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1. Silicon ultra fast cameras for electron and γ sources in medical applications

Author

Leopoldo Conte, G. Leo, Alexander Dierlamm, W. Kucewicz, Matteo Amati, W. Dulinski, Luigi P. Badano, C. Colledani, Y. Popowski, L. Jungermann, M. Sapor, B. Dulny, J.L. Riester, W. De Boer, Jacek Marczewski, H. Niemiec, H. Bol, Daniel Tomaszewski, Grzegorz Deptuch, L. Paolucci, A. Airoldi, B. Spanò, C. Cappellini, A. Zalewska, C. Bianchi, Witold Machowski, Piotr Grabiec, M. Alemi, Raffaele Novario, S. Kuta, M. Cacciaa, R. Lorusso, A. Czermak, M. Pezzetta, Krzysztof Domański, Krzysztof Kucharski, O. Ferrando, D. Berst, G. Mondry, E. Grigoriev, H. Schweickert, C. Sampietro, Antonio Bulgheroni, B. Jaroszewicz, V. Bartsch, G. Claus, and F. Cannillo

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Engineering, Dosimeter, Silicon, business.industry, Detector, Electrical engineering, chemistry.chemical_element, Substrate (electronics), Electron, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Data acquisition, chemistry, Optoelectronics, European commission, Ultra fast, business
Abstract

SUCIMA (Silicon Ultra fast Cameras for electron and γ sources In Medical Applications) is a project approved by the European Commission with the primary goal of developing a real time dosimeter based on direct detection in a Silicon substrate. The main applications, the detector characteristics and technologies and the data acquisition system are described.

Published
2003
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2. CVD diamond sensors for charged particle detection

Author

S. Han, S. Sala, Wolfgang Adam, P. D'Angelo, Harald Joerg Stelzer, H. Kagan, A. Brambilla, Fred Hartjes, E. Berdermann, Shaun Roe, R. Tesarek, B. Van Eijk, Robert Stone, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, Timothy Koeth, A. Logiudice, C. Colledani, Dominique Tromson, J. Conway, B. Suter, Lionel Rousseau, Marco Sampietro, Wolfram Dietrich Zeuner, Steve Schnetzer, A. Peitz, K. K. Gan, Giuseppe Bertuccio, F. Fizzotti, A. Rudge, F. Foulon, S. Pirollo, R. Wedenig, J.L. Riester, Manfred Krammer, Etienne Gheeraert, Mara Bruzzi, A. Deneuville, L. S. Pan, Dirk Meier, D. Husson, Franco Bogani, P. Weilhammer, J. Kaplon, M. Mishina, E. Borchi, Markus Friedl, M. Wetstein, R. Lu, P. Delpierre, D. Kania, R. J. Tapper, M. Procario, Christopher G. White, M. M. Zoeller, Ettore Vittone, Philippe Bergonzo, Josef Hrubec, Gregory David Hallewell, R. D. Kass, Silvio Sciortino, William Trischuk, A. M. Walsh, James Russ, A. Fallou, A. Oh, L. Perera, Luigi Moroni, M. Pernicka, W. Dulinski, L. MacLynne, and C. Manfredotti

Subjects
Materials science, Pixel, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Mechanical Engineering, Detector, CVD diamond detector, Radiation damage, pixel detectors, General Chemistry, STRIPS, Chemical vapor deposition, Fluence, Charged particle, Particle detector, Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials, law.invention, Optics, law, Materials Chemistry, Optoelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Radiation hardening
Abstract

CVD diamond material was used to build position-sensitive detectors for single-charged particles to be employed in high-intensity physics experiments. To obtain position information, metal contacts shaped as strips or pixels are applied to the detector surface for one- or two-dimensional coordinate measurement. Strip detectors 2×4 cm2 in size with a strip distance of 50 μm were tested. Pixel detectors of various pixel sizes were bump bonded to electronics chips and investigated. A key issue for the use of these sensors in high intensity experiments is the radiation hardness. Several irradiation experiments were carried out with pions, protons and neutrons exceeding a fluence of 1015 particles/cm2. The paper presents an overview of the results obtained with strip and pixel detectors in high-energy test beams and summarises the irradiation studies.

Published
2001
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3. A monolithic active pixel sensor for charged particle tracking and imaging using standard VLSI CMOS technology

Author

C. Colledani, Marc Winter, D. Husson, Gilles Claus, Yann Hu, J. P. Le Normand, Renato Turchetta, W. Dulinski, B. Casadei, J.L. Riester, J.D. Berst, Ulrich Goerlach, Grzegorz Deptuch, S. Higueret, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, CMOS sensor, Pixel, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Integrated circuit, Tracking (particle physics), Photodiode, law.invention, CMOS, law, Optoelectronics, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Particle physics experiments, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

A novel Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor (MAPS) for charged particle tracking made in a standard CMOS technology is proposed. The sensor is a photodiode, which is readily available in a CMOS technology. The diode has a special structure, which allows the high detection efficiency required for tracking applications. The partially depleted thin epitaxial silicon layer is used as a sensitive detector volume. Semiconductor device simulation, using either ToSCA based or 3-D ISE-TCAD software packages shows that the charge collection is efficient, reasonably fast (order of 100 ns), and the charge spreading limited to a few pixels only. A first prototype has been designed, fabricated and tested. It is made of four arrays each containing 64×64 pixels, with a readout pitch of 20 μm in both directions. The device is fabricated using standard submicron 0.6 μm CMOS process, which features twin-tub implanted in a p-type epitaxial layer, a characteristic common to many modern CMOS VLSI processes. Extensive tests made with soft X-ray source ( 55 Fe) and minimum ionising particles (15 GeV/ c pions) fully demonstrate the predicted performances, with the individual pixel noise (ENC) below 20 electrons and the Signal-to-Noise ratio for both 5.9 keV X-rays and Minimum Ionising Particles (MIP) of the order of 30. This novel device opens new perspectives in high-precision vertex detectors in Particle Physics experiments, as well as in other application, like low-energy beta particle imaging, visible light single photon imaging (using the Hybrid Photon Detector approach) and high-precision slow neutron imaging.

