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1. Investigation of the amount of transdermal exposure of newborn babies to phthalates in paper diapers and certification of the safety of paper diapers.

Author

Ishii S, Katagiri R, Minobe Y, Kuribara I, Wada T, Wada M, and Imai S

Subjects
Body Weight drug effects, Certification methods, Diethylhexyl Phthalate adverse effects, Diethylhexyl Phthalate chemistry, Environmental Pollutants adverse effects, Environmental Pollutants analysis, Humans, Infant, Japan, Paper, Risk Assessment, Safety, Diapers, Infant adverse effects, Environmental Exposure adverse effects, Environmental Exposure analysis, Phthalic Acids adverse effects, Phthalic Acids chemistry, Skin metabolism
Abstract

A risk assessment study of seven phthalates in paper diapers for newborn babies produced in Japan was performed. The diapers were purchased and the contents of the seven phthalates were determined and estimated amounts of exposure were calculated based on the eluted rate into artificial medium of urine or sweat, average weight of infants, and frequency of use. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and di-n-butyl phthalate were detected in the topsheets and determined to be 0.6 μg/g and 0.2 μg/g, respectively. The daily estimated exposure volume was calculated to be in the range of 1.86 × 10(-10)-2.98 × 10(-6) mg/kg/day as follows: content of seven phthalates in the topsheet (0.1-1 μg/g) × eluted rate of phthalates into artificial sweat (0.0006-2.4%) × weight of the topsheet of a diaper (1.5 g) × the number of diapers used per day (12 sheets) × skin absorption rate (0.005-0.1)/average body weight (2.9 kg). For hazard assessment, we used 0.2-300 mg/kg/day for the seven phthalates based on the data available at international agencies. The margin of exposure to the seven phthalates was 6.71 × 10(4)-1.99 × 10(11), indicating that the risk of exposure to phthalates from the diapers produced in Japan was negligible., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2015
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2. Investigation of the amount of transdermal exposure of newborn babies to phthalates in paper diapers and certification of the safety of paper diapers

Author

Isamu Kuribara, Takeharu Wada, Shigeo Imai, Ritsuko Katagiri, Satoko Ishii, Mitsuhiro Wada, and Yasushi Minobe

Subjects
Paper, Certification, Frequency of use, Phthalic Acids, Urine, Toxicology, Body weight, Risk Assessment, Absorption rate, chemistry.chemical_compound, Animal science, Japan, Diethylhexyl Phthalate, Medicine, Humans, Skin, business.industry, Body Weight, Diapers, Infant, Phthalate, Infant, General Medicine, Environmental Exposure, Margin of exposure, Di n butyl phthalate, chemistry, Environmental Pollutants, Safety, business
Abstract

A risk assessment study of seven phthalates in paper diapers for newborn babies produced in Japan was performed. The diapers were purchased and the contents of the seven phthalates were determined and estimated amounts of exposure were calculated based on the eluted rate into artificial medium of urine or sweat, average weight of infants, and frequency of use. Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate and di- n -butyl phthalate were detected in the topsheets and determined to be 0.6 μg/g and 0.2 μg/g, respectively. The daily estimated exposure volume was calculated to be in the range of 1.86 × 10 −10 –2.98 × 10 −6 mg/kg/day as follows: content of seven phthalates in the topsheet (0.1–1 μg/g) × eluted rate of phthalates into artificial sweat (0.0006–2.4%) × weight of the topsheet of a diaper (1.5 g) × the number of diapers used per day (12 sheets) × skin absorption rate (0.005–0.1)/average body weight (2.9 kg). For hazard assessment, we used 0.2–300 mg/kg/day for the seven phthalates based on the data available at international agencies. The margin of exposure to the seven phthalates was 6.71 × 10 4 –1.99 × 10 11 , indicating that the risk of exposure to phthalates from the diapers produced in Japan was negligible.

Published
2015

3. A new method to evaluate nicotine exposure in infants

Author

Werner Sauseng, Heinz Zotter, Sigrid Thaller, Reinhold Kerbl, and Reingard Aigner

Subjects
Male, Paper, Parents, Pediatrics, medicine.medical_specialty, NICOTINE EXPOSURE, Maternal smoking, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Urine, Nicotine, chemistry.chemical_compound, Adverse health effect, Surveys and Questionnaires, Humans, Medicine, Cotinine, Creatinine, business.industry, Diapers, Infant, Ethics committee, Infant, chemistry, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Female, Tobacco Smoke Pollution, business, Biomarkers, medicine.drug
Abstract

Exposure of infants to parental smoking has been associated with several adverse health effects [6]. It was the aim of this study to find an easily applicable method to collect urine samples from infants and to correlate cotinine concentrations with parental smoking habits. This study was approved by the local Ethics Committee. Filter paper strips (Schleicher and Schuell, Germany) were placed in the nappies of infants. After wetting, the paper strips were air-dried, cut into small pieces, and extracted with 0.01 M phosphate buffer solution for 24 h. From this eluate, cotinine was analysed by ELISA and correlated to creatinine concentration (expressed as ng cotinine/mg creatinine, CCR). The parents’ smoking habits were evaluated by a structured questionnaire. CCR was determined in 93 infants (38 females) with a median age of 63 days (range 25–221 days). Exclusion criteria were questionnaires with incomplete information and urine creatinine levels 30 ng/mg, a cut-off level based on a previous study [2]. We found a significant correlation ( P

Published
2004