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Neoleucopis aciliosa (McAlpine, 1971: 1871; Leucopis) Type locality: Japan (HT ♂, CNC). This species is known only from Japan, and has been reared from species of Pineus infesting Pinus pentaphylla and Pinus koraiensis., Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on page 33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["McAlpine, J. F. (1971) A revision of the subgenus Neoleucopis (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 103, 1851 - 1874. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 1031851 - 12"]}

Leucotaraxis atrifacies (Aldrich, 1925: 152; Leucopis), comb. nov. Type locality: USA: California (HT ♀, USNM). This species is known only from western North America, attacking species of Adelges and Pineus infesting Tsuga and Pinus (details provided above). They have also been swept from Cinara ponderosae infesting young stands of Pinus ponderosa.

Neoleucopis kartliana (Tanasijtshuk, 1986: 175; Leucopis) Type locality: Georgia (HT ♂, ZISP). This species is known from Georgia through Greece, and Italy. Gaimari et al. (2007) gave detailed life history information, having reared the species from the scale Marchalina hellenica (Gennadius) (Margarodidae) on Pinus halepensis. The species was subsequently introduced into Italy to combat this pest (Viggiani & Mustica 2008). The species was also reared from a puparium found on Oriental spruce, Picea orientalis., Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["Tanasijtshuk, V. N. (1986) [Silver-flies (Chamaemyiidae)]. Fauna of the USSR. New Series 134. Dipterans. Vol. 14. Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nauka Publishers, St Petersburg, 335 pp. [in Russian]","Gaimari, S. D., Milonas, P. & Souliotis, C. (2007) Notes on the taxonomy, biology and distribution of Neoleucopis kartliana (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). Folia Heyrovskyana, Series A, 15, 7 - 16.","Viggiani, G. & Mustica, L. (2008) Some notes on the biological control of insect pests in the island of Ischia. Bollettino del Laboratorio di Entomologia Agraria Filippo Silvestri, 62, 79 - 82."]}

Leucotaraxis argenticollis (Zetterstedt), comb. nov. (Figs 1B���C, 2A���B, 3A, 3D���E) Leucopis argenticollis Zetterstedt 1848: 2714. Sweden. Gottlandia (LT ♂, MZLU). References ��� Czerny 1936: 10 (key), 11 (redescription); McAlpine & Tanasijtshuk 1972: 1865 (redescription), 1870 (lectotype designation), fig. 1 (head), fig. 3 (abdomen), figs 5���6 (female terminalia), figs 8���16, 19 (male genitalia), figs 20���27 (immatures); Tanasijtshuk 1986: 201 (redescription), figs 333���337 (male genitalia), figs 338���345 (larval); Papp 1979: 82 (key, description), fig. 54A (abdomen), fig. 54B (male genitalia); Kohler et al. 2008: 494 (biology); Grubin et al. 2011: 1410 (biology); Havill et al. 2018 (biology, population genetics); Neidermeier et al. 2020 (biology, biological control); Dietschler et al. 2021 (biology, biological control). Leucopis orbitalis Malloch 1921: 352. United States. Illinois: Dundee (HT ♂, INHS). References ��� McAlpine 1965: 709 (catalog); McAlpine & Tanasijtshuk 1972: 1865 (synonymy). Leucopis sp. nr. orbitalis. References ��� Rao 1965: 43; McAlpine & Tanasijtshuk 1972: 1865 (identity). Diagnosis. The face and lunule (Fig. 2B) are silvery-grey pruinose. The postpronotum (Fig. 2A) has 1 to several long setulae (longer than the setulae on the scutum) medially from the postpronotal seta. In the male (see figs 8���16, 19 in McAlpine & Tanasijtshuk 1972), the epandrial complex is simple, small, and yellowish- to silvery-grey pruinose, with no central epandrial process; the surstylar lobe is short and slender, the phallus (Fig. 3A) is broad in lateral view with a wedge-shaped anterobasal process at a 90�� angle from the thin elongate pointed process. In the female (Figs 3D���E), tergites (Fig. 3E) with tergite 6 enlarged and slightly less than 2 X wider than long, tergite 7 present and strap-like, tergite 8 longer than wide, slightly tapering distally; sternites (Fig. 3D) with sternite 6 enlarged and about 2 X wider than long, sternite 7 present and arcuate. Immatures. Egg. Measurements as in Leucotaraxis atrifacies (Fig. 1A). Larvae. Described and figured in McAlpine & Tanasijtshuk (1972). Puparium (Fig. 1B). Length 2.3���2.8 mm, width 0.9���1.0 mm. Dehiscent anterior segments (dorsal and ventral) 0.05���0.06 mm long. Raised posterior spiracular tubercles (Fig. 1C) 0.12���0.16 mm long, darkly sclerotized. Biology. Predators as larvae on species of Adelges Vallot and Pineus Shimer (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) on Pinaceae (Abies, Picea, Pinus, Tsuga). Specific records (including our own rearings) include: Adelges piceae on Abies balsamea; Adelges tsugae on western hemlock, Tsuga heterophylla (Kohler et al. 2008); Pineus abietinus Underwood & Balch on Abies lasiocarpa; Pineus boerneri on Pinus henryi; Pineus coloradensis (Gillette) on Pinus banksiana, Pinus contorta, Pinus flexis, Pinus monticola, and Picea engelmannii; Pineus pineoides (Cholodkovsky) on Picea sp.; Pineus pini on Pinus sylvestris; Pineus similis (Gillette) on Picea glauca and Picea abies; Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (Wantuch et al. 2019); Pineus spp. on Picea glauca, Pinus contorta, Pinus insularis, Pinus pentaphylla, Pinus resinosa, Pinus strobus and Pinus sylvestris (McAlpine & Tanasijtshuk 1972). Several specimens were swept from infestations of Cinara ponderosae (Williams) in young stands of Pinus ponderosa (e.g., height less than 5 m throughout the large stand), but despite rearing>150 chamaemyiid larvae from this host, none were this species but were instead Vitaleucopis nidolkah Gaimari and an undescribed species of Leucopis (Leucopis). It remains a possibility that Leucotaraxis argenticollis is also a predator in that system, whether on the Cinara aphids or on adelgids unseen by the first author while collecting. Remarks. At two different localities (one in New Mexico and one in Arizona), this species was collected together with Chamaethrix necopina Gaimari, Leucotaraxis atrifacies and Vitaleucopis nidolkah, and at the New Mexico locality also with Leucotaraxis sepiola. The puparial stage is distinguishable from that of Leucotaraxis atrifacies and L. piniperda by the slightly longer posterior spiracular tubercle, which is more darkly sclerotized distally in this species, and the slightly larger size. The three specimens from Coconino County, Arizona, were mistakenly listed by Tanasijtshuk (2002) as Leucopis piniperda. Distribution. Nearctic: Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, Manitoba, Newfoundland, New Brunswick, Northwest Territories, Ontario, Quebec). USA (Alaska, Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Georgia, Idaho, Illinois, Massachusetts, Minnesota, Montana, New Hampshire, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Utah, Virginia, Washington, Wyoming). Oriental. India (Rao 1965). Palearctic: England (McLean 1982), Japan, Russia (McAlpine & Tanasijtshuk 1972), Sweden. Specimens examined. Nearly all specimens from McAlpine & Tanasijtshuk (1972) were examined, with additional specimens as follows. CANADA: ALBERTA. Seele, H 2 O Rd, 12.i.1971, coll. L.S. Skaley, ex. duff around P [inus]. contorta, 3916, 74-726 15 (1 ♀, CNC). BRITISH COLUMBIA. Atlin, 2200 ft., 2.vi.1955, coll. H. Huckel (1 ♀, CNC). Burns Lake, 8.vii.1993, coll. L.M. Humble, ex. Pinus contorta foliage, emerged 20.vii.1993, FIDS No. 93-0504-02 (1 ♀, PFCA). Kitimat, 2.vi.1960, coll. R. Pilfrey (1 ♂, CNC), coll. J.G. Chillcott, ex. hemlock forest (1 ♀, CNC). Princeton, 19.v.1986, ex. pine leader (1 ♀, CNC). Saanichton, 26.iii.1993, coll. L.M. Humble, ex. beating of hemlock foliage infested with Adelges tsugae, FIDS No. 93-0005-01 (1 ♂, 1 ♀, CSCA; 1 ♂, 2 ♀, PFCA), 30.iv.1993, FIDS No. 93-0037-02 (2 ♂, 2 ♀, PFCA), 11.vi.1993, FIDS No. 93-0204-01 (1 ♀, PFCA), 28.v.1993, ex. puparia in Adelges tsugae wool on Tsuga heterophylla, emerged 31.v.1993, FIDS No. 03-0102-01 (1 ♂, 1 ♀, CSCA; 1 ♂, 1 ♀, PFCA). Summit Lake, Mile 392 Alaska Highway, 4200 ft., 21.vii.1959, R.E. Leech (1 ♂, 2 ♀, CNC), 5000 ft., 6.vii.1959, coll. R.E. Leech (1 ♂, CNC). ONTARIO. Ottawa, 4.vii.1963, coll. J.R. Vockeroth, ex. Pineus similis on Picea glauca, emerged 15.vii.1963 (1 ♀ with puparium, CNC). Ottawa, 17.vii.1963, coll. J.R. Vockeroth (3 ♂, 4 ♀, CNC), 22.vii.1963 (3 ♂, CNC), 23.vii.1963 (1 ♂, 1 ♀, CNC). Hazeldean, 23.vi.1963, coll. A.W. Steffan, ex. reared on Pineus similis on Picea abies, emerged 7.vii.1963 (1 ♀, CNC). QUEBEC. Duchesnay, 21.vii.1942, coll. Jos. I. Beaulne (1 ♂, QMOR). Gatineau County, Masham Township, 21.v.1974, coll. D.M. Wood (1 ♀, CNC). USA: ALASKA. Matanuska-Susitna Borough, Big Lake, 10.vii.2020, coll. Jason Moan, ex. Pineus coloradensis on Pinus contorta (1 larva [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT996080). ARIZONA. Apache Co., Apache National Forest, 0.3 mi. S mi. 249 on US Route 191, 5 mi. S Alpine, along Coleman Creek, 33��47���24���N 109��10���01���W, 2500 m, 30.vi.1995, coll. S.D. Gaimari, ex. sweep Pinus ponderosa (2 ♀, CSCA), 1.vii.1996 (1 ♀, CSCA); clearing 6.4 mi. N southern junction Forest Roads 24 & 25 on Road 24, 33��39���22���N 109��21���38���W, 2725 m, 2.vii.1995, coll. S.D. Gaimari, ex. sweep vegetation, including Pinus ponderosa (2 ♀, CSCA). Coconino Co., Fort Valley Experiment Station, 13.iii.1929, Lot VII (1 ♀, USNM), 15.iii.1929, Lot VI (1 ♂, USNM), 18.iii.1929, Lot II (1 ♀, USNM). CALIFORNIA. Riverside Co., Riverside, UCR campus, 10.vi.1963, coll. R.C. Dickson (1 ♀, CNC). COLORADO. Larimer Co., Zimmerman Lake trail, 40.5397, ���105.8792, 27.vii.2016, coll. Nathan Havill, ex. Pineus coloradensis on Picea engelmannii (1 larva [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT857047). CONNECTICUT. Hartford Co., Hartford, Cedar Hill Cemetery, 41.7266, ���72.6932, 5.vi.2016, coll. M.E. Montgomery, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (6 larvae [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT961206���11). Litchfield Co., Bridgewater, Skyline Ridge Rd., 41.4704, ���73.3190, 