Search

Our concern in this paper is the environmental 'footprinting' of food and its role as a source of technopolitical power in global food governance. Our case is the highly industrialised farmed salmon sector which currently generates metrics and carefully curated visualisations to promote this fish as a more sustainable and 'climate friendly' protein relative to animal protein produced on land. We show how these metrics and visualisations depend on an industrial production and measurement infrastructure. Significantly, this infrastructure and the metrics that it generates is being promoted as a 'climate smart' solution to small‐scale and extensive aquaculture in the Global South. Salmon aquaculture industry proposals for the transfer of technology from salmon farming to global aquaculture are explicitly articulated in global food governance and other institutional spaces. While there may be frictions in the transfer of salmon aquaculture's infrastructure of measurement to aquaculture in the Global South, our analysis suggests that environmental footprinting of food—and its associated measurement infrastructure—may be an emerging source of technopolitical power in increasingly corporatised global food governance systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Early industrialization of the developed countries has enabled their leadership in technological innovation, including environmentally sound technologies. ESTs are technologies that help prevent, control, or reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Endorsed as an integral part of climate action, a binding obligation to ensure access for global south to these technologies remains missing from international environment law and international intellectual property rights law. Transfer of technology also faces certain economic barriers such as lack of infrastructure and human resources that enable adoption and absorption of ESTs. Moreover, there exists ideological differences between developed countries and developing and least developed countries regarding mechanism of technology transfer, creating an impasse in international negotiations to achieve EST transfer. In this paper the author has attempted to reframe the discussion on transfer of ESTs through a climate justice perspective. An incorporation of the practical aspects of the common but differentiated responsibilities of the developed countries into the TRIPS regime, in the form of binding obligations to technology transfer and financial assistance, or relaxations in patent protections, may provide adequate resolution. A balanced and rational approach to EST transfer, beyond the exigencies of global politics, is necessary for the continued prosperity of the Earth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This study aims to analyse the intellectual property rights (INPR), foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows and technological exports of 32 developing and developed countries for the period of 2006–2020. Design/methodology/approach: Diagnostic tests were used to confirm the panel least squares, fixed effect, random effect, feasible general least squares, dynamic ordinary least squares and fully modified ordinary least squares estimator results as well as to increase the robustness. Findings: According to the findings for the developing countries, trademark, patent and industrial design applications, each had a significant positive long-run effect on FDI inflows. In addition, there was a significant positive long-run relationship between patent applications and medium- and high-technology exports. Meanwhile, trademark and industrial design applications had a significant negative long-term effect on medium- and high-technology exports. In developed countries, patent and industrial design applications each have a significant negative long-term on medium- and high-technology exports. Furthermore, patent and trademark applications each had a significant negative long-run effect on FDI inflows. Originality/value: This study contributes significantly to the focus that host countries evaluate the technology gaps between domestic and foreign investors at different industry levels to select the best INPR rules and innovation process by increasing international cooperation. Furthermore, the host countries should follow the structure–conduct–performance paradigm based on analysis of the market structure, strategic firms and industrial dynamics systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The important role of technological learning in the success of enterprises, especially in developing countries, is undeniable. Besides that, the complex nature of learning requires a comprehensive framework. So, developing countries need to have a learning strategy that can help them to increase learning through collaboration. In this research, a mixed method study, after reviewing the literature and previous research, the theoretical framework of the research was extracted and the protocol for the interview was formed. Then the dimensions and factors of technological learning were derived from interviews with managers and experts who were in the Iranian oil agreement writing and document reviewing teams. To form the framework presented in this study, it is necessary for developing countries to implement a transition from the control and prescription phase to the incentive and technology support phase. Motivational regulation can also lead to better results in industry. The results of this paper show that the realization of technological learning in the oil industry of developing countries depends on increasing the absorptive capacity of domestic enterprises as well as governments creating the necessary infrastructure. The results also show the dependency of technological learning on the cultural, social, and international relations of country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The offset agreement (OA) of the Brazilian Air Force (FAB) is a demand-side policy aiming to improve innovative capacities. However, it may be constrained by companies' absorptive capacities, relationship features, and sectoral specificities. This study examines these issues in a small but representative sample of domestic beneficiary firms from the FAB's OA. The model in the study by Zahra and George, along with contingent factors such as power relationship and social integration mechanisms, inspired the design of the research tools. The results point to similar and high firms' absorptive capacities, regardless of the origins of capital. However, results show distinct benefit perceptions given by contingent factors, companies' strategies, and sectoral specificities, which may denote distinct possibilities on cumulativeness and appropriability from technology transfer. We expect that these findings may improve the planning, monitoring, evaluation, and adjustments of this demand-side policy, attracting attention to new studies on the theme. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasingly, countries in the Global South—notably South Africa, Brazil, and Indonesia—are introducing material transfer agreements (MTAs) into their domestic laws for the exchange of scientific material. The MTA is a contract securing the legal transfer of tangible research material between organizations such as laboratories, pharmaceutical companies, or universities. Critical commentators argue that these agreements in the Global North have come to fulfill an important role in the expansion of dominant intellectual property regimes. Taking Indonesia as a case, this article examines how MTAs are enacted and implemented differently in the context of research involving the Global South. Against the conventionally understood forms of contract that commodify and commercialize materials and knowledge, the MTA in the South can be understood as a legal technology appropriated to translate a formerly relational economy of the scientific gift to a market system of science. As a way of gaining leverage in the uneven space of the global bioeconomy, the MTA functions as a technology for 'reverse appropriation', a reworking of its usage and meaning as a way of countering some of the global power inequalities experienced by Global South countries. The operation of this reverse appropriation, however, is hybrid, and reveals a complex reconfiguration of scientific exchange amidst a growing push for 'open science'. