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【Objective】 Rocky desertification was a major ecological problem in southwest China, which restricted agricultural development. Exploring the relationship between the ecological effect of rocky desertification control measures and agricultural development was of great significance for adjusting agricultural structure scientifically and promoting sustainable development of rocky desertification areas. 【Method】 The study selected 46 prefectures (cities) in Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan in southwest China in 2005, 2010 and 2018 as the research objects. Comprehensive Evaluation method and Coupling Coordination Degree model were used to analyze the spatial and temporal variation of agricultural development levels and the effect of ecological remediation of rock desertification in the investigated regions in the past 13 years. The spatial autocorrelation model was used to explore the spatial correlation pattern of their coupling coordination degree. 【Result】 From 2005 to 2018, the remediation effect of rocky desertification in 46 prefectures (cities) of Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces showed four patterns: Continuous increase, continuous decline, first increase and then decrease, first decrease and then increase. The high values were concentrated in the central parts of Sichuan and Yunnan, and the low values were concentrated in Guizhou province, showing a decreasing pattern from west to east; The agricultural development levels showed that three development patterns: Continuous increase, continuous decrease, first increase and then decrease. Spatially, the high values were concentrated in the middle of Sichuan province, while the low values were mainly distributed in Yunnan and Guizhou provinces, showing the situation of high in the middle and low in the periphery. The coupling coordination degree between the ecological remediation effect of rocky desertification control and agricultural development were between 0.585 and 0.790, both of which were in the coordination stage. In terms of temporal changes, the coordination degree of 11 prefectures (cities) such as Qujing and Zunyi gradually improved, 4 prefectures (cities) such as Kunming showed slight degradation, and the rest prefectures (cities) did not change. In terms of space, the coupling coordination degree of Chengdu, Ya’an and other central regions in Sichuan and Kunming, Yuxi and other central regions in Yunnan was stable and high, showing the characteristics of high in the middle and low around. There was a positive spatial correlation between the ecological remediation effect of rocky desertification control and the coupling coordination degree of agricultural development in each state (city).Moran′s I value increased first and then decreased, and the overall change decreased from 0.315 to 0.218. The prefectures (cities) with local correlation were mainly distributed in central parts of Yunnan, Sichuan and western Guizhou, including 23 prefectures (cities) such as Chengdu. 【Conclusion】 There was a significant coupling and coordination relationship between the ecological remediation effects of rock desertification control and agricultural development in regions of Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan, but there was still some space for improvement. In addition, the spatial differences were large, and the coupling coordination degree of underdeveloped regions was low and remote. In the future, it can be considered to promote the coordinated progress of all regions from the aspects of policy-making, resource input and so on. The results could provide scientific basis for the formulation of agricultural development strategy and prevention strategy of rocky desertification in southern China, and might be helpful in rural revitalization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]