6.vii.2002, coll. N. Havill, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (1 puparium [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT856455). GEORGIA. Union Co., Byron H. Reese Trailhead, 34.7422, ���83.9227, 20.v.2018, coll. Jim Sullivan, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (7 larvae [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT996058���64). White Co., Helen, Chattahoochee National Forest, 34.7930, ���83.7558, 13.ix.2019, coll. Jim Sullivan, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (7 larvae [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT979185���88, ENT979191, ENT979199, ENT979204). IDAHO. Boise Co., Boise National Forest, 43.8963, ���115.7125, 13.ix.2016, coll. Kelsey Bedford, ex. Adelges piceae on Abies lasiocarpa (1 larva [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT961177). Kootenai Co., Coeur d���Alene, 47.697, ���116.772, 23.v.2013, coll. Gina Davis, ex. Adelges tsugae on Tsuga heterophylla (5 larvae [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT856473���77). MASSACHUSETTS. Franklin Co., Sunderland, Mt. Toby State Forest, 42.4892, ���72.5314, 13.v.2018, coll. Ryan Crandall, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (4 larvae [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT996067��� 70). Worcester Co., Worcester, 42.2790, ���71.7733, 12.v.2018, coll. Felicia Andre, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (1 puparium, 3 larvae [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT996065���67). MINNESOTA. Crow Wing Co., Kettleson���s, 46.65631��N 94.06856��W, 28.v.2009, coll. N. Havill & J. Albers, ex. reared from Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus, N. Havill sample 09-135, Specimen #09E489 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #09E488 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #09E504 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #09E525 (1 ♀, CSCA-FTC). Itasca Co., Grand Rapids, UMN North Central Research and Outreach Center, 47.2517, ���93.5103, 28.v.2009, coll. Nathan Havill, Jana Albers, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (1 larva [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT856650). Stearns Co., Birch Lakes State Forest, 45��45���51���N 94��46���03���W, 23.vi.2009, coll. R. Tiplady, ex. reared from Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (1 puparium, 2 adults [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT856456 (puparium), ENT856414, ENT856417), 30.v.2009, coll. N. Havill & R. Tiplady, ex. reared from Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus, N. Havill sample 09-136, Specimen #09E484 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #09E485 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #09E486 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #09E487 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #09E492 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #09E493 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #09E494 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #09E495 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #09E496 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #09E497 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #09E501 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #09E502 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher], CSCA), Voucher #09E509 (13 ♀, CSCA-FTC). MONTANA. Park Co., Yellowstone National Park, Cascade Lake Trail, 44.7518, ���110.4863, 19.ix.2016, coll. Gina Davis, Lee Pederson, ex. Pineus coloradensis on Pinus contorta (1 larva [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT96215). Teton Co., Choteau 47.8976, ���112.5721, 24.viii.2017, coll. Gina Davis, ex. Pineus coloradensis on Pinus flexilis (2 larvae [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT996081���82). NEW HAMPSHIRE. Hillsborough Co., Hillsboro, Fox State Forest, 43.1316, ���71.9286, 29.viii.2016, coll. Jennifer Weimer, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (3 larvae [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT961212���14). Rockingham Co., Pawtuckaway State Park, 43.0869, ���71.1574, 30.iv.2019, coll. Jennifer Weimer, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (1 larva [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT961221). NEW MEXICO. Lincoln Co., Lincoln National Forest, 2.4 km W Angus, Mills Canyon, along Rio Bonito, 33��27���05���N 105��41���46���W, 2130 m, 18���19.vi.1995, coll. S.D. Gaimari, ex. sweep colonies of Cinara ponderosae on Pinus ponderosa (1 ♂, CSCA), 26.vi.1995 (3 ♀, CSCA-FTC). McKinley Co., Cibola National Forest, Zuni Mountains, 4.4 mi. SE Fort Wingate, 35��25���49���N 108��29���17���W, 7300 ft., 25.vi.1996, coll. S.D. Gaimari, ex sweep Pinus edulus (1 ♂, 1 ♀, CSCA). NEW YORK. Monroe Co., Rochester, Highland Park, 43.1278, ���77.6122, 8.vii.2017, coll. Cynthia Smith, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (1 puparium [molecular voucher], CUIC). OHIO. Portage Co., Kent, 13.vii.1969, coll. T.P. Sluss (1 ♂, UAIC). OREGON. Deschutes Co., Deschutes River, 1 mi. SW Pringle Falls, 4250 ft., 31.vii.1970, coll. Paul H. Arnaud, Jr., ex. flight trap (1 ♀, CAS). Lake Co., Fort Rock, Deschutes National Forest, 43.5651, ���121.1768, 25.iv.2104, coll. Glenn Kohler, ex. Pineus coloradensis on Pinus contorta (1 puparium [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT996083). PENNSYLVANIA. Centre Co., Boalsburg, Shingletown Rd. & West Main St., 40��46���27���N 77��48���44���W, 11.iv.2009, coll. N. Havill & M. Nehme, ex. swept Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus, N. Havill sample 09-42, Specimen #09E490 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #09E491 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher], CSCA). UTAH. Weber County, Eden, 41.3715, ���111.9228, iv.2020, coll. Justin Williams, ex. Adelges piceae on Abies lasiocarpa (1 larva [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT996084). VIRGINIA. Giles Co., Jefferson National Forest, Dismal Falls, 37.19263, ���80.8923, 13.iv.2016, coll. Holly Wantuch, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (6 larvae [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT906890, ENT906894���95, ENT906897, ENT906899���900). Pulaski Co., Pulaski, Gatewood Park and Reservoir, 37.0622, ���80.8363, 2.vii.2014, coll. Holly Wantuch, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (1 larva [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT906874). Wythe Co., Speedwell, Mt. Rogers National Recreation Area, 36.7722, ���81.1752, 23.vi.2014, coll. Holly Wantuch, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (1larva [molecular voucher],YPM;ENT906876). WASHINGTON. Clallam Co.,Blyn, 48��04.120���N 122��57.400���W, 2.iv.2005, coll. Glenn Kohler (1 ♀ (SDG dissection 1384), CSCA), 9.vi.2005 (1 ♂ (SDG dissection 1274), CSCA). Seguim, 48��06.480���N 123��12.580���W, 25.vii.2005, coll. Glenn Kohler (1 ♀, CSCA). Clark Co., Vancouver, 45.7037, ���122.6695, 23.x.2012, coll. Glenn Kohler, ex. Adelges tsugae on Tsuga heterophylla (2 larvae [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT856464, ENT856471). Island Co., Coupeville, 48��12.050���N 122��37.550���W, 26.vii.2005, coll. Glenn Kohler (2 ♂, CSCA). King Co., Vashon, 47��27.200���N 122��26.950���W, 9.vi.2005, coll. Glenn Kohler (1 ♀, CSCA). Pierce Co., Ruston, 47��18���02.86���N 122��31���01.31���W, 7.vii.2010, coll. S.M. Grubin, ex. reared, Adelges tsugae on Tsuga heterophylla, S. Grubin sample SU147, Specimen #10F867 (1 ♂ with puparium [molecular voucher], CSCA), 22.vii.2010, Specimen #10F876 (1 ♂ with puparium, CSCA-FTC). Tacoma, 47��16���41.02���N 122��31���01.69���W, 21.vi.2010, coll. S.M. Grubin, ex. Adelges tsugae on Tsuga heterophylla, S. Grubin sample L28 (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA), 7.vii.2010, S. Grubin sample L40 (1 ♂ with puparium, CSCA), 22.vii.2010, S. Grubin sample L42, Specimen #10F877 (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA-FTC), no date, S. Grubin sample L54 (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA). Tacoma, Point Defiance, 47��18.246���N, 122��30.979���W, 4.v.2010, coll. S.M. Grubin, ex. reared, Adelges tsugae on Tsuga heterophylla, S. Grubin sample SP047, Specimen #10F694 (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA-FTC), S. Grubin sample SP059, Specimen #10F693 (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA-FTC), 20.v.2010, Specimen #10F674 (1 ♂ with puparium [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #10F675 (1 ♂ with puparium, CSCA-FTC), S. Grubin sample L20, Specimen #10F679 (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA-FTC), S. Grubin sample L22, Specimen #10F681 (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA-FTC), S. Grubin sample L24, Specimen #10F680 (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA-FTC), S. Grubin sample SP075, Specimen #10F683 (1 ♂ with puparium [molecular voucher], CSCA), S. Grubin sample SP077, Specimen #10F682 (1 ♂ with puparium [molecular voucher], CSCA), 4.vi.2010, Specimen #10F671 (1 ♂ with puparium [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #10F672 (1 ♂ with puparium, CSCA-FTC), Specimen #10F673 (1 ♂ with puparium, CSCA), S. Grubin sample SP079, Specimen #10F700 (1 ♂ with puparium [molecular voucher], CSCA). Tacoma, Point Defiance, 47��16���41.02���N, 122��31���1.69���W, 20.v.2010, coll. S.M. Grubin, ex. reared, Adelges tsugae on Tsuga heterophylla, Specimen #10F659 (1 ♂ with puparium [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #10F660 (1 ♀ with puparium [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #10F661 (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA), 7.vii.2010, S. Grubin sample L38, Specimen #10F881 (1 ♂ with puparium, CSCA-FTC). Tacoma, 47��16���49.80���N, 122��30���58.96���W, 24.iv.2010, coll. S.M. Grubin, ex. reared, Adelges tsugae on Tsuga heterophylla, S. Grubin sample SP009, Specimen #10F688 (1 ♀, CSCA-FTC), S. Grubin sample SP029, Specimen #10F687 (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA-FTC), 4.v.2010, S. Grubin sample SP064, Specimen #10F702 (1 ♂ with puparium [molecular voucher], CSCA), 9.iv.2010, S. Grubin sample SP011, Specimen #10F686 (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA), S. Grubin sample SP013, Specimen #10F685 (1 ♀, CSCA-FTC), S. Grubin sample SP017, Specimen #10F684 (1 ♀, CSCA-FTC), 22.vii.2010, S. Grubin sample L56 (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA), Specimen #10F875 (1 ♂ with puparium, CSCA-FTC). Thurston Co., Olympia, 47��01���03.42���N, 122��54���10.50���W, 24.iv.2010, coll. S.M. Grubin, ex. reared, Adelges tsugae on Tsuga heterophylla, S. Grubin sample SP025, Specimen #10F699 (1 ♀ with puparium [molecular vo, Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on pages 10-14, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["Zetterstedt, J. W. (1848) Diptera Scandinaviae disposita et descripta. Tomus septimus. Officina Lundbergiana, Lundae [= Lund], pp. 2581 - 2934.","Czerny, L. (1936) 51. Chamaemyiidae (Ochthiphilidae). In: Lindner E. (Ed.), Die Fliegen der Palaearktischen Region. Vol. 103. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart, pp. 1 - 25.","McAlpine, J. F. & Tanasijtshuk, V. N. (1972) Identity of Leucopis argenticollis and description of a new species (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 104, 1865 - 1875. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 1041865 - 12","Tanasijtshuk, V. N. (1986) [Silver-flies (Chamaemyiidae)]. Fauna of the USSR. New Series 134. Dipterans. Vol. 14. Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nauka Publishers, St Petersburg, 335 pp. [in Russian]","Papp, L. (1979) Korhardeklegyek - Pajzstetulegyek - Lauxaniidae - Chamaemyiidae. Fauna Hungariae, 15 (4), 1 - 89. [in Hungarian]","Kohler, G. R., Stiefel, V. L., Wallin, K. F. & Ross, D. W. (2008) Predators associated with the hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in the Pacific Northwest. Environmental Entomology, 37, 494 - 504. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / ee / 37.2.494","Grubin, S. M., Ross, D. W. & Wallin, K. F. (2011) Prey suitability and phenology of Leucopis spp. (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) associated with hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in the Pacific Northwest. Environmental Entomology, 40 (6), 1410 - 1416. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / EN 11127","Havill, N. P., Gaimari, S. D. & Caccone, A. (2018) Cryptic east-west divergence and molecular diagnostics for two species of silver flies (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae: Leucopis) from North America being evaluated for biological control of hemlock woolly adelgid. Biological Control, 121, 23 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. biocontrol. 2018.02.004","Neidermeier, A. N., Ross, D. W., Havill, N. P. & Wallin, K. F. (2020) Temporal asynchrony of adult emergence between Leucopis argenticollis and Leucopis piniperda (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), predators of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), with implications for biological control. Environmental Entomology, 49 (4), 823 - 828. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / ee / nvaa 049","Dietschler, N. J., Bittner, T. D., Trotter III, R. T., Fahey, T. J. & Whitmore, M. C. (2021) Biological control of hemlock woolly adelgid: Implications of adult emergence patterns of two Leucopis spp. (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) and Laricobius nigrinus (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) larval drop. Environmental Entomology, 50 (4), 803 - 813. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / ee / nvab 037","Malloch, J. R. (1921) Forest insects in Illinois, I. The subfamily Ochthiphilinae (Diptera, Family Agromyzidae). Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey, 13, 347 - 361. https: // doi. org / 10.21900 / j. inhs. v 13.338","McAlpine, J. F. (1965) Chamaemyiidae. In: Stone, A., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H & Coulson, J. R. (Eds.), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. USA Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Handbook 276. Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., pp. 706 - 709.","Rao, V. P. (1965) Final technical report covering the period May 2, 1960 to May 1, 1965. U. S. PL - 480 Project: Survey for natural enemies of Adelges spp. attacking silver fir and spruce in the Himalayas. Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, India Station, Bangalore, 85 pp.","Wantuch, H. A., Havill, N. P., Hoebeke, E. R., Kuhar, T. P. & Salom, S. M. (2019) Predators associated with the pine bark adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), a native insect in Appalachian forests, United States of America, in its southern range. The Canadian Entomologist, 151 (1), 73 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / tce. 2018.53","Tanasijtshuk, V. N. (2002) Studies on Nearctic species of Leucopis (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). I. The redescription of Nearctic Leucopis published before 1965. Zoosystematica Rossica, 11, 193 - 207.","McLean, I. F. G. (1982) Three species of Leucopis Meigen (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) new to Britain. Entomologist's Record and Journal of Variation, 94, 70 - 72."]}