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ancient DNA (aDNA) research first began in 1984 and ever since has greatly expanded our understanding of evolution and migration. Today, aDNA analysis is used to solve various puzzles about the origin of mankind, migration patterns, and the spread of infectious diseases. The incredible findings ranging from identifying the new branches within the human family to studying the genomes of extinct flora and fauna have caught the world by surprise in recent times. However, a closer look at these published results points out a clear Global North and Global South divide. Therefore, through this research, we aim to emphasize encouraging better collaborative opportunities and technology transfer to support researchers in the Global South. Further, the present research also focuses on expanding the scope of the ongoing conversation in the field of aDNA by reporting relevant literature published around the world and discussing the advancements and challenges in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) are biopharmaceuticals prescribed in oncology, rheumatology, and for other chronic and autoimmune diseases. Over the last decade, the demand for MAbs grew significantly in developing countries like Brazil, concomitant to the restructuring of the global biopharmaceutical industry, opening windows of opportunities for catching-up economies. This paper aims to analyze the capacity of a public policy, the so-called Production Development Partnership Program (PDPP), to encourage the generation of national capabilities to the local biopharmaceutical industry and technological upgrading in the biopharmaceutical sector in Brazil. It is a case study supported by qualitative data from twenty-three interviews. By focusing on technology transfer processes rather than on more complex strategies of technological learning and upgrading in domestic agents, the impact of PDPP has been marginal. We draw insights from this empirical appraisal to outline some lessons and challenges involved in the implementation of technology-upgrading policies in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This research aims to develop an improved model that promotes reverse engineering /RE/ practice in metal engineering industries (MEIs). RE is one cost-effective technology transfer /TT/ and innovation method that improves organizational performance. However, only a few scholars have written on the adoption of RE models, and no one has contextualized TT and innovation models as a means to adopt RE practice. Methodology: Primarily, the study conducted a systematic literature review based on previous works to develop a conceptual model for RE adoption. To do this, the researchers conducted an intensive literature review and identified factors contributing to the model. Contextualizing TT and innovation factors and models within the new RE adoption model is also a significant part of the work. After a comparative analysis, the researchers developed the improved RE adoption model that enhances the performance of MEIs. Finding: The majority of previous related literature focuses on RE hardware, with only a few authors acknowledging the soft aspects, i.e., managerial and legal issues of RE practice. Besides, no authors contextualized factors of TT and innovation within the RE adoption. In this study, the researchers identified and clustered RE adoption factors as organizational, technological, managerial, and resource-based from previous RE adoption models and contextualization of TT and innovation adoption factors. Originality: To the best of the writers' knowledge, no previous authors have contextualized TT and innovation models within the adoption of RE. However, such models have a substantial impact on adopting the practice. Hence, the researchers developed an improved model by examining and contextualizing the existing models that can impact MEI performance through improving product, process, and technological capabilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This Article explores whether and bow we may leverage antitrust law to calibrate the exploitation of intellectual property ("IP") rights-e.g., IP licensing-to facilitate needed access to essential technologies. The Article's motivation is to help developing countries find an effective way to address their complaints that owners of IP-protected technologies refuse to license needed technologies or charge unfairly high prices. The Article concludes that leveraging antitrust law unilaterally to address these typical challenges developing countries experience in accessing essential technologies may be more effective and efficient than attempting to change the IP regime. The IP regime is governed by negotiated and established multilateral instruments and is likely helpful in promoting international technology transfer and domestic technology innovation. -In answering the question of whether we may leverage antitrust law to improve access to essential technologies, the Article explores the conceptual linkages among IP. antitrust law. and access to essential technologies, examining the diverse approaches toward the IP-antitrust interface by multilateral, regional, bilateral, and jurisdictional instruments. In answering the question of how we may do so, the Article suggests a possible approach containing four main aspects. In doing so, the Article presents reference points for implementing this approach by comparing courses taken by three major antitrust regimes-the United States, the European Union, and China-toward controversial topics such as refusal to license, the essential facilities doctrine, and excessive pricing. The Article then discusses the necessary balancing considerations for implementing this approach. It also considers the barriers developing countries need to overcome for the implementation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Precision agriculture (PA) technology has proven effective in optimizing yield with minimum inputs and in reducing environmental pollution. In this paper, we aim to investigate factors influencing PA adoption in developing countries at both the farmer (individual) and farm (organizational) levels. Findings from 59 high-ranking journal articles were reviewed to determine factors that facilitate or hinder PA adoption: 63% of studies reported factors at the farm level and 37% at the individual level. At the individual level, factors promoting PA adoption included the technology's relative advantages, observability, trialability, farmer experience in using technology, innovativeness, risk tolerance, education, and knowledge, whereas farmer age and technology complexity hindered PA adoption. Factors promoting PA adoption at the farm level included farm size, resource availability, perceived need for technology characteristics, technology compatibility, social influence, competitive pressure, and government support. PA adoption should, thus, include both levels; hence, a multi-level set of adoption determinants is presented in this study. The findings not only broaden the research agenda for future PA adoption studies that address gaps in the existing literature but also provide a holistic way for entrepreneurial technology developers and policymakers to understand factors that affect PA adoption. The study, thus, paves the way for further investigations to address the causes of slow progress in adoption of innovative technologies, such as PA, especially in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The post-war era, particularly from the mid-1980s, can be seen as a turning point for various Asian countries. Japanese success in industrialisation based on technology transfer from the industrialised West and evolution of unique endogenous scientific and technological capacities led scholars to conceptualise 'late industrialisation' and 'catching up' strategies. In a large measure, the 'East Asian Miracle' led to some erroneous misconceptions on science, technology, and innovation (STI) policies. Various writings and commentators from Africa, Asia and Latin America advocated to follow the path of East Asian Dragons. These writings begun to assume that countries can build innovation systems or dynamic technological sectors of economy within their respective countries, without paying much attention to building and strengthening science and technology (S&T) eco-systems. There are now clear STI policy signals which point to the significance of building science and technology systems before fully embarking on innovation policies. Drawing on some exemplary cases, this essay will explore the importance of S&T systems in the context of developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