Published
2001
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4. Diamond pixel detectors

Author

C. Colledani, Manfred Krammer, Giuseppe Bertuccio, E. Borchi, D. Kania, R. J. Tapper, R. Tesarek, Josef Hrubec, Dirk Meier, Alain Deneuville, M. Procario, J. Conway, Robert Stone, Timothy Koeth, Wolfram Dietrich Zeuner, L. S. Pan, Philippe Bergonzo, P. D'Angelo, M. Mishina, B. Van Eijk, D. Husson, Etienne Gheeraert, Harald Joerg Stelzer, James Russ, A. Fallou, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, Dominique Tromson, B. Suter, S. Sala, A. Brambilla, Christopher G. White, R. L. Lander, Mara Bruzzi, C. Manfredotti, Luigi Moroni, F. Fizzotti, R. D. Kass, G.P. Grim, A. Logiudice, M. Pernicka, K. K. Gan, J.L. Riester, A. Rudge, Silvio Sciortino, F. Foulon, Markus Friedl, E. Berdermann, S. Pirollo, Marco Sampietro, B. Gobbi, J. Foster, Shaun Roe, Lionel Rousseau, R.J. Plano, Carsten Rott, Gregory David Hallewell, Alexander Oh, L. Mac Lynne, P A. Delpierre, Franco Bogani, William Trischuk, P. Weilhammer, M. M. Zoeller, R. Wedenig, Fred Hartjes, J. Doroshenko, J. Kaplon, R. Lu, Harris Kagan, Steve Schnetzer, S. Han, Wolfgang Adam, W. Dulinski, Ettore Vittone, L. Perera, and ATLAS (IHEF, IoP, FNWI)

Subjects
Physics, Radiation hardness, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Pixel, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, CVD DIAMOND, pixel detectors, Diamond, Chemical vapor deposition, Electron, engineering.material, Computer Science::Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, Computer Science::Multimedia, engineering, Optoelectronics, business, Spectroscopy, Instrumentation, Radiation hardening
Abstract

Diamond based pixel detectors are a promising radiation-hard technology for use at the LHC. We present first results on a CMS diamond pixel sensor. With a threshold setting of 2000 electrons, an average pixel efficiency of 78% was obtained for normally incident minimum ionizing particles.

Published
2001

5. Imaging with polycrystalline mercuric iodide detectors using VLSI readout

Author

J. Nissenbaum, Yehezkel Saado, A. Zuck, Haim Hermon, Renato Turchetta, Michael M. Schieber, Leonid Melekhov, J.L. Riester, D. Husson, and W. Dulinski

Subjects
Physics, Very-large-scale integration, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Substrate (electronics), Radiation, Particle detector, Photon counting, Semiconductor detector, Optoelectronics, business, Instrumentation, Radiation hardening
Abstract

Potentially low cost and large area polycrystalline mercuric iodide room-temperature radiation detectors, with thickness of 100–600 μm have been successfully tested with dedicated low-noise, low-power mixed signal VLSI electronics which can be used for compact, imaging solutions. The detectors are fabricated by depositing HgI 2 directly on an insulating substrate having electrodes in the form of microstrips and pixels with an upper continuous electrode. The deposition is made either by direct evaporation or by screen printing HgI 2 mixed with glue such as Poly-Vinyl-Butiral. The properties of these first-generation detectors are quite uniform from one detector to another. Also for each single detector the response is quite uniform and no charge loss in the inter-electrode space have been detected. Because of the low cost and of the polycrystallinity, detectors can be potentially fabricated in any size and shape, using standard ceramic technology equipment, which is an attractive feature where low cost and large area applications are needed. The detectors which act as radiation counters have been tested with a beta source as well as in a high-energy beam of 100 GeV muons at CERN, connected to VLSI, low noise electronics. Charge collection efficiency and uniformity have been studied. The charge is efficiently collected even in the space between strips indicating that fill factors of 100% could be reached in imaging applications with direct detection of radiation. Single photon counting capability is reached with VLSI electronics. These results show the potential of this material for applications demanding position sensitive, radiation resistant, room-temperature operating radiation detectors, where position resolution is essential, as it can be found in some applications in high-energy physics, nuclear medicine and astrophysics.

Published
1999
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6. CVD diamond detectors for ionizing radiation

Author

Ettore Vittone, Alain Deneuville, Hans Ziock, A. Oh, Harris Kagan, S. Han, Dirk Meier, Gregory David Hallewell, Heinz Pernegger, L. S. Pan, R. Tesarek, M. Mishina, William Trischuk, A. M. Walsh, Silvio Sciortino, C. Karl, Markus Friedl, J. Conway, Robert Stone, Wolfgang Adam, R. Wedenig, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, Steve Schnetzer, V. Speziali, C. Colledani, Fred Hartjes, W. Dulinski, K. Pretzl, C. Manfredotti, Gordon Thomson, DG Roff, A. Logiudice, A. Rudge, F. Foulon, Manfred Krammer, P. Polesello, K. K. Gan, Richard Hall-Wilton, A. Peitz, J.L. Riester, F. Fizzotti, P.F. Manfredi, Shaun Roe, Christian Bauer, R. Lu, S. Pirollo, K. T. Knöpfle, R. Marshall, R. D. Kass, M. M. Zoeller, E. Grigoriev, D. Husson, Franco Bogani, P. Weilhammer, V.G. Palmieri, Harald Joerg Stelzer, J. Kaplon, E. Berdermann, A. Brambilla, Valerio Re, P A. Delpierre, Mara Bruzzi, M. Trawick, B. Van Eijk, Etienne Gheeraert, D. Kania, R. J. Tapper, Josef Hrubec, M. Pernicka, E. Borchi, Philippe Bergonzo, A. Fallou, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), RD42, and ATLAS (IHEF, IoP, FNWI)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 02 engineering and technology, Radiation, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Particle detector, Nuclear electronics, 0103 physical sciences, Irradiation, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Instrumentation, Radiation hardening, CVD DIAMOND, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Diamond, CVD diamond detector, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, READOUT, engineering, Optoelectronics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

In future HEP accelerators, such as the LHC (CERN), detectors and electronics in the vertex region of the experiments will suffer from extreme radiation. Thus radiation hardness is required for both detectors and electronics to survive in this harsh environment. CVD diamond, which is investigated by the RD42 Collaboration at CERN, can meet these requirements. Samples of up to 2×4 cm 2 have been grown and refined for better charge collection properties, which are measured with a β source or in a testbeam. A large number of diamond samples has been irradiated with hadrons to fluences of up to 5×10 15 cm −2 to study the effects of radiation. Both strip and pixel detectors were prepared in various geometries. Samples with strip metallization have been tested with both slow and fast readout electronics, and the first diamond pixel detector proved fully functional with LHC electronics.

Published
1999

7. Recent results on CVD diamond radiation sensors

Author

Roff, Franco Bogani, P. Weilhammer, Steve Schnetzer, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, Christian Bauer, K. K. Gan, J.L. Riester, J. Kaplon, LeNormand, E. Grigoriev, Robert Stone, Mara Bruzzi, R. J. Tapper, Josef Hrubec, Gregory David Hallewell, Renato Turchetta, Richard Hall-Wilton, R. D. Kass, Heinz Pernegger, L. S. Pan, V. Speziali, D. Fish, M. Trawick, R. Tesarek, B. Van Eijk, Etienne Gheeraert, Gordon Thomson, J. Conway, R.J. Plano, P.F. Manfredi, K. T. Knöpfle, R. V.D. Eijk, Silvio Sciortino, D. R. Kania, Valerio Re, D. Husson, S. Han, Harris Kagan, Michael M. Schieber, C. Colledani, P. Delpierre, Fred Hartjes, E. Berdermann, Manfred Krammer, Dirk Meier, Harald Joerg Stelzer, Wolfgang Adam, A. Fallou, M. Fried, A. Deneuville, A. Rudge, Shaun Roe, W. Dulinski, William Trischuk, E. Borchi, and M. Pernicka

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Diamond, Chemical vapor deposition, engineering.material, Radiation, Tracking (particle physics), engineering, Optoelectronics, Electronics, business, Instrumentation, Radiation hardening
Abstract

CVD diamond radiation sensors are being developed for possible use in trackers in the LHC experiments. The diamond promises to be radiation hard well beyond particle fluences that can be tolerated by Si sensors. Recent results from the RD 42 collaboration on charge collection distance and on radiation hardness of CVD diamond samples will be reported. Measurements with diamond tracking devices, both strip detectors and pixel detectors, will be discussed. Results from beam tests using a diamond strip detector which was read out with fast, 25 ns shaping time, radiation-hard pipeline electronics will be presented.

