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Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic autoimmune condition characterized by the destruction of insulin-producing beta cells in the pancreas, necessitating lifelong insulin therapy. This study explores the impact of physical activity on glycemic control and overall health in individuals with T1DM. Despite its proven benefits, including improved cardiovascular health, lower HbA1c levels, and reduced insulin requirements, over 60% of T1DM patients do not engage in regular exercise. Different types of physical activities—such as aerobic, anaerobic, and high-intensity interval training (HIIT)—affect metabolic responses differently. Aerobic exercises and HIIT have shown significant improvements in health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and reduced incidence of severe complications, such as diabetic ketoacidosis. However, exercise-induced hypoglycemia remains a significant risk, especially if exercise follows recent severe hypoglycemic episodes. Proper management strategies include adjusting insulin doses, monitoring glucose levels, and carbohydrate intake. The study highlights the importance of tailored exercise plans and preventive measures to mitigate risks such as nocturnal hypoglycemia and elevated ketones. Ultimately, effective integration of physical activity into diabetes management can lead to enhanced overall health and quality of life for individuals with T1DM.

Introduction and aim of the study: The growing awareness of gluten-related disorders has led to widespread misinformation about the gluten-free diet(GFD). The potential benefits of removing gluten are not well evaluated, yet it is often recommended or self-implemented by patients without robust supporting evidence. This paper aims to determine whether eliminating gluten from the diet provides proven benefits for individuals with specific diseases, including autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT), type 1 diabetes (T1D), psoriasis, and metabolic syndrome, who do not have a diagnosed gluten-related disorder. Description of the state of knowledge: Adhering to a gluten-free diet may benefit patients with AIT and T1D even without celiac disease, although there is no clear evidence that it alleviates AIT or T1D symptoms and the improvements are not significant enough to recommend it universally. Further research on humans is needed to explore the potential preventive effect of GFD on T1D risk and prolonging partial remission. For psoriasis, a GFD can be beneficial for patients with gluten-related antibodies, potentially reducing or clearing skin lesions, but it shows no benefit for those without these antibodies. The data on the GFD's impact on cardiovascular disease remains contradictory and unreliable. Conclusion: For psoriasis patients who test positive for gluten-related antibodies, a gluten-free diet can be recommended. Current studies do not substantiate the necessity for patients with AIT, T1D or metabolic syndrome to completely eliminate gluten from their diet.