International efforts to avoid dangerous climate change have historically focused on reducing energy-related CO2 emissions from countries with either the largest economies (e.g. the EU and the USA) and/or the largest populations (e.g. China and India). However, in recent years, emissions have surged among a different and much less-examined group of countries, raising concerns that a next generation of high-emitting economies will obviate current mitigation targets. Here, we analyse the trends and drivers of emissions in each of the 59 countries where emissions in 2010–2018 grew faster than the global average (excluding China and India), project their emissions under a range of longer-term energy scenarios and estimate the costs of decarbonization pathways. Total emissions from these 'emerging emitters' reach as much as 7.5 GtCO2/year in the baseline 2.5° scenario—substantially greater than the emissions from these regions in previously published scenarios that would limit warming to 1.5°C or even 2°C. Such unanticipated emissions would in turn require non-emitting energy deployment from all sectors within these emerging emitters, and faster and deeper reductions in emissions from other countries to meet international climate goals. Moreover, the annual costs of keeping emissions at the low level are in many cases 0.2%–4.1% of countries' gross domestic production, pointing to potential trade-offs with poverty-reduction goals and/or the need for economic support and low-carbon technology transfer from historically high-emitting countries. Our results thus highlight the critical importance of ramping up mitigation efforts in countries that to this point have been largely ignored. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Most polygenic risk score (PRS)models have been based on data from populations of European origins (accounting for the majority of the large genomics datasets, e.g. >78% in the UK Biobank and >85% in the GTEx project). Although several large-scale Asian biobanks were initiated (e.g. Japanese, Korean, Han Chinese biobanks), most other Asian countries have little or near-zero genomics data. To implement PRS models for under-represented populations, we explored transfer learning approaches, assuming that information from existing large datasets can compensate for the small sample size that can be feasibly obtained in developing countries, like Vietnam. Here, we benchmark 13 common PRS methods in meta-population strategy (combining individual genotype data from multiple populations) and multi-population strategy (combining summary statistics from multiple populations). Our results highlight the complementarity of different populations and the choice of methods should depend on the target population. Based on these results, we discussed a set of guidelines to help users select the best method for their datasets. We developed a robust and comprehensive software to allow for benchmarking comparisons between methods and proposed a computational framework for improving PRS performance in a dataset with a small sample size. This work is expected to inform the development of genomics applications in under-represented populations. PRSUP framework is available at: https://github.com/BiomedicalMachineLearning/VGP [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, I explored how two media aid projects from Sweden were used to intervene in the development of Vietnamese journalism between 1993 and 2007. Vietnamese journalism and media aid are contextualized in this paper by unfolding pedagogical ideology, journalistic culture, and the negotiation of professional ideals. Based on an interview study with Swedish trainers from the media aid projects and informed by document analysis, the main research question concerned the role of the trainers in negotiating journalistic practices during the aid projects and the implications of these. Furthermore, I explored the ways in which the aid influenced journalistic ideology in Vietnam, and how the projects fulfilled their political aim to contribute to the democratic development of media in Vietnam. The paper adds to the growing body of literature seeking to de-colonialize media theory to rethink the development of journalism in the Global South. The key findings demonstrate how social norms disrupted the implementation of the ideology of journalism being conveyed from Sweden, while the transfer of technological equipment and knowledge impacted journalism production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the effects of three channels of technology transfer—global value chain participation (GVCP), foreign technology import (FTI), and domestic technology purchase (DTP)—on innovation efficiency by using 11 years of data from Chinese manufacturing industries. Empirical results show FTI and GVCP significantly facilitate innovation efficiency, whereas DTP decreases it. Further, absorptive capacity (AC) positively moderates the relationship between FTI and innovation efficiency. Moreover, in the high-tech industry, we find that GVCP positively affects innovation efficiency, and AC positively moderates the effect of GVCP on innovation efficiency. This finding is informative from a strategic perspective as firms can make strategic decisions in the selection of technology transfer channels. In addition, firms may also absorb and apply external technologies while developing AC to improve enterprises' ability according to their own organizational and strategic contexts in order to achieve and maintain competitive advantages. This finding provides convincing empirical evidence on the relationship between technology transfer channels and innovation efficiency and valuable lessons to other developing countries for the selection of technology transfer channels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this article is to assess the dynamics of the innovation divide between China and the Triad, as well as to determine the factors that influence its evolution. The Triad consists of three economies traditionally dominating the world economy: the United States, the European Union, and Japan. The methodology involves the decomposition of the innovativeness of the economy into innovation capability, innovation position, and the relationship between them, which indicates the efficiency of the innovation system. The analysis of dynamic indexes and σ-convergence in all these components confirms that the global economy has been gradually losing clear polarization into innovation leaders, found among developed countries and innovation followers, which have traditionally been associated with developing nations. In addition to demonstrating fast improvement in the Summary Innovation Index of China towards the Triad, the paper has a clear contribution by showcasing China's improvement through the decomposed factors of the innovativeness of the economy. In comparison with the Triad, China has a proportionally higher innovation position and efficiency of the innovation system and a lower level of innovation capacity. This demonstrates its dependence on external sources of innovation and international technology transfer, e.g. through foreign direct investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aims to explore the factors influencing the utilization of Information audit in the context of Egypt and Jordan, with specific attention given to the role of artificial intelligence (AI). A sample of 443 respondents participated in the study, and data collection was carried out through a non-probability convenience and snowball sampling approach. The findings reveal that internal determinants are positively associated with the intention to adopt Information audit technologies, exhibiting a significant impact with a beta coefficient of +0.45 (P-value < 0.01), and the perceived benefits associated with their implementation. Moreover, the study underscores the critical influence of artificial intelligence, with dimensions such as cloud computing, data mining, and e-commerce enhancing the perceived advantages (β = 0.35, P-value < 0.01) and fostering the intent to use Information audit technologies (β = 0.22, P-value < 0.01). Additionally, there is a robust positive correlation between the intention to use Information audit technologies and their actual usage, where the presence of AI amplifies this association, indicated by a beta value of 0.48 (P-value < 0.01). This study significantly enriches the existing body of knowledge by delineating the determinants of Information audit usage, particularly within the Middle Eastern context, and highlights the pivotal role of artificial intelligence in shaping these dynamics. The study provides empirical evidence on the factors influencing the intention to use Information audit technologies, the perceived benefits associated with