Published
1998
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8. The SUCIMA project: A status report on high granularity dosimetry and proton beam monitoring

Author

Chiara Cappellini, M. Jastrzab, C. Colledani, B. Dulny, Andrzej Kociubiński, M. Sapor, Jacek Marczewski, H. Schweickert, W. De Boer, O. Ferrando, C. Bianchi, Leopoldo Conte, M. Koziel, T. Klatka, M. Prest, Y. Popowski, Raffaele Novario, Krzysztof Kucharski, A. Mozzanica, A. Czermak, B. Sowicki, H. Niemec, J.L. Riester, S. Kuta, M. Szelezniak, W. Dulinski, J. Bol, D. Berst, A. Zalewska, P. Grabiec, M. Grodner, B. Jaroszewicz, E. Grigoriev, Gilles Claus, Krzysztof Domański, A. Przykutta, Luigi P. Badano, Massimo Caccia, Marco Rovere, R. Lorusso, W. Kucewicz, Daniel Tomaszewski, Grzegorz Deptuch, L. Jungermann, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Massimo Caccia and Bettina Mikulec, and SUCIMA

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Proton, SUCIMA, dosimetry, Beam profilometry, business.industry, Detector, intravascular brachytherapy, Status report, 29.40.Wk, 87.58.-b, 87.58.Sp, Microstrip, Secondary electrons, Optics, Intravascular brachytherapy, Beam monitoring, Dosimetry, Pixel, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Granularity, business, Instrumentation, Beam (structure)
Abstract

LEPSI; The SUCIMA collaboration has been developing instruments and methods for real-time, high granularity imaging of extended electron sources. In particular, dosimetry of intravascular brachytherapy β sources has been intensively studied, together with monitoring of hadrontherapy beams by imaging of secondary electrons emitted by a non-disruptive target. The paper reports the latest results on absolute dosimetry with a large-area silicon strip detectors and on beam monitoring with a hybrid pad sensor.

Published
2006
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9. Position-sensitive silicon detectors for real-time dosimetry in medical applications

Author

B. Dulny, M. Alemi, A. Czermak, O. Ferrando, W. Kucewicz, H. Schweickert, Krzysztof Kucharski, C. Bianchi, G. Mondry, Witold Machowski, J.L. Riester, F. Cannillo, M. Sapor, Alexander Dierlamm, H. Niemiec, A. Zalewska, Y. Poposki, C. Sampietro, S. Kuta, E. Grigoriev, V. Bartsch, Luigi P. Badano, C. Colledani, Matteo Amati, B. Jaroszewicz, W. De Boer, Jacek Marczewski, Raffaele Novario, M. Pezzetta, G. Claus, D. Berst, L. Jungermann, H. Bol, Antonio Bulgheroni, P. Grabiec, G. Leo, C. Cappellini, Massimo Caccia, Daniel Tomaszewski, Grzegorz Deptuch, Krzysztof Domański, W. Dulinski, R. Lorusso, M. Prest, and Leopoldo Conte

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, medicine.medical_specialty, Silicon, SUCIMA, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Brachytherapy, Detector, brachytherapy, chemistry.chemical_element, real time silicon detectors, Real time dosimetry, Data acquisition, chemistry, Position (vector), medicine, Dosimetry, Medical physics, Ultra fast, business, Instrumentation, Computer hardware
Abstract

Real-time dosimetry is a critical issue in most radiotherapy applications. Silicon Ultra fast Cameras for electron and gamma sources In Medical Applications (SUCIMA) is a project addressing the development of an imaging system of extended radioactive sources based on monolithic and hybrid position-sensitive silicon sensors, where “imaging” has to be intended as the record of a dose map. The detector characteristics are constrained by the main applications, namely brachytherapy and real-time monitoring of a hadron beam for oncology. The key issues in the sensor and DAQ development are described together with the most relevant medical applications. SUCIMA 1 is a project approved by the EC within the V Framework Program.

Published
2004

10. The development of diamond tracking detectors for the LHC

Author

Wladyslaw Dabrowski, Gregory David Hallewell, William Trischuk, C. Colledani, J. Kaplon, C. Sutera, C. Furetta, S. Sala, W. Dulinski, Harald Joerg Stelzer, Norbert Wermes, L. Perera, A. Brambilla, Wolfgang Adam, M. M. Zoeller, Claudio Manfredotti, R. Marshall, J. Noomen, J. Conway, Harris Kagan, C. Karl, B. Vincenzo, Timothy Koeth, M. Wetstein, E. Borchi, S. Han, Wolfram Dietrich Zeuner, F. Fizzotti, R. Lu, K. T. Knöpfle, Franco Bogani, P. Weilhammer, Luigi Moroni, M. Pernicka, N. Ghodbane, Heinz Pernegger, Fred Hartjes, Shaun Roe, C. Tuve, Alexander Oh, W. De Boer, D. Husson, A. Logiudice, R. Potenza, Philippe Bergonzo, E. Berdermann, Steve Schnetzer, Manfred Krammer, A. Rudge, A. Fallou, S. Meuser, Peter Fischer, Mara Bruzzi, L. Mac Lynne, P A. Delpierre, P. Polesello, Dirk Meier, M. Mishina, K. K. Gan, J.L. Riester, Marco Sampietro, Dominique Tromson, P. D'Angelo, M Keil, Josef Hrubec, J. Doroshenko, B. Van Eijk, E. Grigoriev, R. D. Kass, Robert Stone, Silvio Sciortino, and David Menichelli

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, Diamond, Nanotechnology, Chemical vapor deposition, engineering.material, Tracking (particle physics), USable, Engineering physics, engineering, Electronics, Instrumentation, Radiation hardening
Abstract

Chemical vapor deposition diamond has been discussed extensively as an alternate sensor material for use very close to the interaction region of the LHC where extreme radiation conditions exist. During the last few years diamond devices have been manufactured and tested with LHC electronics with the goal of creating a detector usable by all LHC experiment. Extensive progress on diamond quality, on the development of diamond trackers and on radiation hardness studies has been made. Transforming the technology to the LHC specific requirements is now underway. In this paper we present the recent progress achieved.