[Vitaleucopis scopulus Gaimari, 2020: 78] Type locality: USA: California (HT ♂, CSCA). This species is known only from western United States. Given the association with ���aborted sugar pine cones���, this species is likely a predator on adelgids or Cinara aphids attacking sugar pine, Pinus lambertiana, since they sometimes infest areas at the bases of new cones and can stunt or abort their development., Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["Gaimari, S. D. (2020) Two new genera of Nearctic Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) associated with Cinara aphids (Hemiptera) on Pinus. Zootaxa, 4852 (1), 61 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4852.1.3"]}

Vitaleucopis nidolkah Gaimari, 2020: 72 Type locality: USA: New Mexico (HT ♂, CSCA). This species is known only from the southwestern United States in areas above 2100 m elevation. The first author reared numerous individuals from field-collected larvae attacking Cinara ponderosae infesting Pinus ponderosa., Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["Gaimari, S. D. (2020) Two new genera of Nearctic Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) associated with Cinara aphids (Hemiptera) on Pinus. Zootaxa, 4852 (1), 61 - 82. https: // doi. org / 10.11646 / zootaxa. 4852.1.3"]}

Neoleucopis nigraluna (McAlpine, 1971: 1857; Leucopis) Type locality: India: Assam (HT ♂, CNC). This species is native to India and Pakistan and has been introduced into Hawaii and eastern North America. The species has been reared from species of Pineus infesting Pinus insularis (McAlpine 1971) and from Pineus simmondsi Yaseen & Ghani (Greathead 1995). This species was released and established against Adelges piceae in North America, and against a Pineus species attacking Pinus pinaster in Hawaii., Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["McAlpine, J. F. (1971) A revision of the subgenus Neoleucopis (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 103, 1851 - 1874. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 1031851 - 12","Greathead, D. J. (1995) The Leucopis spp. (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) introduced for biological control of Pineus sp. (Homoptera: Adelgidae) in Hawaii: implications for biological control of Pineus? boerneri in Africa. The Entomologist, 114, 83 - 90."]}

Neoleucopis obscura (Haliday, 1833: 173; Leucopis) Type locality: Ireland (LT ♂, NMID). This species is widespread in Europe, and has been introduced into Hawaii, and the eastern and western parts of North America. For Hawaii, although a small percentage of the vouchers from these releases are this species, most turned out to be N. tapiae. This species was also among the predators introduced and established for biological control of Adelges piceae attacking balsam fir, Abies balsamea, in North America. It is known to attack various species of Adelges infesting species of Abies, and less frequently species of Pineus infesting Pinus., Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["Haliday, A. H. (1833) Catalogue of Diptera occurring about Holywood in Downshire. Entomological Magazine, 1, 147 - 180."]}

Neoleucopis pinicola (Malloch, 1921: 357; Leucopis) Type locality: USA: Illinois (HT ♂, INHS). This species is known from eastern North America and may be present in parts of Europe. It is known to prey on Pineus strobi infesting Pinus strobus, as well as Adelges piceae on balsam fir, Abies balsamea (McAlpine 1971, Sluss & Foote 1973). The immature stages and biology were thoroughly described by Sluss & Foote (1973), although the descriptions do not compare the species with congeners., Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["Malloch, J. R. (1921) Forest insects in Illinois, I. The subfamily Ochthiphilinae (Diptera, Family Agromyzidae). Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey, 13, 347 - 361. https: // doi. org / 10.21900 / j. inhs. v 13.338","McAlpine, J. F. (1971) A revision of the subgenus Neoleucopis (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 103, 1851 - 1874. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 1031851 - 12","Sluss, T. P. & Foote, B. A. (1973) Biology and immature stages of Leucopis pinicola and Chamaemyia polystigma (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 105, 1443 - 1452. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 1051443 - 11"]}

