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inequality in net nutritional status, measured through the average adult male height, and its evolution, is still unknown as far as Spain in the late XVIII century is concerned.Objective: assess social and occupational differences in the average adult male height of cohorts born in the late 18th century and their evolution over time.Method: analysis of anthropometric data provided by a general conscription which took place in 1808 in the ancient province of Toledo. This source includes the age, height, and profession of all men living in a giving community with an age included between 16 and 40 years as far as 90 communities are concerned. Only data for adult population (more than 21 years old) are used in this investigation. n = 8.029.Results: differences of almost 5 cm between the tallest group - landowners and people working in high-skilled services- and the shortest - servants - are detected. These differences show a gradient related to the access to the property of land, the educational status and the professional qualification. The Coefficient of Variation shows a trend to higher inequality during this period.Conclusion: inequality in the net nutritional status of adult population was high and increased during the period considered in this study. Inequality within some socio-professional groups, such as farmers and craftsmen, also increased, while it did not show major changes in the other groups. The trend which emerges from the data can be explained by the increasing economic inequality, the relative increase in food prices and the fall in the incomes of certain social groups. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the unequal university trajectories of young Ecuadorians in Spain and Ecuador during the crisis focusing on their mobility strategies in relation to public policies. We examine the trajectories of three groups: sons and daughters of the 2000 migration wave from Ecuador to Spain who access Spanish universities, those who have returned to study in Ecuador, and those who carry out postgraduate studies funded by the Ecuadorian government. The research employs a qualitative methodology based on interviews, focus groups and a survey with candidates who took the exam for admittance into Ecuador's public universities. The first group must downgrade their expectations in order to continue their studies. Their experience contrasts starkly with Ecuadorians undertaking post-graduate studies in Spain, whose heterogenous trajectories are upwardly and geographically mobile. The case of the returned students shows a broader strategy that depends on transnational networks shaped over more than a decade of Ecuador-Spain migration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inequality In Spain Is one of the most elevated of Europe and has grown even more In the years of the crisis. Housing costs play a determining role of the Inequality. The article exposes how housing is the more expensive item than the Spanish households support in his structure of cost and so it takes to extremely elevated overburden rates. Also It analyzes the differences with other countries in the scope of the public house and in the public expenditure in favor of the households with more difficulties. It describes our deficits of public housing policies. And propose greater provision of public and social housing to cover gap respect to other European countries; increase of the transferences to the families for the payment of the house and facilities; and controls of prices through demanding city-planning policies and market social pacts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A broad discussion and a large number of documents and reports on inequality and poverty have been published in Spain during the last years, mainly as a consequence of the intense worsening of poverty and inequality levels during the economic crisis. After some explanations on the main concepts related to these concepts, the paper offers some data of inequality and poverty ratios and tries to yield some light on the main causes that can help to understand such results. In this respect, market income distribution and the redistributive capacity of the public policies are given special emphasis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article studies the impact of poverty during the process of transition to adult life in Spain within the context of the current crisis. It conceptualises young people by means of social criteria, through a multidimensional analysis of vulnerability and a methodological triangulation that combines quantitative analysis (European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions, EU-SILC, 2011) with qualitative analysis, through biographical interviews. It localizes the existence of socially differentiated juvenile social groups within the contemporary social structure of Spain. It also shows how each social position is affected by specific forms of vulnerability. Finally, it evaluates the process of integration of this social position in the subjectivity and practices of Spanish youths in terms of reaction strategies in the face of poverty, degradation of identity, and social isolation: everything from the alternative search (often alegai, illegal and/or stigmatized) for material resources, to subjective mechanisms for relief from or relativization of their living conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The analysis presented shows the existence of different forms of social vulnerability distributed heterogeneously among different young social groups. This assertion is sustained in a methodology of construction of social juvenile groups whose aim was to break the artificial homogenization usually used for the concept of youth. Youth is not considered here simply as a set of individuals who share the same cohort of age, but as a heterogeneous group of individuals who share similar social conditions of existence as they integrate into the labour market and become independent from their families. The result has been the detection of seven ideal types of juvenile social groups in Spain: young prosperous adults, rural adolescents, disadvantaged adolescents, wealthy urban teens, disqualified youth, young precarious adults, and juvenile elite. Finally, we have analyzed how each one of these juvenile groups presents a specific morphology of vulnerability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]