their usage, and the actual utilization of Information audit. Its originality lies in its focus on the underexplored Middle East region within the Information audit literature and its investigation of the influence of artificial intelligence on Information audit. The implications of this study are significant for practitioners, auditors, and policymakers operating within the Middle East region. The findings suggest that firms should allocate sufficient support and resources to encourage the adoption of Information audit technologies. Additionally, auditors need to have the necessary skills and knowledge to effectively use these technologies. Policymakers can use the study's findings to develop policies and regulations that promote the adoption of Information audit technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the launch of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the United Nations (UN) presented their ambitions for the years until 2030. These new goals also present a new point of reference for the UN's work on Information and Communication Technologies for Development (ICT4D), meaning the use of ICTs in support of the international development agenda. Despite a growing amount of research regarding the potential of ICTs to accelerate progress towards individual SDGs, the actual link between ICTs and the underlying principles of the SDG agenda remains rather opaque. In this paper, we focus on the SDGs' novel principles of universal, global and integrated development. Based on an analysis of 120 ICT-related publications by different UN entities, we explore to what extent these principles are being applied in their work on ICT4D. In particular, we identify a gap in the application of the SDGs' integrated principle, as a majority of documents make no explicit references to side effects of the use of ICTs. The findings allow us to identify challenges in implementing the SDGs in ICT4D, and to discuss how future research can contribute to bridging the current gaps. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As developing economies walk a tightrope balancing economic development with environmental protection, capacity building becomes the most prominent instrument to ensure that the development needs of citizens are met within the realities of the climate change regime. Capacity building sits at the very foundation of the climate change regime, together with 'finance' and 'technology development and transfer' mechanisms. Recognizing that developing countries are on the receiving end of implementation projects, this review highlights historical understanding of the constituents of capacity building initiatives and how these can advance humanity towards the global good of decelerating, and even reversing, the adverse impacts of climate change. In particular, the article describes the institutionalization of capacity building since the establishment of the international climate change regime and highlights some of the stances of the Brazilian environmental diplomacy in this process. Furthermore, it emphasizes initiatives taken by developing countries to empower their citizens and to serve as a mainstay for enhancing South–South cooperation by sharing climate-friendly practices and capabilities. With the establishment of the Paris Committee on Capacity Building and Capacity Building Initiative for Transparency at COP21, it is clear that 'clarity' and 'tracking of progress' are the new objective tools needed to build on and supplement NDCs and related national efforts for tackling climate change. Key policy insights Capacity development projects should be tailored to the characteristics and needs of each recipient Non-Annex I country. Effective and lasting development of capabilities requires going beyond imparting technical know-how of environmentally-beneficial technologies and must include adopting a 'learning by doing' approach. National institutions of the recipient countries should be at the helm of capacity building projects to bring in necessary knowledge on national regulations, traditional skills, and resources that are vital to the success of these initiatives. Transparency in information flow and timely multistakeholder assessment of capacity building efforts are the lynchpin for enduring capacity development efforts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the 1950s, historians have sought to explain industrial modernization in Meiji Japan as a model for developing countries. They typically attribute Japan's success to single factors such as accumulated knowledge or capital, visionary leadership, or technological choice. This article moves beyond mono-causality to examine technology transfer's role in industrial modernization. Tomioka Silk Filature and Osaka Cotton Spinning Mill make the case that components of industrialization were interrelated and a new socio-technological system was essential for technology transfer to affect a Kuhnian-style paradigm shift. Tomioka is an example of ad hoc industrialization, the gradual integration of transferred technologies, and creation of associated regimes leading to a new socio-technological system. In contrast, Osaka Cotton Mill embodies the creation of a new industrial paradigm for Japanese industry, demonstrating the essentiality of integrating numerous socio-technological elements such as adapted artifacts, bio-materials, accumulated knowledge, factory management, and geographic location. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the impact on developing countries of some of the initiatives under the Trade and Environment Agenda, namely agreement on environmental goods and services, carbon border adjustment mechanisms and the circular economy. It highlights the need for a positive international Trade and Environment Agenda which could facilitate green technology transfers, provide additional finance to developing countries and adequate policy and fiscal space that could help developing countries' progress on their trade, environment, and development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Climate justice has provided a normative justification for international climate change policy, but how it is to be pursued and transmitted in policymaking and policy implementation remains controversial. This study builds a theoretical link between the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), an international carbon trading scheme, and local sustainable development in China. This article uses a panel data set of the attributes of 4,429 CDM projects hosted in China from 2004 to 2015, together with socio-economic factors at the provincial level. The study's findings support the contention that the dual objectives of carbon emission reduction and sustainable development benefits cannot be fulfilled simultaneously, though technology may remedy this trade-off, and the effect of the CDM on local sustainable development varies across Chinese regions. This article helps elucidate the localizing process of climate justice and contributes to justice theories and the literature while aiding public managers and practitioners in international climate governance. Emission reductions for investment countries of CDM were achieved at the expense of local SD benefits in China. CDM exacerbated the differences among Chinese regions in achieving SD goals due to uneven economic and social conditions. Technology innovation can remedy the negative impact of CDM, governments thus should attach importance to technology and use CDM projects to accelerate technological transfers and innovation. Local governments should be encouraged to formulate and use local policies and processes to guide actions on CDM and to ensure their consistence with the prospect of the international mechanism by including the essence of justice. Developing countries should improve their institutional or organizational capacity to promote sustainable social development and to better tackle climate change. Investment of CDM projects or other international mechanisms should expand the budget expenditure, not limited to simple carbon trade, for improving the climate adaptation capacity of developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Governments and industries continuously engage in large-scale projects aiming to unlock economic potential for commercial and social benefits of a country and its people. In the case of developing countries, where the dynamics of innovation ecosystems differ from those in developed countries, the need for sociotechnical transition projects are often quite high. The aim of this article is to propose a standardized framework suitable for developing countries