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The influence of nickel-oxide (NiO) addition on the structural, optical, physical properties, and dielectric spectroscopy of lead-borated glass blocks of the chemical form: (70-x)B2O3-25Na2O-5PbO-xNiO: x = 0 (Ni-0.0)-2.5 (Ni-2.5) molar percentage was tested experimentally using various methods. X-ray diffraction measurements confirmed the amorphous character of prepared Ni-glasses. Density increased gradually from 2.5981 to 2.7568 g cm−3, whereas molar-volume declined from 29.0131 to 28.0202 cm3 mol−1 as Ni2+ ions-contenting samples improved from 0.0 to 2.5 mol% in glasses network. In the absorption UV-region, optical-gap energy changed between 2.94 and 2.48 eV. In absorption within Vis-region, the intensity of the absorbed band enhanced gradually with red-shift in their positions as Ni2+ ions content increased. In the absorption NIR-region, an increase in the IR absorption bands was observed and confirmed the enhanced heat-absorption capacity of the investigated glasses as their NiO content increased. Dielectric spectroscopy at frequencies ranging from 50 Hz to 5 MHz of (70-x)B2O3-25Na2O-5PbO-xNiO: x = 0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 mol% glasses are carried out to determine the impact of nickel doping on dielectric spectroscopy items. Nickel doping gradually increased the dielectric constant. At high frequencies, the transport rate among nearby conductive sites is increased while the shifting length of the charges is greatly reduced which leads to higher conductivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Six specimens of iron (II)-doped borate glasses with the following chemical formula: 75B2O3–15PbO–10BaO3–xFe2O3: x = 0.0–0.5 mol% with an incremental step of 0.1 were produced using the traditional melt quench method. The effects of iron ion doping on mechanical, dielectric properties, and radiation protection effectiveness (RPE) of the prepared samples were investigated. The oxygen-packing density (OPD) and molar volume (OMV) increased as iron (II) content increased in the glasses network. Therefore, the created non-bridging oxygen (NBO) increased. Elastic parameters of the investigated samples enhanced as a function of Fe2O3 content. As the molar percentage of Fe2O3 increased from 0 to 5.0 mol%, Poisson's glasses ratio fluctuates between 0.365 and 0.3700. As the energy of the incoming photon increases, the RPE tends to fall below 100% in low-energy regions. The sample with the code Fe2O3-0.5 exhibits the smallest value (R = 0.156498 cm−1) and the largest molar fraction (Fe2O3 = 0.5 mol%), as well as the maximum molar volume and Vickers hardness. Dielectric spectroscopy of manufactured glasses is investigated at various frequencies ranging from 50 Hz to 5 MHz at room temperature to explore chemical alterations caused by iron doping on dielectric spectroscopy components like the dielectric constant ( ε ′ ) and tangent loss (tan δ). Results showed that the dielectric constant drastically declines with a rise in the frequency domains up to 700 Hz for all glasses doped with varying amounts of iron and appears almost constant at higher frequencies for all glasses. The inclusion of iron increased the amount of (NBO) elements in the inside molecular framework of glass, which significantly increased the dielectric constant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the synthesis, physical, vibrational, optical, and dielectric characteristics of bismuth-borate barium glasses doped with chromium, with the aim of exploring their potential for use in optical applications. The chemical formula of the proposed glasses was (70-x)B2O3 − 10Bi2O3 − 20BaO − xCrO3: x = 0 (BBBCr0.0) − 0.5 (BBBCr0.5) mol%. The structure nature was examined. The physical features, FTIR spectroscopy, and linear/nonlinear optical properties have been investigated. Based on the XRD measurements, the prepared glasses were amorphous in nature. The density (ρ) of the glasses slightly decreased, while the molar volume (Vm) increased with increasing CrO3 content in the glass network. The percentage fraction of BO4 (N4) gradually increased at the expense of the percentage fraction of BO3 (N3) as the chromium content increased up to 0.2 mol%. However, for concentrations of chromium over 0.2 mol%, a reverse transformation from BO4 to BO3 was detected. The optical energy bands (Eg) changed from 3.07 to 1.41 eV, whereas the linear refractive index (n0) changed from 2.38 to 2.98 for BBBCr-glasses. The metallization criterion (M) values ranged from 0.392 to 0.265, indicating that the glasses have a wide range of potential for use in various optical applications. In addition, the nonlinear refractive index (n2) values ranged from 3.26 × 10−11 to 26.35 × 10−11 (esu), while the χ(3) values varied from 5.16 × 10−12 to 33.34 × 10−12 (esu) for the BBBCr-glasses with chromium concentrations ranging from 0.0 to 0.5 mol%. The real part of permittivity has the same value with chromium doping up to 0.2 mol% and then it is highly increased for concentrations greater than 0.2 mol%. The findings of this study highlight the potential of bismuth-borate barium glasses doped with chromium as a highly versatile and adaptable material for use in a range of optical applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effect of copper ions on the structural, mechanical, shielding and dielectric features of borate zinc-fluoride glasses was investigated. The elastic moduli of the proposed glasses increased linearly as a function of CuO mol.% content in the glassy network. Young's modulus increased from 34.390 GPa to 35.093 GPa at low and high CuO mol.%. In terms of the electron stopping power (ESP), the addition of CuO into the glass matrix had no significant influence on the ESP. In all scattering regions, it was found that the Vickers hardness (Hv) and radiation protection effectiveness values increased linearly as a function of the CuO mol.% concentration. The real component of the permittivity (ε′) of all investigated glasses loaded with varying concentrations of CuO mol.% decreased dramatically with increasing frequency during the low-frequency interval. The ε′ value decreased slightly with increasing CuO content up to 0.4 mol.% and then increased with a further increase in concentration. The recorded loss tangent (tan δ) for all the examined glasses had two relaxation peaks at 800 Hz and 100 kHz; however, copper doping increased their intensity and shifted them to a lower frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]