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The purpose of this observational study was to examine (a) the proportion of Catholic priests in the United States that have anxiety/depression and meet the Canadian 24-Hour of Movement Guidelines, and (b) the association of meeting these guidelines with the likelihood of anxiety and depression. A sample of (arch)diocesan priests (n = 335) completed demographic and behavior survey, International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ-SF), and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Results indicated that 21.1% of priests surveyed met all three movement guidelines (physical activity, sleep, and screentime) and 7.8% met none. Priests who reported excessive recreational screentime (≥ 3 h/day) were more likely to have anxiety (OR = 3.17) and depression (OR = 2.91), and who were physically inactive (< 150 min/week) were more likely to have depression (OR = 8.89). Data from this study addresses a gap in the literature regarding Catholic priests, movement behavior, and mental wellbeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Turnover intention is positively associated with actual turnover. The purpose of this study was to examine the factors that impact turnover intention of Catholic priests. The participants (n = 333) were Catholic priest from the Eastern region of the United States who completed a demographic, Vocational intention, and Physical Symptoms Inventory. Frequency analysis and logistic regression analyses were conducted. A majority (85.3%) of Catholic priests surveyed had never considered leaving active ministry, while 14.7% had either considered or are planning to leave the priesthood. Compared to their peers, priests of colour (OR = 4.99), those living in community with other priests (OR = 4.42), and with 11–30 years of ministry (OR = 3.39) were significantly more likely to report turnover intentions. More (arch)diocesan support and retention efforts should be provided for the minority priests, those with less than 30 years active ministry, and those living alone or with another priest. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine reactivity to accelerometer measurement in children with visual impairments (VI), their sighted siblings, and their parents. A sample of 66 participants (including 22 children with VI, 22 siblings, and 22 parents) completed a demographic survey and wore triaxial accelerometers for at least 4 consecutive days for 8 hr. An analysis of covariances with repeated measures was conducted, controlling for participant gender. Children with VI had 8.1% less moderate to vigorous physical activity time on Day 1 than Days 2–4 average. Their sighted siblings and parents had 7.8% and 7.1% more moderate to vigorous physical activity time on Day 1 than their Days 2–4 average, respectively. The reactivity percentage for parents and children without VI is consistent with existing literature. However, an inverse reactivity for children with VI was found, which is a unique contribution to the literature and will have implications for researchers using accelerometers for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction : This study sought to examine: (a) the associations between physical activity, sedentary time, and sleep duration, as discrete behaviors, with depression among adults with visual impairments; and (b) the impact of meeting none, one, two, or three of the guidelines for these behaviors on depression among adults with visual impairments. Materials : One hundred eighty-two (Mage = 44.8) adults with visual impairments, recruited via email through two visual impairment organizations in the United States, completed the International Physical Activity Questionnaire–Short Form, a sleep duration question, the Major Depression Inventory, and a demographic questionnaire. Based on results from the questionnaires, dichotomous variables for meeting or not meeting physical activity, sleep, and sitting guidelines were created. Data were analyzed using three components: a descriptive analysis, Pearson product-moment correlation analyses, and hierarchical regression analyses. Results : Overall, 14.8% of participants were categorized as having some degree of depression. Meeting the sleep guideline was a significant negative predictor of depression scores in the hierarchical regression analyses. The number of guidelines met was a negative predictor for depression score controlling for other variables. Discussion : Adequate sleep, as well as meeting all three guidelines synergistically, was meaningful in influencing depression among this population. The current study's results should prompt the continued examination of health-behaviors among adults with visual impairment using a more holistic 24-hour activity cycle framework. Implications for practitioners : This study supports the utilization of multi-behavioral interventions to reduce the risk of depression by enhancing physical activity and sleep, while reducing sitting time, among this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine reactivity to accelerometer measurement among adolescents with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). A sample of 23 adolescents with ASD (aged 15.00 ± 1.57 years old; 17 boys) wore triaxial accelerometers for at least 8 h per day for seven consecutive days. Descriptive statistics, including arithmetic means and standard deviations, as well as analysis of covariances with repeated measures (ANCOVAs) were conducted, controlling for participant body mass index and gender. While differences were not statistically significant, they exceed reactivity-based recommendations and have implications for future research with adolescents with ASD. The inverse reactivity pattern among adolescents with ASD is a unique finding that has important implications for research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary purpose of this study was to examine physical activity, nutritional intake, and psychological well-being differences between youth with visual impairments and their siblings residing in the same household. A secondary purpose was to examine the relationship between physical activity behavior and psychological well-being among youth with visual impairments. A sample of 22 dyads of youth with visual impairments and siblings completed this study. Data were collected through parent-reported demographic and psychological well-being questionnaires, nutritional intake questionnaires, and accelerometry. Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially, examining proportion difference using McNemar's z-test, and mean differences using multivariate analyses of variance. Siblings without visual impairments had higher but not significantly higher daily average moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (d = 0.46), significantly higher prosocial score (d = 0.63), and lower but not significantly lower difficulty scores (d = 0.39), than youth with visual impairments. Small, not statistically significant, nutritional intake differences between siblings were found. Differences in physical activity and nutritional habits between those with visual impairments and their siblings were not significant, supporting the environmentally driven nature of these variables. Associations between physical activity and well-being were not apparent in this study but may be partially explained by low participant physical activity. Youth with visual impairments and the siblings may be influenced by the same familial factors and molded in a similar fashion by parenting behaviors regarding health-related behaviors. In this study, youth with visual impairments engaged in similar physical activity and nutritional behaviors to their siblings without visual impairments. Efforts to improve health-related behaviors among those with visual impairments may be most effective at the family level. Small subsets of youth with visual impairments gain mental health benefits from physical activity engagement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is associated with positive physical and psychological health outcomes, yet youth with visual impairments tend to not to engage in sufficient MVPA. The purposes of this study were to (a) examine how familial factors were associated with MVPA among youth with visual impairments, their siblings, and parents and (b) examine the daily MVPA correlation among these family members. Methods: Twenty-two familial triads, including one child with a visual impairment, participated in this study. Accelerometers were used to measure MVPA and individual and familial factors were reported via questionnaire. Results: Of the individual and familial factors measured, only family member role significantly predicted MVPA (β =.43, p <.01), as parents accumulated significantly more activity than their children (f2 =.22). The MVPA of children with visual impairments and their siblings were positively correlated (r =.39), while small negative relationships were found between MVPA of parents and children with and without visual impairments (r = −.16; r = −.33, respectively). Discussion: In contrast with earlier findings, parents in the current study were significantly more active than their children with or without visual impairments. Potential reasons for this difference included the homogeneity of the sample, including a relatively high mean income level and parent education, which may have alleviated some typically reported barriers to parental MVPA. Future inquiries in this area should examine individual- and family-level factors concurrently to better understand their impact on MVPA within the familial triad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the relations between self-efficacy for exercise, physical activity, and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adults with visual impairments. Adults with visual impairments were invited via email through two visual impairment organizations in the United States to complete four questionnaires: (a) the international physical activity questionnaire-short form, (b) the self-efficacy to exercise behaviors scale, (c) the medical outcomes study short form health survey, and (d) a demographic questionnaire. One hundred fifty-nine participants (Mage = 44.77) provided complete surveys for analyses. Data were analyzed using three components: (a) a descriptive analysis, (b) a confirmatory factor analysis, and (c) a test of a hypothesized structural model. Both self-efficacy and HRQoL were tenable among this population with two item removals. Self-efficacy had a direct association (β = 0.26), and an indirect association (β = 0.17) with HRQoL which was mediated by participants' moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA). MVPA was positively associated with psychological health (β = 0.17), but not with physical health. The findings of this study suggest that self-efficacy can both directly and indirectly, through MVPA, influence HRQoL among adults with visual impairments. This study supports the utilization of self-efficacy based interventions to promote physical activity and thus impact HRQoL among adults with visual impairments. Adults with visual impairments tend to report lower health-related quality of life than peers without visual impairments. In this study, physical activity shows promise as an effective means to improving psychological health-related quality of life for adults with visual impairments. In this study, self-efficacy directly and indirectly, through physical activity, influences health-related quality of life for adults with visual impairments. Results support the utilization of self-efficacy based physical activity interventions to enhance physical activity and health-related quality of life among adults with visual impairments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Limited research has examined health and fitness indicators among individuals with different categories of intellectual disabilities (ID). The purpose of this brief report was to examine differences in health and physical fitness indicators among individuals with different levels of ID. Method: Individuals (n = 203) with mild, moderate, and severe ID completed a health and fitness screening. The health screening included blood pressure and lung capacity. Fitness measures were body composition, balance, and strength. We conducted multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) to examine level differences, controlling for age and gender. Results: Individuals with severe ID had significantly lower lung capacity than those with moderate ID, who had lower than those with mild ID. Individuals with mild ID had significantly higher handgrip strength than those with moderate ID, who had higher strength than those with severe ID. Conclusions: Lung capacity and handgrip strength are sensitive health and physical fitness risk markers for ID levels in China. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Recent movement behaviour guidelines prescribe the optimal time spent in physical activity, screen time, and sleep across a 24‐hr period. The proportion of youth with visual impairments meeting 0, 1, 2, or all 3 of these 24 movement guidelines is unknown. The primary purpose of this observational, cross‐sectional analysis was to examine the proportions of youth with visual impairments in the United States who partially or fully meet the physical activity, screen time, and sleep duration guidelines. A secondary purpose of this analysis was to examine whether demographic variables were associated with the odds of youth with visual impairments meeting these guidelines. Methods: This study included 561 youth with visual impairments from the 2016 to 2017 National Survey of Children's Health (NSCH). Accounting for the NSCH sampling plan, Complex Samples was used to estimate the prevalence of meeting 24‐hr movement guidelines, and a multinomial logistic regression analysis was conducted to examine the odds ratio of guidelines met across different demographic factors. Results: Of the participants in this study, 18.7%, 50.7%, and 73.2% met physical activity, sleep, and screen time guidelines, respectively. Just 5.8% of the sample met all three of the 24‐hr movement guidelines, whereas 10.6% did not meet any of the three guidelines. Conclusions: The proportion of the sample meeting of all three guidelines was low, thus depriving the majority of this population of the physiological and psychological health benefits of meeting each guideline. Moreover, the study identifies physical inactivity as a key risk factor that requires attention in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A valid test measuring children's energy-balance (EB) knowledge is lacking in research. This study developed and validated the energy-balance knowledge test (EBKT) for fourth and fifth grade students. The original EBKT contained 25 items but was reduced to 23 items based on pilot result and intensive expert panel discussion. De-identified data were collected from 468 fourth and fifth grade students enrolled in four schools to examine the psychometric properties of the EBKT items. The Rasch model analysis was conducted using the Winstep 3.65.0 software. Differential item functioning (DIF) analysis flagged 1 item (item #4) functioning differently between boys and girls, which was deleted. The final 22- item EBKT showed desirable model-data fit indices. The items had large variability ranging from -3.58 logit (item #10, the easiest) to 1.70 logit (item #3, the hardest). The average person ability on the test was 0.28 logit (SD = .78). Additional analyses supported known-group difference validity of the EBKT scores in capturing gender- and grade-based ability differences. The test was overall valid but could be further improved by expanding test items to discern various ability levels. For lack of a better test, researchers and practitioners may use the EBKT to assess fourth- and fifth-grade students' EB knowledge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this inquiry was to examine the relationship between barriers to physical activity, expectancy-value variables, and physical activity engagement among adults with visual impairments. Using a descriptive correlational approach, a sample of 214 adults with visual impairments (Mage = 43.14, SD = 13.67) completed questionnaires pertaining to barriers to physical activity, expectancy-value beliefs about physical activity, and physical activity engagement. Data were analyzed via correlation and hierarchical regression. The final regression model explained 20.30% of variance in physical activity (p <.001). Intrinsic value (β = 0.26, p =.01) and expectancy beliefs (β = 0.33, p <.001) each emerged as significant predictors of physical activity engagement, which suggests that expectancy-value theory may have some utility for investigating the physical activity engagement of individuals with visual impairments. However, the lack of significant contribution of other variables such as attainment and utility values, as well as barriers factors, underscores the need for additional research in this area. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined how students with orthopedic impairments experienced strategies identified in the literature to support 'inclusion'. An interpretative phenomenological analysis research approach was used, and six students with orthopedic impairments (age 10–14 years) served as participants. Data sources were written prompts, semi-structured, audiotaped interviews, and reflective interview notes. Based on thematic data analysis, four themes were constructed: "It's kind of embarrassing": experiences with support; "I don't want to be different": equipment, activity, and rule modifications; "I like to be a part of the conversation": autonomy and choice in PE; and "I would rather be like the other students": discussing disability. The experiences portrayed through these themes highlighted the differential effects of these explicated strategies, where each strategy contributed to feelings of inclusion, as well as marginalization among participants. As such, the findings indicated that 'inclusive' strategies should not be considered as blanket recommendations; instead, attempts to promote 'inclusion' of students with disabilities should start with a reflexive look at the unique needs of each individual student. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Achievement in a domain is normally defined by the experts within the curricula. This exploratory study reported student conception of achievement in physical education, attempting to address two questions: (1) what do students expect to achieve and (2) how do students view the achievement in physical education. Students (N = 48) purposefully selected from seven classes participated in the study. Qualitative and quantitative data were collected from three sources: curriculum documents, observation, and cognitive interviews with a ranking task sheet (Willis & Schechter, 1997). Student rankings were analyzed descriptively. The interview, observation notes, and documents were analyzed using constant comparison (Strauss & Corbin, 1998). Students reported multiple conceptions of achievement, and each achievement statement was ranked the highest by certain students. Overall, trying to stay in shape and having fun were rated the highest expected achievements by students in physical education. This finding provides insights on student conception of achievement yet creates a dilemma on the evaluation of achievement. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Expectancy-Value Questionnaire (EVQ) measures student expectancy beliefs and task values of the domain content (Eccles & Wigfield, 1995).In this study the authors examine measurement invariance of EVQ in the domain of physical education between elementary and middle-school students. Participants included 811 students (3rd–5th grades) from 13 elementary and 903 (6th–8th grades) from 13 middle schools. Students completed the EVQ in their physical education classes within the same semester. A series of hierarchical steps for testing the measurement invariance were conducted based on means and covariance structures. The results suggest that the questionnaire possesses configural and metric invariance, but noninvariant item intercepts between these two groups of students (∆CFI > .05). EVQ can be used to measure expectancy-value constructs in physical education for both middle-school and elementary students. Yet the noninvariant item intercepts posted questions on how the measured construct difference should be interpreted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study was to examine the reflections of adults with visual impairments regarding paraeducator support during their school-based integrated physical education. An interpretative phenomenological analysis research approach was used, and 9 adults (age 21–34 years; 8 women and 1 man) with visual impairments acted as participants. Semistructured audio-recorded telephone interviews and reflective field notes were sources of data. A 3-step analytic process was adopted for thematic development. Based on the data analysis, 3 interrelated themes emerged: "they wouldn't let me participate"—restriction in the name of safety, "stuck out like a big tree in a field full of poppies"—unwanted social attention and isolation, and "I felt like they weren't trained"—paraeducator disengagement and training needs. The themes highlight concerns expressed by the participants, such as the need for paraeducator training, that should be considered when using paraeducator support during physical education. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research indicates that individuals with visual impairments tend not to meet the physical activity guidelines for health promotion. Existing literature has identified barriers to physical activity as having the potential to impact the physical activity engagement of this population. Most studies of barriers to physical activity among populations with visual impairments have used instruments developed for other groups. However, scholars within the field of adapted physical activity recommended the development and use of instruments designed to address the needs and characteristics of specific disability groups. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to develop and validate a brief scale designed to measure the magnitude of barriers to physical activity for use among adults with visual impairments. The instrument was developed in four phases: (a) item development, (b) content validity, (c) exploratory factor analysis, and (d) confirmatory factor analysis. Factor analyses yielded 12 items across three barrier factors (i.e., accessibility, personal, and transportation). The Barriers to Physical Activity for Adults with Visual Impairment scale is a valid and reliable measure of barriers to physical activity for this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examined the psychometric properties of the Perceived Health Outcomes of Recreation Scale (PHORS). Data for PHORS were collected from three different trail sites (Appalachian Trail, Pacific Crest Trail, and First Landing State Park) during three separate time periods, allowing for cross-validation and invariance testing. Exploratory factor analyses, confirmatory factor analyses, and invariance testing procedures were conducted. The results indicate that PHORS, with 13 items across three underlying factors, showed high reliability and strong evidences of validity. Full configural and metric invariance indicated the factor loading pattern. The measurement properties of PHORS were generally invariant across recreation participants using different trails, situating PHORS as a potential instrument that can be used in various outdoor recreation trail settings. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

Purpose:A primary goal of physical education is to develop physically literate individuals with the knowledge, skills, and confidence necessary for a physically active lifestyle. Guided by the expectancy-value and interest motivation theories, the purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between students' motivation and health-related fitness knowledge developed in physical education and their after-school physical activity participation.Method:Third-, 4th-, and 5th-grade students (N = 293) from 6 elementary schools in a large metropolitan school district in the United States provided data on expectancy beliefs and perceived task values, situational interest, health-related fitness knowledge, and after-school physical activity. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a simultaneous multiple regression model.Results:It was found that expectancy beliefs (β = .20,t = 2.16,p = .03) and perceived exploration demand (β = .25,t = 2.58,p = .01), a source for situational interest, were positively related to after-school physical activity. The 2 variables, however, accounted for only 11.2% of the variances for children's after-school physical activity participation.Conclusion:This study demonstrates that students' active exploration and expectancy beliefs for success in physical education have limited influence on leisure-time physical activity participation. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]