Published
2003

11. Ceramic mercuric iodide semiconductor particle counters

Author

M. Braiman, W. Dulinski, J.L. Riester, Michael M. Schieber, J. Nissenbaum, A. Zuck, D. Husson, Leonid Melekhov, and R. Turchett

Subjects
Physics, Large Hadron Collider, Spectrometer, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Electrical contacts, Particle detector, Optics, Semiconductor, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Ceramic, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Radiation detectors have been fabricated from very thick films (100-600 /spl mu/m) of mercuric iodide (HgI/sub 2/). These devices, which function as nuclear particle counters and not as spectrometers, have been prepared with single continuous electrical contacts, linear microstrips and square pixel contacts. The word ceramic is used to distinguish the detectors from single crystals which are usually studied for this application. The detectors have been tested with different kinds of gamma and beta sources as well as in a high energy beam of 100 GeV muons at CERN. The presented results show the potential of this material for applications demanding position sensitive, radiation resistant, room-temperature operating radiation detectors, where position rather than spectroscopic resolution is essential, as it can be found in some specific applications in high energy physics, nuclear medicine and astrophysics. Because of the low cost and of the polycrystallinity, detectors can be potentially fabricated in any size and shape, using standard ceramic technology shaping equipment, which is an attractive feature where low cost and large area applications are needed.

Published
2002
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12. Design and testing of monolithic active pixel sensors for charged particle tracking

Author

D. Husson, J.L. Riester, G. Orazi, Grzegorz Deptuch, Marc Winter, W. Dulinski, J.D. Berst, Renato Turchetta, Gilles Claus, Yann Hu, Ulrich Goerlach, Yu. Gornoushkin, C. Colledani, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and Heyd, Yvette

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, CMOS sensor, Materials science, Pixel, [PHYS.HEXP] Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, Integrated circuit design, Dot pitch, Photodiode, law.invention, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, CMOS, law, Nuclear electronics, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Optoelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business
Abstract

A monolithic active pixel sensor (MAPS) for charged particle tracking based on a novel detector structure was proposed, simulated, fabricated and tested. The detector designed accordingly to this idea is inseparable from the readout electronics, since both of them are integrated onto the same, standard for a CMOS process, low-resistivity silicon wafer. The individual pixel is comprised of only 3 MOS transistors and a photodiode collecting the charge created in a thin undepleted epitaxial layer. This approach provides the whole detector surface sensitive to radiation (100% fill factor) with reduced pixel pitch(very high spatial resolution). This yields a low cost, high resolution and thin detecting device. The detailed device simulations using an ISE-TCAD package have been carried out in order to study a charge collection mechanism and to validate the proposed idea. Consequently, two prototype chips have been fabricated using 0.6 /spl mu/m and 0.35 /spl mu/m CMOS processes. Special radiation tolerant layout techniques were used in the second chip design. Both chips were tested and fully characterised. The pixel conversion gain was calibrated using 5.9 keV photons and prototype devices were exposed to the 120 GeV/c pion beams at CERN. Obtained results preceded by general design ideas and simulation results are reviewed.

Published
2002
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13. Radiation tolerance of CVD diamond detectors for pions and protons

Author

P. D'Angelo, R. Tesarek, J. Conway, Silvio Sciortino, C. Manfredotti, L. S. Pan, Wolfram Dietrich Zeuner, M. M. Zoeller, C. Colledani, K. K. Gan, J.L. Riester, H. Kagan, Manfred Krammer, A. Rudge, R. Wedenig, Franco Bogani, Gregory David Hallewell, Dominique Tromson, F. Foulon, Alain Deneuville, J. Kaplon, P. Weilhammer, A. Oh, Fred Hartjes, Shaun Roe, M. Wetstein, D. Husson, Lionel Rousseau, F. Fizzotti, Giuseppe Bertuccio, E. Berdermann, Wolfgang Adam, Steve Schnetzer, S. Pirollo, S. Sala, Timothy Koeth, S. Han, W. Dulinski, Robert Stone, A. Logiudice, Harald Joerg Stelzer, Etienne Gheeraert, B. Suter, A. Brambilla, D. Kania, R. J. Tapper, L. Perera, Josef Hrubec, Ettore Vittone, William Trischuk, A. M. Walsh, A. Peitz, B. Van Eijk, M. Procario, Philippe Bergonzo, James Russ, A. Fallou, Luigi Moroni, Marco Sampietro, M. Pernicka, E. Borchi, Dirk Meier, M. Mishina, Mara Bruzzi, L. Mac Lynne, P A. Delpierre, R. Lu, Christopher G. White, R. D. Kass, J. Noomen, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, and Markus Friedl

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, diamond, Radiation damage, charge signal distribution, Detector, Diamond, Charge (physics), Chemical vapor deposition, engineering.material, Signal, Nuclear physics, Pion, engineering, Irradiation, Atomic physics, Instrumentation
Abstract

The paper gives new results on the radiation tolerance of CVD diamond for irradiation with 300 MeV/c pions and 24 GeV/c protons. The measured charge signal spectrum is compared at several irradiation levels with the spectrum calculated by a model. Irradiation by particles causes damage leading to a decrease of the charge signal. However, both the measurements and the outcome from the model show that for tracker applications this drawback is at least partly counterbalanced by a narrowing of the distribution curve of the charge signal. As a result, the efficiency of a CVD diamond tracker is less affected by irradiation than the mean charge signal.

Published
2002

14. Particle tracking using CMOS monolithic active pixel sensor

Author

J.L. Riester, G. Orazi, Gilles Claus, Renato Turchetta, C. Colledani, Grzegorz Deptuch, D. Husson, Marc Winter, Wojciech Dulinski, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, CMOS sensor, Pixel, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Tracking (particle physics), Photodiode, law.invention, Optics, CMOS, law, Optoelectronics, business, Particle beam, Instrumentation, Test data
Abstract

A novel monolithic active pixel sensor for charged particle tracking has been designed and fabricated in a standard CMOS technology. The device architecture is identical to a CMOS camera, recently being proposed as an alternative to CCD sensors for visible light imaging. The partially depleted thin epitaxial silicon layer is used as a sensitive detector volume. The sensor is a photodiode having a special structure, which allows the high detection efficiency required for tracking applications A first prototype was made of four arrays each containing 64×64 pixels, with a readout pitch of 20 μm in both directions. An architecture allowing serial readout of the analogue information from each pixel has been implemented. To evaluate the tracking performance of such a device, series of tests have been performed using a high-energy particle beam. A detailed analysis of the beam test data presented in this work demonstrate close to 100% minimum ionising particle detection efficiency and a good enough signal-to-noise ratio of more than 30.