for the technology roadmapping of large projects aimed to bring about systemic sociotechnical transitions. The framework is developed through the integration of existing generic technology roadmapping approaches with transition management theory and complex systems theory and was illustrated against a successful sociotechnical transition program that is characterized by Big Fast Results (BFR) requirements. Data were collected from qualitative interviews as well as from the critical analysis of relevant documents. The proposed sociotechnical transition technology roadmap accurately captured the key elements of the BFR project it was benchmarked against and even identified key elements that were not included in the BFR methodology. An advantage of the proposed sociotechnical transition technology framework is the fact that it makes use of a standard technology roadmapping process with few customizations that are ideal for use in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although the relationship between technological innovation and the status of the global value chain's (GVC) division of labor has been essentially affirmed by academia, the direct regression of all countries does not account for national differences pertaining to different economic development levels. This paper divides the countries selected for this study into developed and developing countries and then conducts empirical tests on two sample sets to explore the heterogeneity of technological innovation and GVC division of labor status. The results reveal the following: (1) in developed countries, the GVC division of labor status of high-end manufacturing is generally higher than that of developing countries; (2) in developed countries, the technological innovation of high-end manufacturing plays a significant role in promoting GVC's division of labor, while developing countries have a significant inhibitory effect; and (3) staff input and financial developmental levels have significantly promoted GVC's status in the division of labor. Earlier studies have shown that, in developing countries, technological innovation in high-end manufacturing industries does not fully serve the goal of exporting intermediate goods. This study's conclusions offer a new method of explaining the nature of a given country, the logic of technological innovation, and the differences in the GVC division of labor status. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Fabrication sectors benefit from global value chain (GCV) participation the most. • This effect for fabrication sectors is linked to R&D-oriented GVC partners. • GVC participation with R&D-focused partners benefit less developed countries. • This suggest knowledge spillovers across industries induced by GVC participation. Global value chain (GVC) participation has transformed many lines of business. The benefits it provides in terms of greater specialization and technology diffusion, however, do not spread identically across countries and industries. This paper shows that taking into account the functional specialization helps to explain how the benefits of GVC participation are distributed. Using data for 35 industries in 40 countries in 2000-2011, we estimate the impact of GVC participation on value added within a production function framework. The results indicate that there is heterogeneity in the effects of GVC participation, according to the functional specialization of the respective industry and its GVC partners. Participating in R&D-related GVCs is especially profitable for fabrication-oriented industries and low-developed countries. It follows that any GVC participation analysis will be incomplete if it fails to take the functional specialization of the GVC participants into consideration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• DCVMN members have strong interest in obtaining funding and technological support for COVID-19 vaccines. • DCVMN members require technology transfers for modern technology platforms. • More funding is required to support Phase III clinical trials in developing countries. Vaccine manufacturers from developing countries have a proven track record of developing, producing, and supplying high-quality vaccines globally. However, due to the complexity of vaccine manufacturing, numerous stakeholder organizations support manufacturers across a variety of functions. To optimize the support from stakeholders it is instrumental to first understand which manufacturing processes these manufacturers require support for and what support functions are most beneficial. To this end, the Developing Countries Vaccine Manufacturers Network designed a comprehensive survey to assess the specific needs of the Network's member organizations. We found that almost all sampled manufacturers are interested in obtaining funding or technology transfers for COVID-19 vaccines. Furthermore, results indicated that manufacturers have a strong appetite for modern technology platforms, particularly RNA technologies. Scale-up, phase III clinical trials, and formulation were also key processes for which manufacturers require support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: This paper aims to identify current challenges that hinder university–industry (U-I) collaboration in Pakistan and presents future opportunities for promoting such collaborations in developing countries. Design/methodology/approach: This exploratory study presents new empirical evidence obtained from Pakistan via a questionnaire survey of 24 universities, 25 interviews with key stakeholders including industry managers and outputs from a high level workshop event. Findings: Although there is limited evidence of U-I engagement in Pakistan, the findings show that a lack of coordination between government, universities and industrial firms has hindered knowledge transfer between universities and industry. Such steps as utilising intermediaries to help broker effective collaborations and building trust-based relationships can help in socialising these types of scientific activities. Research limitations/implications: Any overall conclusions drawn from this exploratory study can only be tentative, as the findings represent a snapshot of current U-I collaboration initiatives in Pakistan. Practical implications: Less stringent policy interventions from government entities, as well as more universities willing to invite industry input on their board of studies might enable co-development of some university curriculums with industry partners. U-I collaborations could also help to boost innovation efforts in developing country firms. Originality/value: This paper also offers awareness into benefits of teaching activity collaboration with industry partners, which has been an under explored area of past U-I collaboration studies. The findings should be of interest for both innovation policy and higher education policy researchers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research aims to develop a theoretical framework that presents a vision for the successful application of the triple helix model in developing countries, by transforming developing countries to the second mode of production of applied knowledge to build a triple cooperation between the university, industry, and the government. The most important findings of the study: is that the inability of developing countries to enter the knowledge economy is attributed to the excessive focus of developing countries on the first mode of theoretical knowledge production (research and theoretical teaching in the context of specialization). As well as interest in the institutional approach. To face the trap of weak or nonexistent technology companies, as well as the absence of national champion companies or large innovative industrial clusters that the basis of global competition (weak commercial economy) and Existence of theoretical and non-applied universities (weak research economy), the result is that both commercial and research economies are not suitable for knowledge innovation. On the other hand, they neglected a shift towards the second mode of Applied Theoretical Knowledge production (research, teaching and innovation in a multidisciplinary applied context) and an evolutionary approach, in order to build both applied professional universities, Entrepreneurial applied universities (strong research economy). Moreover, to build technology startups and large innovative industrial clusters or national champion companies (strong commercial economy) to shift towards knowledge innovation and enter the knowledge economy. The study recommends following. The Chinese government's leadership pattern of