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The study aims to investigate the differences concerning the religiosity (understood as the placement of religious constructs in the structure of a personality) and value system of young adults who...

Openness and communication between partners are key elements of dyadic coping with stress. Our main research question is: what is the impact of these factors on relational satisfaction in spouses struggling with infertility or miscarriage? In the current study, by applying the actor&ndash, partner interdependence model to 90 heterosexual couples (N = 180), we examined the link between the spouses&rsquo, openness (the Giessen Test), communication (Flexibility and Cohesion Evaluation Scales) and relationship satisfaction (the Marriage Success Scale). Controlling for relevant covariates (communication, own openness and type of stress experienced by the spouses: infertility or miscarriage), a dyadic analysis revealed significant actor (&minus, 0.24, p &lt, 0.001) and partner effects (&minus, 0.20, 0.001). We conclude that the relationship between the perception of the partner&rsquo, s openness and the relationship satisfaction in women is strong, in the context of the analyzed potential confounding variables. We also observe that the relationship satisfaction in women from the group of infertile spouses is 6.06 points lower compared to women from the group of marriages after miscarriage (p = 0.034).

BackgroundPrevious studies indicate that being in a relationship has a beneficial effect on the physical and mental health and also significantly affects the quality of life. One of the essential elements of the relationship is intimacy, which includes sharing experiences, support and mutual understanding, as well as respect and care for the good of the partner. Being in a relationship, the nature of this relationship (marriage vs. informal relationship) as well as the level of intimacy and the assessment of the quality of the relationship may be in relation to the personal sense of well-being. In this research we intended to estimate the significance of these variables for the sense of well-being and analyze which of these variables have the same meaning for the sense of well-being of young women and men.Participants and procedureThe sample consisted of 431 people (217 women and 214 men) aged 23 to 37 years (46% of the study group were people in relationships, and 54% were single).ResultsThe conducted research confirmed the relationship between the sense of eudaimonic well-being and having a partner, as well as the relationship between sense of intimacy with the partner and the assessment of the quality of the relationship, indicating some differences in this respect between women and men.ConclusionsIt seems that an important issue, worth investigating in our research, concerns the reasons why individuals live a single life (voluntary and involuntary singles), and whether or not they are satisfied with this kind of life. Just as in the case of relationships it is not only the fact of being in a relationship that makes a difference but the level of satisfaction with the relationship as well, also in the case of singles satisfaction (or dissatisfaction) with living alone may prove to be significant.

The main research objective of this study was seeking the predictive role of closeness to parents, attachment, identity style, identity commitment, type of relationship, and having children in intimacy among young women and men. Many studies indicate differences in the level of engagement, communication, and satisfaction in relationships. The study group comprised 227 people, including 114 women (M = 29.99, SD = 4.36), and 113 men (M = 30.00, SD = 4.33). A total of 40% of the subjects were married, and the remaining 60% subjects were in informal relationships, 101 people had children and the other individuals were childless. The following instruments were used: The Miller Social Intimacy Scale, questionnaires to assess closeness and attachment, and the Identity Style Inventory. The significance of the differences and the stepwise regression analysis were performed. The results of the study demonstrated a higher level of intimacy in a relationship with a partner among women than men. The nature of a relationship does not matter to the sense of intimacy. However, closeness to parents during childhood and adolescence, the model of interpersonal relations, and the identity style are predictors of intimacy in a relationship. The study results can be used in creating preventive and educational programs focused on family life and satisfied relationships.

W artykule podjęta została próba określenia związku pomiędzy kompetencjami poznawczymi a stylami tożsamości, w różnych okresach życia: adolescencji, wczesnej, średniej i późnej dorosłości. Sprawdzono też czy między wymienionymi grupami występują różnice w zakresie dominujących stylów tożsamości oraz testowano kierunek zmian w kompetencjach poznawczych obejmujących myślenie formalno- operacyjne oraz postformalne. W badaniu zasadniczym, w którym uczestniczyło 495 osób, w tym: 192 adolescentów, 131 młodych dorosłych, 91 osób w średniej dorosłości oraz 81 seniorów, testowano poziom myślenia formalnego przy użyciu Testu Operacji Formalnych (TOF) autorstwa Horneman, Longeot, oraz style tożsamości Kwestionariuszem do badania Stylów Tożsamości (ISI-3) Berzonsky’ego. W dodatkowym, pilotażowym badaniu uczestniczyło 281 osób: 166 adolescentów, 87 młodych dorosłych i 28 osób w średniej dorosłości, a do oceny poziomu rozumowania postformalnego zastosowano metodę „Codzienne problemy” (Sebby, Papini, 1994). Analiza wyników pozwala stwierdzić, że najwyższą sprawnością rozumowania formalno- operacyjnego charakteryzowały się osoby z grupy wczesnej i średniej dorosłości, a najniższą nastolatki. We wszystkich grupach wiekowych dominował informacyjny styl tożsamości, a następnie kolejno styl normatywny oraz dyfuzyjno- unikowy, ale wraz z wiekiem zmienia się poziom zaangażowania i nasilenie informacyjnego oraz normatywnego stylu tożsamości. W grupie nastolatków zaobserwowano ujemny związek między wynikami w TOF, a nasileniem stylu normatywnego i zaangażowania, natomiast dodatnia, lecz słaba zależność wystąpiła między poziomem kompetencji formalno- operacyjnych a nasileniem zaangażowania w grupie seniorów. Analiza wyników uzyskanych w dodatkowym badaniu, w którym testowano związek poziomu rozumowania postformalnego ze stylami tożsamości wskazuje na większą liczbę zależności w każdej z grup, w porównaniu do pomiarów w których odwoływano się do ujawnianych przez osoby badane zdolności formalno-operacyjnych. The article attempts to define the relationship between cognitive competences and identity styles in different periods of life: adolescence, early, middle and late adulthood. It also examines whether there are differences between the age groups in the dominant style of identity and in cognitive competences (formal and post-formal thinking). The 495 participants: 192 adolescents, 131 young adults, 91 adults and 81 seniors were tested in a baseline study using the Test of Formal Thinking (Horneman, Longeot) and the Identity Styles Questionnaire: ISI-3 (Berzonsky). In an additional pilot study, 281 participants: 166 adolescents, 87 young adults and 28 seniors were tested by means of the "Everyday problems" method (Sebby, Papini). The results show that early and middle adults in comparison with adolescents revealed a higher level of formal reasoning. In all age groups, the Informational Style of identity prevailed, followed by the Normative and Diffused styles, but with age the level of Commitment and the intensity of the Informational and Normative Style of identity changed. Among adolescents, there was a negative correlation between TOF scores and Commitment and Normative Style, while a positive but low correlation was found between the level of formal thinking and the level of Commitment in the senior group. The analysis of the results of the additional study in which the links between the identity styles and the level of post-formal reasoning were tested indicates that there is a stronger correlation compared to the measurement of the relationship between the identity styles and the level of formal thinking in each age group.