Published
2001

15. Simulation and measurements of charge collection in monolithic active pixel sensors

Author

Renato Turchetta, Grzegorz Deptuch, W. Dulinski, Marc Winter, J.L. Riester, D. Husson, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), and Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, CMOS sensor, Pixel, business.industry, Detector, Laser, Photodiode, law.invention, Optics, CMOS, law, Optoelectronics, Wafer, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], business, Particle beam, Instrumentation
Abstract

A preliminary study of the charge collection in the recently proposed Monolithic Active Pixel Sensor devices for minimum ionising particles tracking is presented. The baseline pixel architecture is similar to a visible light CMOS camera, emerged as a competitor to widespread CCDs. Free electrons created by an impinging particle are collected by a photodiode from a thin partially depleted epitaxial silicon layer allowing 100% of fill-factor. Such a structure is fabricated using standard CMOS process. The sensor and associated readout electronics are integrated onto the same wafer, resulting in a low cost, high resolution and possibly thin detector. The crucial points of a CMOS detector are the time and the efficiency of the charge collection. These factors, in spite of undeniable advantages of CMOS detectors, can limit their performances. The detailed 3-D simulations using commercially available ISE-TCAD package are carried out in order to study a charge collection process. Although it is dominated by thermal diffusion, more than 1000 electrons are collected in the 3×3 pixels cluster within a time of 100 ns in a 15 μm thick epitaxial layer. Simulation results are compared to measurements performed on the prototype APS CMOS MIMOSA using either a fast Infrared (IR) laser or a high-energy particle beam as an excitation source.

Published
2001

16. The first bump-bonded pixel detectors on CVD diamond

Author

Valerio Re, A. Wagner, D. Fasching, E. Berdermann, P.K. Sinervo, Philippe Bergonzo, Steve Schnetzer, A. Fallou, S. Pirollo, Manfred Krammer, J. Steuerer, M. M. Zoeller, Robert Stone, J. Kaplon, L. S. Pan, J. Richardson, P. Delpierre, M. Trawick, W. Dulinski, M. Mishina, C. Colledani, A. Joshi, G. Zizka, E. Charles, R. D. Kass, Etienne Gheeraert, Harris Kagan, D. Husson, K. Dao, F. Fizzotti, Christian Bauer, Hans-Joachim Ziock, K. K. Gan, J.L. Riester, S. Kleinfelder, S. Han, Murdock Gilchriese, A. Oh, Shaun Roe, E. Grigoriev, Franco Bogani, P. Weilhammer, Ettore Vittone, E. Borchi, Gregory David Hallewell, A. M. Walsh, A. Deneuville, V.G. Palmieri, A. Rudge, R. Marshall, F. Foulon, Mara Bruzzi, M. Pernicka, William Trischuk, R. Tesarek, Kevin Einsweiler, Harald Joerg Stelzer, J. Conway, Dirk Meier, A. Brambilla, Silvio Sciortino, Wolfram Dietrich Zeuner, D. Kania, R. J. Tapper, R. Wedenig, Fred Hartjes, C. Karl, DG Roff, Richard Hall-Wilton, A. Peitz, N. Palaio, Josef Hrubec, P. Polesello, Claudio Manfredotti, O. Milgrome, P.F. Manfredi, Markus Friedl, Renato Turchetta, V. Speziali, Wolfgang Adam, R. Lu, B. Van Eijk, A. Logiudice, Alessandra Ciocio, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, and K. Pretzl

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, CVD DIAMOND, CVD diamond detector, RADIATION DETECTORS, Pixel, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Diamond, engineering.material, Particle detector, law.invention, Telescope, Surface coating, Optics, law, Nuclear electronics, engineering, Optoelectronics, business, Instrumentation, Radiation hardening
Abstract

Diamond is a nearly ideal material for detecting ionising radiation. Its outstanding radiation hardness, fast charge collection and low leakage current allow it to be used in high radiation environments. These characteristics make diamond sensors particularly appealing for use in the next generation of pixel detectors. Over the last year, the RD42 collaboration has worked with several groups that have developed pixel readout electronics in order to optimise diamond sensors for bump-bonding. This effort resulted in an operational diamond pixel sensor that was tested in a pion beam. We demonstrate that greater than 98% of the channels were successfully bump-bonded and functioning. The device shows good overall hit efficiency as well as clear spatial hit correlation to tracks measured in a silicon reference telescope. A position resolution of 14.8 μm was observed, consistent with expectations given the detector pitch.

Published
1999

17. CVD diamond pixel detectors for LHC experiments

Author

R. Wedenig, W. Adam, C. Bauer, E. Berdermann, P. Bergonzo, F. Bogani, E. Borchi, A. Brambilla, M. Bruzzi, C. Colledani, J. Conway, W. Dabrowski, P. Delpierre, A. Deneuville, W. Dulinski, B. van Eijk, A. Fallou, F. Fizzotti, F. Foulon, M. Friedl, K.K. Gan, E. Gheeraert, E. Grigoriev, G. Hallewell, R. Hall-Wilton, S. Han, F. Hartjes, J. Hrubec, D. Husson, H. Kagan, D. Kania, J. Kaplon, C. Karl, R. Kass, K.T. Knöpfle, M. Krammer, A. Logiudice, R. Lu, P.F. Manfredi, C. Manfredotti, R.D. Marshall, D. Meier, M. Mishina, A. Oh, L.S. Pan, V.G. Palmieri, M. Pernicka, A. Peitz, S. Pirollo, P. Polesello, K. Pretzl, M. Procario, V. Re, J.L. Riester, S. Roe, D. Roff, A. Rudge, O. Runolfsson, J. Russ, S. Schnetzer, S. Sciortino, V. Speziali, H. Stelzer, R. Stone, B. Suter, R.J. Tapper, R. Tesarek, M. Trawick, W. Trischuk, E. Vittone, A. Wagner, A.M. Walsh, P. Weilhammer, C. White, W. Zeuner, H. Ziock, M. Zoeller, L. Blanquart, P. Breugnion, E. Charles, A. Ciocio, J.C. Clemens, K. Dao, K. Einsweiler, D. Fasching, P. Fischer, A. Joshi, M. Keil, V. Klasen, S. Kleinfelder, D. Laugier, S. Meuser, O. Milgrome, T. Mouthuy, J. Richardson, P. Sinervo, J. Treis, N. Wermes, ATLAS (IHEF, IoP, FNWI), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), RD42, and Damoiseaux, Magali

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Chemical vapor deposition, engineering.material, 01 natural sciences, Particle detector, pixel detectors, Computer Science::Multimedia, 0103 physical sciences, Electronic engineering, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], 010306 general physics, CVD DIAMOND, Radiation Detector, Large Hadron Collider, Pixel, CVD diamond detector, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Diamond, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Surface coating, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Computer Science::Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, engineering, Measuring instrument, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Optoelectronics, business
Abstract

This paper reviews the development of CVD diamond pixel detectors. The preparation of the diamond pixel sensors for bump-bonding to the pixel readout electronics for the LHC and the results from beam tests carried out at CERN are described.

