantly predicted fitness sharing on SNS and fitness app use. Perceived self-presentation outcome value for agentic purposes significantly enhances the agentic motive in predicting sharing on SNS. Fitness sharing on SNS mediated the significant effect of both agentic and communal presentational motives on fitness app use. A number of theoretical and design implications to extend the understanding of fitness social sharing to health technology applications were discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recently, the biceps was rerouted into a newly fabricated bicipital groove for in situ superior capsular reconstruction (SCR), resulting in promising time-zero cadaveric and clinical outcomes. However, no studies have determined the in vivo biomechanical and histological processes after the biceps is transposed to a nonanatomic position. Purpose: To explore the in vivo biomechanical and histological processes of the rerouting biceps tendon to treat chronic irreparable rotator cuff tears (IRCTs) in a rabbit model. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 94 skeletally mature male rabbits were used to create a chronic IRCT model in the supraspinatus tendon. Then, the biceps rerouting procedures were performed in rabbits with chronic IRCT. Eighteen rabbits were sacrificed at 1, 3, 6, 9, and 12 weeks postoperatively for biomechanical testing, micro—computed tomography scanning, and histological analysis. The biomechanical and histological changes of intra- and extra-articular portions of the rerouting biceps were evaluated at each time point, with the contralateral native superior capsule (NSC) and the native biceps (NB) as controls, respectively. The morphology and bone formation of the fabricated bicipital grooves were evaluated, with native grooves as controls. Results: The intra-articular rerouting biceps tendon was progressively remodeled over time, displaying denser fibers and more mature collagen than those of the NSC, with gradual improvements in the tendon-to-bone healing interface from 6 to 12 weeks. Consequently, the failure load and stiffness of the intra-articular rerouting biceps portion increased with time and were significantly higher than those of the NSC from 9 weeks. Similarly, the extra-articular portion of the rerouting biceps progressively healed into a new bicipital groove, as demonstrated by a smaller tendon-to-bone interface from 6 to 12 weeks, resulting in greater failure load and stiffness at 9 and 12 weeks than those of the NB attachment. The newly fabricated bicipital groove showed similar morphology to that of the native groove with sufficient trabecular bone formed underneath. Conclusion: The rerouting biceps could progressively remodel and heal into the newly fabricated bicipital groove over time, resulting in greater biomechanical performances in intra- and extra-articular portions than the NSC and the NB attachment. Clinical Relevance: The biceps rerouting technique may be a feasible procedure to perform in situ SCR to treat IRCT in the future clinical practice; however, more clinical evidence is required. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in the development of tendinopathy due to subacromial supraspinatus tendon (SST) impingement and the response to subsequent removal of impingement remain unknown. Purpose: To investigate the involvement of Indian hedgehog (IHH) signaling in the development of SST tendinopathy and the subsequent healing process after the relief of subacromial impingement in a novel mouse shoulder impingement model. Study Design: Controlled laboratory study. Methods: A total of 48 male wild-type C57BL/6 mice were used in this study. Supraspinatus tendinopathy was induced by inserting a microsurgical clip into the subacromial space bilaterally. Eleven mice were sacrificed at 4 weeks after surgery to establish impingement baseline; 24 mice underwent clip removal at 4 weeks after surgery and then were euthanized at 2 or 4 weeks after clip removal. Thirteen mice without surgical intervention were utilized as the control group. All SSTs were evaluated with biomechanical testing; quantitative histomorphometry after staining with hematoxylin and eosin, Alcian blue, and picrosirius red; and immunohistochemical staining (factor VIII, IHH, Patched1 [PTCH1], and glioma-associated oncogene homolog 1 [GLI1]). Results: The mean failure force and stiffness in the 4-week impingement group decreased significantly compared with the control group (P <.001) and gradually increased at 2 and 4 weeks after clip removal. Histological analysis demonstrated increased cellularity and disorganized collagen fibers in the SST, with higher modified Bonar scores at 4 weeks, followed by gradual improvement after clip removal. The IHH-positive area and PTCH1- and GLI1-positive cell percentages significantly increased after 4 weeks of clip impingement (20.64% vs 2.06%, P <.001; 53.9% vs 28.03%, P =.016; and 30% vs 12.19%, P =.036, respectively) and continuously increased after clip removal. Conclusion: The authors' findings suggest that the hedgehog signaling pathway and its downstream signaling mediator and target GLI1 may play a role in the development and healing process of rotator cuff tendinopathy due to extrinsic rotator cuff impingement. Clinical Relevance: This study suggests the potential for the hedgehog pathway, together with its downstream targets, as candidates for further study as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of supraspinatus tendinopathy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Racial and ethnic minorities in the United States face higher risks of human papillomavirus (HPV) and are less likely to benefit from HPV vaccines. Effective HPV vaccine promotion efforts need to acknowledge and adapt to the cultural characteristics of these minority groups. This systematic review examines and evaluates the cultural adaptations in the HPV vaccine intervention studies conducted in racial and ethnic minority communities in the United States. We searched five databases and identified 26 peer-reviewed English-language journal articles published between 2010 and 2019. These articles were analyzed using Healey et al. 