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The ways in which natural ecosystems respond to global change have become an urgent concern to society. Lakes play a pivotal role in ecosystem changes because of their central position within watersheds and their involvement in various endogenous and cross-system ecological and biogeochemical processes, leaving natural archives accumulated in sediments over time. However, how lake ecosystems have responded to atmospheric changes during the past few centuries is still not fully understood. To analyse the process in more detail, we conducted a case study at Lake Genco, a remote alpine on the southeastern Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) and recovered a 170-year history of lake's ecosystem from a 210Pb-dated sediment core. The air temperature increased between 1900 and 1950 CE and 1980 and 2020 CE. Geochemical and physical proxies (magnetic susceptibility, Sr/Ba, K/Al, Na/Al, Ti, Pb, P flux, TN and δ15N org) indicated greater degrees of weathering and erosion, and higher nutrient loadings as terrestrial systems responded to atmospheric changes after 1900 CE. Higher primary aquatic productivity, richer biodiversity and weaker structural stability were found in Lake Genco between 1852 and 2017 CE, although the ecological response was quiet in terms of the compositional change in the diatom community, which was generally dominated by small planktonic Cyclotella ocellata. During warmer periods, diatom PC1 changed directionally due to the overall increase in the abundance of tychoplanktonic Fragilaria construens and periphytic Achnanthes minutissima and the decreasing abundance (∼10%) of C. ocellata. This study provides empirical evidence that ecological changes in remote lakes rely on interactions between the atmosphere and the landscape and helps us to understand the complexity of the various impacts of global climate change. More local and regional studies are needed to generalise the mechanism of biological responses to atmospheric changes in remote lakes, especially in the QTP. • Remote lake ecosystems' responses to climate change have been a key concern in the global warming context. • Modest ecological changes were revealed over the past 170 years in a small high-altitude lake of the southeast Tibetan Plateau. • The relative abundance of planktonic Cyclotella ocellata decreased while primary productivity and biodiversity increased. • Lake surface area may have determined the local ecological response of lakes to atmospheric changes in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]