the lagged situation in the application of the triple helix model, in order to be able to shift towards the knowledge economy. As well as establishing a center for studies of applying the triple helix model in Egypt to develop technology startups, applied professional universities, Entrepreneurial applied universities in order to enter and build the knowledge economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the transferor–transferee relationship in the context of technology transfer collaborative projects between developed and developing countries. The case of the Algerian satellite industry, which utilized three small satellite collaborative projects with foreign companies over twenty years in order to acquire technology from abroad, has been used as an empirical study. The study evaluates transferor–transferee relationships when small satellite collaborative projects are used as a technology transfer mechanism. It assesses whether technology transfer effectiveness or 'learning' is mutually understood by the two key transferor and transferee actors. It identifies a potential schism when transferor motives are often economic (business-oriented) whilst transferee motives are non-economic, aiming to learn and develop local capabilities for national developmental objectives. The study reveals that this initial non-alignment of objectives led to the adoption of a transfer mechanism where learning is not the main thrust. The principal finding extrapolated from this research is that this inadequacy is rooted in the fact that Algerians had not clearly dissociated the objective of 'satellite technological learning' from that of 'satellite applications'. Recommendations for future research include the need to clearly prioritize the objective of 'technological learning' to avoid confusion as to the transfer mechanisms to adopt. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Developmental actors are pushing the diffusion of solar powered irrigation technologies using different technology diffusion models in resource-constrained, underdeveloped agrarian regions of the Global South. Among the varied models, the hybrid model of technology diffusion and environmental governance has gained a lot of traction and support among the technology promoters in recent years. In this article, we analyse two cases of hybrid environmental governance employed for the diffusion of solar powered irrigation technologies in rural Bihar, India. The promoters of solar powered irrigation technologies wish to achieve environmental sustainability, enhance farmers income and mitigate climate change through promoting renewable-based technologies. The top-down framing of technology and environment in hybrid environmental models often uncritically negates the place-based embedded experiences of end-users and non-users. The paper argues that the role of end-users and non-users in hybrid environmental governance need to be understood using the bottom-up approach. The paper makes a case for acknowledging and incorporating the views and environmental subjectivities of end-users and non-users while planning developmental interventions. The paper ends up suggesting a few policy-relevant suggestions for hybrid models of technology and environmental governance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of the Paris Agreement is to constrain the global temperature increase to well below 2°C and to pursue efforts to limit it to 1.5°C above pre-industrial levels. It is undisputed that the collective mitigation actions proposed by Parties are largely insufficient to meet this objective. All Parties are expected to revise their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) prior to the 26th Conference of the Parties (COP 26) with the aim of increasing levels of mitigation ambition. This paper focuses on Mauritius which has no climate mitigation policy and no strategy for low-carbon development. In this context, a number of policy issues are considered, and propositions are made on how the level of ambition of its updated NDC can be increased. For this, energy-related emissions pathways to 2050 are used to argue for an equity-based, effort-sharing approach to CO2 emissions reductions by capitalizing on a developing country's ability to propose a combination of unconditional and conditional mitigation contributions. Such a proactive approach will place Small Island Developing States (SIDS) and developing countries in a better position to justify and attract technology transfer, capacity building and climate finance. Further, the energy-climate mitigation nexus is examined to highlight the co-benefits of increasing mitigation ambition. It is shown that, all else being equal, increasing the percentage share of renewables in the electricity mix is necessary but not sufficient for increasing the ambition of mitigation contributions. The insights in this paper are expected to be valuable for other SIDS and small developing countries. Key policy insights A multi-criteria approach is more appropriate for assessing the level of ambition of SIDS and other small emitters than absolute share of global emissions or the percentage share of renewable energies in the energy mix. Based on this approach, the climate change mitigation policy orientation of Mauritius is not ambitious. As Mauritius updates its NDC, it should apply a systemic approach to investigate emission reduction scenarios across sectors and covering time horizons up to at least 2050, in order to better link national climate change mitigation and sustainable development goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Although briquetting is an appropriate technology for the production of renewable energy, its widespreadness in Southeast Asia is limited. Especially due to the high initial investments and energy consumption of a high-pressure briquetting press. However, manual low-pressure briquetting presses (operating pressure <5 MPa) can represent a relevant alternative, regarding to their ease of use and modest energy consumption. The aim of the present research was to develop and verify a manual wooden low pressure briquetting press with a square-shaped pressing chamber, piston and a single lever as a pressing unit. In practice, press was designed, manufactured, and verified by successful bio-briquette samples production. Four different feedstock mixtures were prepared from coconut mesocarp fibre (CF), bamboo skin (BS), pineapple leaves (PL), sugarcane bagasse (SB); each mixed with external binding agent (wastepaper) in biomass:binder ratios of 1:1 and 2:1. The achieved bulk density ρ ranged from 204.30 ± 15.73 kg m−3 for 1:1 feedstock mixtures and 199.31 ± 23.13 kg m−3 for 2:1 feedstock mixtures. The press efficiency, feasibility and practicability were positively evaluated within their possible utilisation in rural areas of developing countries. The importance of research increases constantly due to the worldwide need for a transition from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, proper waste management, and reduction of environmental and health risks related to improper treatment of waste materials. The final idea of the article contributes to the development of the sector of clean green energy production, simultaneously with raising awareness about sustainable technologies for proper waste management within the wide public. [Display omitted] [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of functional foods requires extensive research and development (R&D) activities for product development, technology development and commercialization. However, it becomes rather a complex issue in developing countries, including Indonesia. This study briefly discusses the status of functional foods R&D in Indonesia by understanding the opportunities and challenges. Employing scientometrics with bibliometric data from Scopus Database from the early retrievable date to October 29, 2018, the study finds out that R&D on functional foods in Indonesia indicates a substantially increasing trend in the last decade. The research activities are mostly conducted by public research institutes (PRIs) and universities in the area of identification of bioactive compounds and their effects on health. They explore the abundant potentially indigenous biodiversity from Indonesia, both land and marine resources. Nonetheless, the R&D activities are still lacking of network and integration between the subject areas. Underdeveloped infrastructure, limited human resources and financial support, costly preparation for the clinical test to satisfy health claims regulation and the gap between academic research and industry have been key issues in Indonesian functional foods R&D. By using innovation system perspectives, this study suggests that public R&D on functional foods demands active collaboration between PRIs, universities and industry as well as the supportive regulation system from policymakers to enhance the development of functional foods in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