's (2017) cultural adaptation framework for community health interventions. Almost all of these interventions involved some cultural adaptation. However, there is a lack of use of theories in guiding intervention design, lack of systematic, planned cultural adaptations and insufficient in-depth understanding of the targeted population's cultural characteristics associated with their HPV-related attitudes, beliefs and behaviors. Future intervention studies should identify specific cultural characteristics related to vaccine attitudes and behaviors to create more targeted cultural adaptations in HPV vaccine promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: China is becoming an aging society at the fastest pace in history, and there are a large number of empty nesters in the country. With economic and social development, internal support systems among families are gradually weakening. Supporting the elderly is thus emerging as a significant issue, and promoting digital health technologies is an effective way to help address it. Encouraging the application of Internet to elderly care and Internet use among the elderly are important means of promoting digital health technologies. This paper examines the current state of the use of the Internet by the elderly and factors influencing it (including physical, psychological, and social) as well as demand among the elderly for smart services.Methods: A total of 669 subjects over the age of 60 years were randomly selected from 13 cities in Heilongjiang province and surveyed using questionnaires from May 1 to July 31, 2018. The questionnaires were collected for descriptive statistics, the chi-square test, and the analysis of influential factors.Results: Of the people surveyed, 38.6% used the Internet. Their favorite online activity was online dating (74.2%), and the health information they obtained through the Internet was mainly related to diet (63.1%) and exercise (47.1%). The subjects demanded smart bracelets (MD = 2.80) and emergency callers (MD = 2.77). Gender, age, education, monthly income, quality of life, number of friends, and social participation were found to have an impact on Internet use.Conclusions: More measures are needed to reduce barriers to the use of the Internet and promote digital health technologies. The society, equipment manufacturers, and family members of the elderly should work together to enable them to reap the benefits of online technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study drew on appraisal theory to examine how fear appeal messages and individual coping styles combined to drive users' intention to click (ITC) health risk messages on social media. A 2 × 2 × 2 mixed-design experiment was conducted, with threat and efficacy as between subject factors and message as the within subject factor. The results suggested that: (1) threat and efficacy message influenced ITC via the mediating effect of perceived threat, and perceived efficacy; (2) fear arousal was positively related to intention to click; (3) blunting style used by the participant suppressed fear arousal's ability to mobilize ITC; and (4) monitoring style had a positive main effect on ITC. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The central aim of this experiment was to compare acoustic parameters, formant frequencies and vowel space area (VSA), in adolescents with hearing-impaired (HI) and their normal-hearing (NH) peers; for kinematic parameters, the movements of vocal organs, especially the lips, jaw and tongue, during vowel production were analysed. The participants were 12 adolescents with different degrees of hearing impairment. The control group consisted of 12 age-matched NH adolescents. All participants were native Chinese speakers who were asked to produce the Mandarin vowels /a/, /i/ and /u/, with subsequent acoustic and kinematic analysis. There was significant difference between the two groups. Additionally, the HI group produced more exaggerated mouth and less tongue movements in all vowels, compared to their NH peers. Results were discussed regarding possible relationship between acoustic data, articulatory movements and degree of hearing loss to provide an integrative assessment of acoustic and kinematic characteristics of individuals with hearing loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying the uses and gratifications theory (U&G), this study tested the influence of gender, body mass index type and past exercise experience on African American children's Wii game-playing experience and heart rate. A field experiment was conducted with a convenience sample of 51 African American children. Overall, the findings supported the proposition of using Wii games as alternative means of physical activity in African American children and suggested choosing games based on children's background information to maximize the effectiveness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As an example of one-class classification methods, support vector data description (SVDD) offers an opportunity to improve the performance of outlier detection and reduce the loss caused by outlier occurrence in many real-world applications. However, due to limited outliers, the SVDD model is built only by using the normal data. In this situation, SVDD may easily lead to over fitting when the normal data contain noise or uncertainty. This paper presents two types of new SVDD methods, named R-SVDD and ε NR-SVDD, which are constructed by introducing cutoff distance-based local density of each data sample and the ε -insensitive loss function with negative samples. We have demonstrated that the proposed methods can improve the robustness of SVDD for data with noise or uncertainty by extensive experiments on ten UCI datasets. The experimental results have shown that the proposed ε NR-SVDD is superior to other existing outlier detection methods in terms of the detection rate and the false alarm rate. Meanwhile, the proposed R-SVDD can also achieve a better outlier detection performance with only normal data. Finally, the proposed methods are successfully used to detect the image-based conveyor belt fault. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]