Published
1999

18. VLSI readout for imaging with polycrystalline mercuric iodide detectors

Author

Renato Turchetta, D. Husson, Michael M. Schieber, Leonid Melekhov, W. Dulinski, J. Nissenbaum, J.L. Riester, N. Klein, A. Zuck, M. Braiman, and Stefano Sanguinetti

Subjects
Very-large-scale integration, Materials science, Pixel, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Square inch, Detector, Particle detector, visual_art, visual_art.visual_art_medium, Optoelectronics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Electronics, Ceramic, business, Image resolution
Abstract

Recently polycrystalline mercuric iodide have become available, for room temperature radiation detectors over large areas at low cost. Though the quality of this material is still under improvement, ceramic detectors have been already been successfully tested with dedicated low-noise, low-power mixed signal VLSI electronics which can be used for compact, imaging solutions. The detectors used are of different kinds: microstrips and pixels; of different sizes, up to about 1 square inch; and of different thickness, up to 600 microns. The properties of this first-generation detectors are quite uniform from one detector to another. Also for each single detector the response is quite uniform and no charge loss in the inter-electrode space have been detected. Because of the low cost and of the polycrystallinity, detectors can be potentially fabricated in any size and shape, using standard ceramic technology equipment, which is an attractive feature where low cost and large area applications are needed.

Published
1998
Full Text
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19. Review of the development of diamond radiation sensors

Author

Shaun Roe, K. K. Gan, C. Karl, Alain Deneuville, J.L. Riester, Steve Schnetzer, P.F. Manfredi, Hans Ziock, A. Rudge, Wolfgang Adam, A. Oh, Harris Kagan, R. Tesarek, Harald Joerg Stelzer, E. Berdermann, F. Foulon, V.G. Palmieri, S. Pirollo, S. Han, M. Trawick, Dirk Meier, Gregory David Hallewell, J. Conway, B. Van Eijk, D. Kania, R. J. Tapper, A. Brambilla, D. Husson, V. Speziali, P A. Delpierre, M. Mishina, P. Polesello, Robert Stone, Franco Bogani, E. Grigoriev, Etienne Gheeraert, Markus Friedl, Valerio Re, C. Colledani, P. Weilhammer, Silvio Sciortino, C. Manfredotti, M. M. Zoeller, Josef Hrubec, Manfred Krammer, A. Logiudice, Gordon Thomson, W. Trischuk, Philippe Bergonzo, J. Kaplon, Mara Bruzzi, L. S. Pan, R. Marshall, A. Fallou, Ettore Vittone, E. Borchi, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, K. Pretzl, R. Lu, K. T. Knöpfle, A. M. Walsh, M. Pernicka, F. Fizzotti, W. Dulinski, Christian Bauer, Richard Hall-Wilton, A. Peitz, R. Wedenig, Fred Hartjes, DG Roff, R. D. Kass, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and RD42

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 02 engineering and technology, Chemical vapor deposition, Radiation, engineering.material, Tracking (particle physics), 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Instrumentation, Image resolution, Radiation hardening, 010302 applied physics, Physics, business.industry, Detector, Diamond, 021001 nanoscience & nanotechnology, Surface coating, engineering, Optoelectronics, 0210 nano-technology, business
Abstract

Diamond radiation sensors produced by chemical vapour deposition are studied for the application as tracking detectors in high luminosity experiments. Sensors with a charge collection distance up to 250 μm have been manufactured. Their radiation hardness has been studied with pions, proton and neutrons up to fluences of 1.9×10 15 π cm −2 , 5×10 15 p cm −2 and 1.35×10 15 n cm −2 , respectively. Diamond micro-strip detectors with 50 μm pitch have been exposed in a high-energy test beam in order to investigate their charge collection properties. The measured spatial resolution using a centre-of-gravity position finding algorithm corresponds to the digital resolution for this strip pitch. First results from a strip tracker with a 2×4 cm 2 surface area are reported as well as the performance of a diamond tracker read out by radiation-hard electronics with 25 ns shaping time. Diamond pixel sensors have been prepared to match the geometries of the recently available read-out chip prototypes for ATLAS and CMS. Beam test results are shown from a diamond detector bump-bonded to an ATLAS prototype read-out. They demonstrate a 98% bump-bonding efficiency and a digital resolution in both dimensions.

Published
1998

20. Large area HgI2 pixel detector experiments

Author

J. Nissenbaum, W. Dulinski, A. Zuck, J.L. Riester, M. Braiman, Renato Turchetta, Stefano Sanguinetti, Leonid Melekhov, D. Husson, Michael M. Schieber, M. Montalti, Mario Guzzi, Blouke, MM, Schieber, M, Zuck, A, Braiman, M, Melekhov, L, Nissenbaum, J, Turchetta, R, Dulinsk, W, Husson, D, Riester, J, Sanguinetti, S, Montalti, M, and Guzzi, M

Subjects
Materials science, Pixel, detector, business.industry, Detector, Biasing, Chemical vapor deposition, Signal, Semiconductor, FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE, Electrical resistivity and conductivity, Electrode, Optoelectronics, business, Mercury iodide
Abstract

The direct deposition of polycrystalline semiconductor HgI 2 detectors on pre-deposited specially designed pixel electrodes is described, using two methods, the hot wall vapor deposition, HWVD, and thick film screen print (SP) methods. Some characterization results of the HgI 2 material used to facilitate the detectors are described. The pre-deposited substrate is made by standard hybrid technology. The electrode pattern is a 16*16 pixel square pattern each with a size of 1.48 mm and with 0.1 mm spacing; the total area covered by the pixels is (25.28 mm) 2 equals 639.078 mm 2 . In order to fan out the pixels to read-out electronics, holes were made through the ceramic thickness and connecting lines were drawn on the opposite side of the ceramic alumina substrate, where complicated patterns can be produced. The pixel detector is tested with beta particles, and data showing the leakage current vs. bias, are given showing a resistivity of about 2*10 12 ohm cm. The current and the average charge signal are reported for three different HgI 2 pixel detectors. The signal for one of the detectors is about 1100 electrons at 800 V bias voltage and for the second detector, the resistivity is in the same order of magnitude and the charge collection is somewhat better, reaching 1600 electrons at 700 V. One of the detectors was connected to a second hybrid designed for mounting of 8 castor 1.0 chips. CASTOR 1.0 is a VLSI circuit designed for imaging and the results are being evaluated.

Published
1998

21. Towards imaging with polycrystalline mercuric iodide semiconductor detectors

Author

M. Braiman, J. Nissenbaum, A. Zuck, J.L. Riester, Michael M. Schieber, M. Guzzi, R. Turchetta, W. Dulinski, Tuviah E. Schlesinger, M. Montalti, Leonid Melekhov, James E. Toney, D. Husson, Stefano Sanguinetti, Schieber, M, Zuck, A, Braiman, M, Melekhov, L, Nissenbaum, J, Turchetta, R, Dulinski, W, Husson, D, Riester, J, Schlesinger, T, Toney, J, Sanguinetti, S, Montalti, M, and Guzzi, M

Subjects
Mercury Iodide, Materials science, Laser ablation, Photoluminescence, business.industry, Detector, Chemical vapor deposition, Hot pressing, Particle detector, Semiconductor detector, FIS/01 - FISICA SPERIMENTALE, Screen printing, Optoelectronics, Crystallite, business
Abstract

Preparation of polycrystalline mercuric iodide very thin (1 μm) films using laser ablation and thick films (100–600μm), using hot pressing, hot wall vapor deposition and screen printing methods, fabricated as radiation detector plates are briefly described. X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence and optical microscopic measurements as well as response to nuclear radiation will be given. Finally, recent results obtained with a large area imaging pixel detector will be shown.