On March 11 and 12, 2011, a large rainfall event caused floods and thousands of gravitational mass movements on the coast of the state of Paraná, Brazil. This paper focuses on the large debris flows that reached the Jacareí river basin and uses them to test the new hazard mapping method proposed by the GIDES Project, a technology transfer partnership between Brazil and Japan. The method's purpose is to be simple and fast, and, so, applicable in a developing country of continental dimension. Comparison of the maps generated by the GIDES methodology and the actual events that happened in the study area showed many discrepancies, that is, in its original form the methodology could not predict accurately the events. However, after adaptations to the studied case, major improvements were obtained. The adaptations aimed at testing morphometric parameters as the original technique to reach the best fit possible between the generated maps and the occurrence area of the studied event. For the debris flow transportation area, the parameters that produced better maps closer to the studied actual event was made with the relation between the maximum height reached by the debris flow and the maximum channel slope. No satisfactory morphometric relationship was found for the boulders' deposition region. For the area of fine or less dense materials' deposit, the most significant change was the incorporation of slopes from 0° to 2° in the mapping procedure. Finally, we found values and equations that could be used initially in the analysis of other sub-basins with some similarity with the studied area to map the debris flow hazard, although validation in other places is still needed. These different techniques adapted to the local reality can be used separately or together to create faster, simpler, cheaper, and reliable maps using relatively easy to find morphometric input data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Evidence on the ground shows that climate change has evolved from being an environmental problem to a sustainable development (SD) challenge. REDD+ – a key mechanism designed primarily to mitigate climate change by reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation, has expanded in scope to serve as a potential lever for socio-economic development in developing countries. Drawing on existing primary and secondary data, this article finds that there is little evidence of meaningful national ownership of REDD+ implementation in Cameroon. Arguing that weak national ownership threatens to undermine the country's climate mitigation and SD objectives, the article provides an analysis into the reasons behind this lack of national ownership, including: a lack of compliance with international guidelines for national ownership of REDD+ implementation; lack of horizontal transfer of technology necessary for REDD+ implementation; lack of national budgetary allocation and reliance on conditional external funding that appears to frustrate proper national ownership; and a poor representation and involvement of some crucial national SD actors who continue to play very peripheral roles in REDD+ implementation. The article finds that strong and meaningful national ownership is a key prerequisite in order for REDD+ to effectively contribute to climate mitigation and socio-economic development in Cameroon. For this to happen, the government needs to implement and enforce international guidelines for national ownership of REDD+ implementation, for example through a regulatory enactment which unambiguously guarantees national ownership and its proper implementation on the ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Ethiopia, like most developing countries, the majority of households depend on wood and charcoal as their cooking energy resources. This energy has a direct impact on the forest coverage and its emissions have significant health issues. Biogas technology has introduced to address these problems and reduce energy poverty in developing countries. However, the success of this technology depends on many factors such as technology appropriateness, available skill, proper introduction, and government support to create favorable financial incentives. The objective of this paper is to make an overview assessment of biogas development programs in Ethiopia, identify development barriers and provide suggestions to mitigate these barriers. The national and regional biogas program of Ethiopia has implemented to give energy for cooking and to some extent for lighting. However, it has shown limited success over the years. The National Biogas Programme of Ethiopia has shown an overall 50% achievement while the Tigray region registered 55% achievement. In addition, the owner of the biogas facility in Tigray reported a 57% functionality rate but the lowest satisfaction level of 15%. Generally, the region has shown relatively better performance in terms of dissemination and functionality but a low satisfaction rate due to technical limitation, unsteady input, and financial factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines how technology transfer can influence the performance of small businesses in developing countries like Kenya. The theoretical basis of the study is the technology transfer model, which integrates a consideration of the transfer provider with that of the recipient's capacity. The study's sample comprises 104 enterprises. Correlation and a regression model are used for content analysis. The results show that technology transfers improve small businesses' performance and help drive rural development. The effectiveness of transferred technology has a major impact on small businesses' competitiveness and access to international markets. These findings imply that governments must develop technology transfer strategies for small businesses in order to enhance both their performance and food security. Government policies for technology transfer should incorporate incentives for agricultural technology transfer to boost food security. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article provides a long-term view on the sources of knowledge flow between developed and developing nations. It relies on patent data to explore three potential sources: R&D collaboration, technology sourcing, and technology transfer. All three sources provide a very consistent message. First, knowledge flows from East Asia, particularly China, are occurring more frequently. Second, knowledge flows are increasingly concentrated in information and communication technologies. Third, the USA and Canada had traditionally larger patenting activity with Asia than Europe, but the share of activity between Europe and Asia has been increasing in recent years. Larger patenting activity between the USA and Canada and Asia implies that North America is more likely to benefit from the reverse knowledge flows than Europe as China progresses toward becoming a technological leader. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing environmental awareness accompanied by the recent fluctuations in the fossil fuels underline the need to focus more on the management of energy mix and turn the attention towards renewable energies (REs). Diffusion and commercialization of renewable energy technologies are of paramount importance, particularly for developing countries. However, there are serious challenges and barriers that can be discussed in different aspects. This paper presents an applied and novel framework to tackle the challenges of diffusing and commercializing biomass energy technologies (BET) in developing countries. As a good example, our study focuses on the commercialization of the BETs in Iran. For this purpose, we provide an overview of the importance of commercialization of BETs. Then, by analysis of the literature and best cases, we identify crucial elements for commercialization of the BETs. Conducted surveys and theme analysis have resulted in a framework with 8 major dimensions and a total of 73 diverse components. The dimensions are technical and infrastructural; R & D and technology transfer; investment; social, cultural and behavioral; promotion and distribution; marketing and market building; macroeconomics; and support policy. Findings suggest that 'investment' and 'technical