Published
1997

22. Study of the bunch crossing identification at LHC using microstrip gas chambers

Author

M. Bozzo, J.-F. Clergeau, Jean-Marie Brom, M. Loreti, A. Giraldo, O. Runolfsson, Franco Angelini, T. k´Ladziński, Pascal Vanlaer, M. Rebouillat, L. Jones, Alexander Toropin, B. C. MacEvoy, A. Bondar, F. Raffo, A. Peisert, R. Sachdeva, S. Quian, A. Morelli, A Pallarès, T Kachelhoffer, R. Bellazzini, C. Vander Velde, Michel Raymond, R. Hammarström, M. Miguet, D. Kryn, R. Haroutunian, N. Bacchetta, Gloria Spandre, Geoffrey Hall, G. Guillot, M.M. Massai, D. Vité, M. Millmore, M. Spezziga, F. Parodi, A. Brez, V. Nagaslaev, J.L. Riester, J.-C. Mabo, D. Bon, L. Shekhtman, J.-C. Caldero, Didier Contardo, G. Smadja, M.J. French, Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), CMS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Signal processing, Large Hadron Collider, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, 01 natural sciences, Particle detector, Microstrip, Nuclear physics, 0103 physical sciences, Measuring instrument, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], Physics::Accelerator Physics, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Compact Muon Solenoid, Beam (structure)
Abstract

During the beam test of a tracker prototype for the Compact Muon Solenoid detector proposed for the LHC, the time response of the Microstrip Gas Chambers was studied using different gases and chamber gaps. The subsequent efficiency to identify the bunch crossing at LHC is discussed for several algorithms used in the off-line signal processing of the data.

Published
1996

23. Performance of a prototype of the CMS central detector

Author

Alexander Toropin, A Morelli, Devis Pantano, Franco Angelini, T. k´Ladziński, A. Pallarès, M Bozzo, C. Vannini, Alessandro Paccagnella, J.-F. Clergeau, Marco Meschini, T.I. Meyer, Nicola Bacchetta, L. Shekhtman, R. Bellazzini, R Carosi, Rino Castaldi, R. Wheadon, A. Caner, V. Karimäki, Michel Raymond, M.J. French, G Kachelhoffer, Jean-Marie Brom, Roberto Dell'Orso, Dario Bisello, Pascal Vanlaer, R. Ribeiro, Si-Jin Qian, R. Hammarström, D. Kryn, R. Sachdeva, R. Haroutunian, A. Markou, G Barichello, L. Jones, A. Peisert, O. Adriani, G. Smadja, G. Spandre, C. Vander Velde, F. Raffo, M. Millmore, M. Spezziga, F. Parodi, Piero Giorgio Verdini, V. Nagaslaev, J.L. Riester, F. Raffaelli, O. Runolfsson, Alberto Messineo, Geoffrey Hall, A. Brez, B. C. MacEvoy, G. Parrini, A. Giraldo, A. Basti, M. Loreti, Didier Contardo, Guido Tonelli, Ettore Focardi, Giuseppe Bagliesi, E Zevgolatakos, D. Vité, Marco Maria Massai, A Bondar, Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), CMS, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), and Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Tracking (particle physics), 01 natural sciences, Microstrip, Nuclear physics, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Compact Muon Solenoid, Silicon microstrip detectors, Physics, Large Hadron Collider, CMS, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Tracking Detector, microstrip detector, Magnetic field, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

A prototype of the barrel Tracking Detector of the Compact Muon Solenoid (CMS) experiment proposed for LHC was built and tested in a beam and in a magnetic field of up to 3 T. It contained six microstrip gas chambers, 25 cm long, and three double-sided silicon microstrip detectors, 12.5 cm long. We report some preliminary results on the performance of the chambers.

Published
1995

24. Radiation hardness improved CMOS sensors as particle detectors in high energy physics and medical applications

Author

W. Dulinski, D. Berst, A. Besson, G. Claus, C. Colledani, G. Deptuch, M. Deveaux, A. Gay, D. Grandjean, Y. Gornushkin, A. Himmi, C. Hu, J.L. Riester, I. Valin, and M. Winter

Subjects
Materials science, Fabrication, business.industry, Detector, Hardware_PERFORMANCEANDRELIABILITY, Substrate (electronics), Tracking (particle physics), Dot pitch, CMOS, Nuclear electronics, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Optoelectronics, business, Radiation hardening
Abstract

The use of CMOS Monolithic Active Pixel Sensors for high precision minimum ionizing particle tracking has been proven to be a viable and powerful novel experimental technique. In this approach a lightly doped thin and partially depleted silicon epitaxial layer is used as a radiation sensitive detector volume. The readout electronics circuitry is integrated directly on top of epitaxy using standard commercial CMOS process. For the pixel pitch of 20/spl mu/m particle tracking precision of below 2/spl mu/m and full efficiency have been measured in the past. In this work measurements with CMOS MAPS fabricated on non-epitaxial, high resistivity substrate are presented. Efficient and performing MIP tracking is demonstrated, also for a large 40/spl mu/m pixel readout pitch. These results proves that the use of epitaxial substrate for MAPS fabrication is not mandatory, opening much larger choice of possible CMOS processes in the future.

25. A CVD diamond beam telescope for charged particle tracking

Author

Steve Schnetzer, Manfred Krammer, Franco Bogani, P. Weilhammer, J. Kaplon, D. Kania, C. Colledani, Josef Hrubec, K.T. Knopfle, K. K. Gan, Norbert Wermes, Dominique Tromson, L. S. Pan, J.L. Riester, Wolfgang Adam, Ettore Vittone, D. Husson, M. M. Zoeller, William Trischuk, Shaun Roe, L. Perera, H. Kagan, P. D'Angelo, A. Rudge, M. Keil, Timothy Koeth, Gregory David Hallewell, Alexander Oh, C. Manfredotti, W. Dulinski, W. De Boer, E. Berdermann, F. Fizzotti, Robert Stone, Mathieu Doucet, M. Mishina, Dirk Meier, B. Van Eijk, B. Suter, David Menichelli, Wladyslaw Dabrowski, L. Mac Lynne, P A. Delpierre, Marco Sampietro, S. Meuser, Fred Hartjes, J. Doroshenko, Mara Bruzzi, J. Conway, S. Scioriino, Wolfram Dietrich Zeuner, E. Borchi, J. Noomen, Luigi Moroni, M. Pernicka, Harald Joerg Stelzer, A. Brambilla, Philippe Bergonzo, James Russ, A. Fallou, E. Grigoriev, R. D. Kass, A. Logiudice, S. Han, Peter Fischer, M. Wetstein, S. Sala, Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Seibert J.A., RD42, HEPHY, Austrian Academy of Sciences (OeAW), Helmholtz zentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH (GSI), Laboratoire Capteurs Diamant (LCD-LIST), Département Métrologie Instrumentation & Information (DM2I), Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Direction de Recherche Technologique (CEA) (DRT (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, University of Karlsruhe (TH), LENS - Università di Firenze, Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence [Firenze] (UNIFI), Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey [New Brunswick] (RU), Rutgers University System (Rutgers), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Milano (INFN), Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Urząd Miar w Krakowie, Institute for Theoretical Physics, Hamburg University, National Institute for Subatomic Physics [Amsterdam] (NIKHEF), University of Bonn, Università degli studi di Torino (UNITO), Ohio State University [Columbus] (OSU), European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), Max-Planck-Institut für Kernphysik (MPIK), Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory (Fermilab), Carnegie Mellon University [Pittsburgh] (CMU), Università degli Studi di Milano [Milano] (UNIMI), University of Toronto, Damoiseaux, Magali, Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay-Laboratoire d'Intégration des Systèmes et des Technologies (LIST (CEA)), Università degli Studi di Firenze = University of Florence (UniFI), Universität Bonn = University of Bonn, Università degli studi di Torino = University of Turin (UNITO), and Università degli Studi di Milano = University of Milan (UNIMI)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, diamond strip detector, Chemical vapor deposition, engineering.material, Tracking (particle physics), diamond strip sensor, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Nuclear physics, Telescope, radiation sensor, Optics, diamond, beam telescope, CVD DIAMOND, charged particle tracking, sensor, law, muon, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET]Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], Detectors and Experimental Techniques, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Radiation hardening, instrumentation, Physics, tracking telescope, detector, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Diamond, Charged particle, luminosity collider, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, [PHYS.PHYS.PHYS-INS-DET] Physics [physics]/Physics [physics]/Instrumentation and Detectors [physics.ins-det], engineering, High Energy Physics::Experiment, business, Beam (structure), Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
Abstract

Chemical vapor deposition (CVD) diamond is a radiation-hard sensor material that may be used for charged particle tracking near the interaction region in experiments at high-luminosity colliders. The goal of the work described in this paper is to investigate the use of several detector planes made of CVD diamond strip sensors for charged particle tracking. Toward this end, a tracking telescope composed entirely of CVD diamond planes has been constructed. The telescope was tested in muon beams, and its tracking capability has been investigated.

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26. Recent results with CVD diamond trackers

Author

W. Adam, C. Bauer, E. Berdermann, P. Bergonzo, F. Bogani, E. Borchi, A. Brambilla, M. Bruzzi, C. Colledani, J. Conway, W. Dabrowski, P. Delpierre, A. Deneuville, W. Dulinski, B. van Eijk, A. Fallou, F. Fizzotti, F. Foulon, M. Friedl, K.K. Gan, E. Gheeraert, E. Grigoriev, G. Hallewell, R. Hall-Wilton, S. Han, F. Hartjes, J. Hrubec, D. Husson, H. Kagan, D. Kania, J. Kaplon, C. Karl, R. Kass, K.T. Knöpfle, M. Krammer, A. Logiudice, R. Lu, P.F. Manfredi, C. Manfredotti, R.D. Marshall, D. Meier, M. Mishina, A. Oh, L.S. Pan, V.G. Palmieri, M. Pernicka, A. Peitz, S. Pirollo, P. Polesello, K. Pretzl, M. Procario, V. Re, J.L. Riester, S. Roe, D. Roff, A. Rudge, O. Runolfsson, J. Russ, S. Schnetzer, S. Sciortino, V. Speziali, H. Stelzer, R. Stone, B. Suter, R.J. Tapper, R. Tesarek, M. Trawick, W. Trischuk, E. Vittone, A.M. Walsh, R. Wedenig, P. Weilhammer, C. White, H. Ziock, M. Zoeller, and ATLAS (IHEF, IoP, FNWI)

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Materials science, Radiation Detector, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Detector, Diamond, Nanotechnology, Chemical vapor deposition, CVD diamond detector, engineering.material, READOUT, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Particle detector, Charged particle, Surface coating, CVD DIAMOND, Measuring instrument, engineering, Optoelectronics, business, Image resolution
Abstract

We present recent results on the use of Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) diamond microstrip detectors for charged particle tracking. A series of detectors was fabricated using 1 x 1 cm 2 diamonds. Good signal-to-noise ratios were observed using both slow and fast readout electronics. For slow readout electronics, 2 μs shaping time, the most probable signal-to-noise ratio was 50 to 1. For fast readout electronics, 25 ns peaking time, the most probable signal-to-noise ratio was 7 to 1. Using the first 2 x 4 cm 2 diamond from a production CVD reactor with slow readout electronics, the most probable signal-to-noise ratio was 23 to 1. The spatial resolution achieved for the detectors was consistent with the digital resolution expected from the detector pitch.

27. SUCIMA - Silicon ultra fast cameras for electron and gamma sources in medical applications

Author

F. Tanzi, Raffaele Novario, M. Pezzetta, H. Niemiec, Carla Bianchi, L. Jungermann, S. Kuta, Krzysztof Domański, B. Dulny, D. Berst, J. Bol, Antonio Bulgheroni, M. Alemi, H. Schweickert, M. Sapor, E. Grigoriev, C. Colledani, B. Sowicki, A. Czermak, B. Jaroszewicz, Lorenzo Conte, Jacek Marczewski, Chiara Cappellini, W. Kucewicz, Krzysztof Kucharski, Witold Machowski, Alexander Dierlamm, P. Grabiec, W. De Boer, Gilles Claus, J.L. Riester, G. Mondry, Luigi P. Badano, R. Lorusso, A. Zalewska, O. Ferrando, F. Cannillo, Daniel Tomaszewski, Grzegorz Deptuch, C. Sampietro, Y. Popowski, G. Leo, Massimo Caccia, L. Nowak, W. Dulinski, and M. Jastrzab

Subjects
Materials science, Silicon, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, Image processing, Integrated circuit, Particle detector, Semiconductor detector, law.invention, Data acquisition, chemistry, law, Electronic engineering, Dosimetry, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

Real time dosimetry is a critical issue in most radiotherapy applications. SUCIMA (Silicon Ultra fast Cameras for electron and gamma sources In Medical Applications) is a project addressing the development of an imaging technique of extended radioactive sources based on monolithic and hybrid position sensitive silicon sensors, where "imaging" has to be understood as the record of a dose map. The requirements for the detectors are given by the main applications, namely brachytherapy and real time monitoring of a proton beam for oncology. The key issues in the sensor and DAQ development are described together with the most relevant medical applications. SUCIMA is a project supported by the European Commission.

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