and infrastructural' dimensions are the two major pillars of the framework for commercialization of the BETs for developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The current context of Vietnam is that Vietnam is a developing country whose geographical shape is long and dynamic. Its logistics is also in the way of development and promising to have good potential. However, lack experience and technology, small and fragmented operation, fierce price competition among local enterprises, domination from foreign logistics giants are that factors that may hinder the growth of the local sector. It is then believed that cooperation among local firms could promote integration of the supply chain, making it more productive and so increase competitiveness of the industry. The study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of Vietnamese transportation and logistics firms using Malmquist Productivity Index, crafting a clearer picture of how these firms performed in terms of technical efficiency and innovation. Cat Lai Port being a key role in the industry was taken as a case to analyse strategic alliance opportunities using data envelopment analysis and Grey forecasting. Research findings indicate that half of the samples experienced efficiency progress, half experienced performance regress; most of efficiency improvement came from innovation. The study also found that strategic alliances between Cat Lai Port and some firms potentially improve these firms' efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Future smart infrastructure development, in both developing and developed countries, is hinged on demand management and response strategies with consumers actively involved in time-shifting electricity consumption for improved efficiency. This paper presents a qualitative, interview-based, comparative study of how homeowners adapt their practices to the changing systems of electricity provision in two countries, Pakistan and Denmark. It reveals that household practices like laundering are flexible, highly contextualised and embedded in the wider socio-material and cultural context. In Denmark, time-shifting of laundering in households with photovoltaics is done voluntarily and closely interwoven with the temporal rhythms of the common dual-income household, as well as the natural cycles of the sun and weather, and is in most cases based on some degree of automation. In Pakistan, blackout schedules dictate time-shifting of most practices. Large family sizes and nuanced clothing make laundering more complex, socially bound and time-consuming; however, joint family systems, provision of house-staff and outsourcing make it more time-flexible and less dependent on automation and electricity-use. Using theories on temporalities of practices in a cross-cultural analysis highlights the significance of local socio-material and cultural context in the performance, bundling and synchronisation of practices. While practice theories prove useful in cross-cultural comparison of temporalities of household practices and demand, further theory development is needed to conceptualise practices as shared or socially differentiated entities in varying cultural contexts. This has implications for demand management policies proposed in smart-grid transitions as well as in the possible cross-cultural transfer of smart technology and demand response strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Appropriate technology for sustainable development in developing countries should consider comprehensive societal aspects of the target area and, at the same time, ensure target areas are capable of sustainable transformation. However, appropriate technology has mainly been approached from the engineering or technological aspects, thus becoming a short-term or one-time technology transfer or, despite the social science approach, it has no definite theoretical background. For successful and sustainable appropriate technology activities, appropriate technology should be approached theoretically. Therefore, this study applies the theory of grassroots innovation to appropriate technology, examines how the concepts of grassroots innovation based on local community units can relate to appropriate technology activities in developing countries, and analyzes a case of appropriate technology activity to show that future appropriate technology activities should involve grassroots innovation. The results show that the principles of grassroots innovation underlie successful appropriate technology projects. • Sustainability of appropriate technology can be grounded on a grassroots innovation. • The concept of strategic niche management is applied to appropriate technology. • Context, driving force, niche, organizational form, and resource base are common constructs of the framework. • The case of Laos identifies the relationship between appropriate technology and grassroots innovation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article proposes a 'systemic experiential learning model' for the evaluation of technological learning. Technological learning is effective when combining learning by doing, by searching and by interacting. The proposed model is based on parallels drawn between the typology – learning by doing, by searching and by interacting – and Kolb's Experiential Learning Theory through its cyclical combination of action and reflection. It argues that learners, whether they be individuals, groups, organizations or inter-organizations, are more effective when completing Kolb-like cycles. The proposed model is the combination of horizontal and vertical processes. Each learning level (individual, group, organization or inter-organization) is modelled, horizontally, according to a Kolb-like learning cycle. Vertical connections are made between the horizontal levels of aggregation by borrowing March's concepts of exploration and exploitation. The model has been used for the evaluation of learning occurring in the Algerian small satellite capability-building programme. The implementation of the model revealed that learning is not systemic and therefore ineffective. Findings are reflective of the difficulty of striking the right balance between action (learning by doing) and reflection (learning by searching) and densifying interactions (learning by interacting) within and between learning levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Many SMEs homed in newly industrialised countries are successful international players despite limited technological infrastructure and R&D resources. This study bridges a gap in the extant literature by examining the relationships between characteristics of partnership relationships, knowledge sharing and the effectiveness of technology transfer in partnerships between SMEs in developing countries and firms from developed countries. By studying data from Turkish SMEs and using partial least squares structural equation modelling, we find that explicit knowledge sharing forms the basis of technology transfer. Moreover, our findings demonstrate that explicit knowledge sharing is strongly contingent upon formalised technical support while trust and technical support seemed to be important antecedents of tacit knowledge sharing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Highlights • We analyze farm-level technology adoption in the dairy chain in India. • We look at better hygienic practices, better feed and improved livestock. • We find mixed results across technologies and states (Punjab and Andhra Pradesh). • The role of value chains in the dissemination of these technologies was minor. Abstract Adoption of modern technologies in agriculture is crucial for improving productivity and welfare of poor farmers in developing countries. Not much is known about how value chains do (not) affect technology transfer and/or adoption in food chains in developing countries. We analyze farm-level technology adoption in the dairy chain in India, using unique survey data. The dairy chain in India is an important case because the Indian government has promoted development of the dairy sector for its potential for 'pro-poor' growth, and because value chain initiatives had strong effects on dairy farm technology in other countries with imperfect markets and growth in demand. We find that despite rapid growth in milk consumption and production, technology adoption in the form of better hygienic practices, better feed and improved livestock was mixed, and low for certain regions and technologies. So far, the role of value chains in the adoption of new technologies seems to be minor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]