Leucopis olivacea Meijere 1928: 75, syn. nov. Type locality: Netherlands (LT ♂, ZMAN). The following lectotype is designated here to stabilize the concept of the species, due to the importance of male characteristics to properly identify species in this genus: ♂ specimen, double mounted on minuten into left pleuron, with the following labels: 1) ���Diemen / 3.VIII.18 / deMeijere���, 2) ��� ZMA040 ���, 3) ��� Lectotypus ♂ / Leucopis / olivacea / de Meijere / des. Gaimari & Havill���. The paralectotype is female, with the same first label as the lectotype, and the following additional labels: 2) ��� L. olivacea / d.M. ���, 3) ��� ZMA041 ���, 4) ��� Paralectotypus ♀ / Leucopis / olivacea / de Meijere / des. Gaimari & Havill���, 5) ��� Neoleucopis / obscura / (Haliday) / det. SD Gaimari, 2011���., Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["Meijere, J. C. H. de (1928) Vierde supplement op de nieuwe nammlijst van nederlandsche Diptera. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 71, 11 - 83. [in Dutch]"]}

[Vitaleucopis astonea (McAlpine, 1977: 14; Leucopis)] Type locality: Canada: British Columbia (HT ♂, CNC). This species is known only from western Canada. Although there is no rearing information, it was collected in a place characterized by Pinaceae, and can be assumed to be a predator of adelgids or Cinara aphids., Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["McAlpine, J. F. (1977) A remarkable new species of Leucopis from western Canada (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79, 14 - 18."]}

Neoleucopis tapiae (Blanchard, 1964: 137; Leucopis) Type locality: Argentina: Nahuel Huapi (22 ST ♂ / ♀, MACN). Although described from Argentina, this was likely due to an early introduction with the planting of species of Pinus for lumber. This species is widespread in Europe and has been purposely introduced as a predator of species of Pineus infesting Pinus species in Hawaii, western North America, Malawi, South Africa and New Zealand (Greathead 1995). In Hawaii, this species was introduced under the name Neoleucopis obscura (along with the real N. obscura), only subsequently having been found to be this species (Greathead 1995). Specific rearing records include Pineus pini infesting Pinus radiata, Pineus strobi infesting Pinus strobus and Pinus sylvestris, Pineus cembrae (Cholodkovsky) infesting Pinus cembra, Pineus laevis (Maskell) infesting Pinus sylvestris and Pinus radiata, Pineus orientalis (Dreyfus) infesting a species of Pinus, Pineus boerneri infesting Pinus patula, Pineus havrylenkoi Blanchard infesting a species of Pinus., Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["Blanchard, E. E. (1964) Nuevos predatores de la familia Chamaemyiidae con informacion sobre otras especies argentinas (Dipt.). Revista de Investigaciones Agropecuarias, Serie 5, Patologia Vegetal, 1, 133 - 150. [in Spanish]","Greathead, D. J. (1995) The Leucopis spp. (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) introduced for biological control of Pineus sp. (Homoptera: Adelgidae) in Hawaii: implications for biological control of Pineus? boerneri in Africa. The Entomologist, 114, 83 - 90."]}

Key to Chamaemyiidae feeding on Pinaceae-infesting Sternorrhyncha Members of Chamaemyiini are not keyed past the second couplet, since all of those with known biology are predators on Sternorrhyncha in grasses, although occasionally species of some genera will go to Sternorrhyncha on Pinaceae for honeydew as an adult sugar source, e.g., Chamaemyia fumicosta Malloch was collected by the first author on several occasions sweeping Cinara -infested ponderosa pine. A list of the species included is provided after the key, annotated with their known biology, distribution, and other relevant information. The taxa in brackets [] have not been specifically reared from Pinaceae-attacking Sternorrhyncha, but are considered likely to be predators in this system; further information is provided in the post-key list, and habitus photographs are provide (Figs 7–14) for all of the relevant genera, with those for Leucotaraxis species in Figs 2–5. The taxa in parentheses () are not thought to be associated with Pinaceae, but are included in the key to account for incidental visitors occasionally taken in sweep samples. The key presented below is based upon study of most included species, with some aspects based on modifications of published keys of McAlpine (1971), Papp (2010), and Tanasijtshuk (1986), and notes and draft keys of McAlpine and the first author. 1. Head largely yellow, except for grey pruinose ocellar triangle; eye much longer than high; gena higher than eye height. Prescutellum and presutural supra-alar seta absent. Male with articulated bilobate surstylus and flexible phallus with spinelike subapical armature. CREMIFANIINAE. Holarctic......................................... Cremifania Czerny...52 - Head color light grey to black, but never yellow; eye dimensions variable, but eye height greater than genal height. Prescutellum present or absent, but presutural supra-alar seta always present. Male usually with fixed non-bilobate surstylus (articulated in Vitaleucopis), phallus rigid and without spinelike armature................................. CHAMAEMYIINAE...2 2 (1). Body elongate, tapering posteriorly. Head with lunule low, bare; 1 or 2 strong fronto-orbital setae present; postocellar setae present; ocellar setae strong, proclinate (absent or minute in some species of Plunomia Malloch and Pseudodinia Melander). Scutum usually with a presutural dorsocentral seta.............................................. (Chamaemyiini) - Body compact, stout posteriorly. Head with lunule high and often with setulae; fronto-orbital setae present or absent, sometimes with 1 or 2 enlarged setulae on upper part of fronto-orbital area; postocellar setae absent; ocellar setae absent or small. Scutum lacking a presutural dorsocentral seta............................................................ Leucopini...3 3 (2). Prescutellum present................................................................................... 9 - Prescutellum absent................................................................................... 4 4 (3). Costal wing vein reaching vein M 1........................................................................ 6 - Costal wing vein ending at vein R 4+5. Palearctic.......................................... Lipoleucopis Meijere...5 5 (4). Scutum densely setulose; with three pairs of dorsocentral setae; prescutellar acrostichal seta present. Surstylus beak-shaped, arcuate....................................................................... Lipoleucopis praecox Meijere - Scutum with very sparse setulae; with one pair of dorsocentral setae; prescutellar acrostichal seta absent. Surstylus hammershaped, with broad basiphallus tapering to sharpened tip................................[Lipoleucopis pulchra Raspi] 6 (4). Small, 2 mm or less in length. Ocellar seta present, reclinate. Upper part of fronto-orbital area with 1 or 2 enlarged, lateroclinate setulae. Palearctic (in part)..................................................... Neoleucopis Malloch, in part...8 - Larger than 2 mm. Lacking ocellar setae. Lacking enlarged setulae on fronto-orbital area. Holarctic............................................................................................... Anchioleucopis Tanasijtshuk...7 7 (6). Frons pale grey with dark elongate triangle of ocellar plate reaching lunule. Legs black with femora yellow at apex. In male genitalia, apex of surstylar lobe pointed.................................... Anchioleucopis geniculata (Zetterstedt) - Frons pale grey with greyish ocellar plate visible only in dorsal view. Legs black except tibiae with yellow bases and apices, and basotarsomere yellow. In male genitalia, apex of surstylar lobe rounded........ Anchioleucopis macalpinei Tanasijtshuk 8 (6). Ocellar seta small, 1/3 length of inner vertical seta. Fore tarsus yellow. In male, phallus strongly recurved in lateral view, with large ventral lobe with toothed distal edge. In female, sternite 7 divided medially by membranous strip.......................................................................................... [Neoleucopis orbiseta (McAlpine)] - Ocellar seta large, subequal in length to inner vertical seta. Fore tarsus brown. In male, phallus simple, comma-shaped in lateral view. In female, sternite 7 entire.................................................. Neoleucopis freyi (McAlpine) 9 (3). Body and head shiny black. Frons with 1 strong fronto-orbital seta present. Crossvein bm-cu stub-like, incomplete, not fully separating cells dm and bm. Neotropical (predators of Ortheziidae).......................... (Melaleucopis Sabrosky) - Body and head predominantly pruinose, at most with abdomen shiny black. Fronto-orbital setae absent, or with more than 1. Crossvein bm-cu complete, separating cells dm and bm...................................................... 10 10 (9). Anepisternum with 1 to several setae, setulae, or both, along posterior edge. Afrotropical, Neotropical (predators of Coccoidea).................................................................(Leucopis (Leucopella) Malloch) - Anepisternum lacking setae or setulae.................................................................... 11 11 (10). Frons lacking strong fronto-orbital setae, although slightly enlarged setulae may be present in upper part. Ocellar setae absent, or present and reclinate................................................................................ 13 - Frons with 2 or more strong fronto-orbital setae. Ocellar setae small, proclinate and diverging....................... 12 12 (11). Frons with 2 fronto-orbital setae present, with anterior seta equidistant between posterior seta and lunule. Prescutellar acrostichal seta present. Abdominal tergites shiny black. Neotropical (predators of Ceroplastes Gray scales)..................................................................................................... (Chamaeleucopis Gaimari) - Frons with series of 5 or 6 evenly spaced, strong fronto-orbital setae. Prescutellar acrostichal seta absent. Abdominal tergites silvery-grey pruinose with darkened pruinose spots on tergite 3. Nearctic............... [Chamaethrix necopina Gaimari] 13 (11). Prescutellar acrostichal seta absent..................................................................... 26 - Prescutellar acrostichal seta present...................................................................... 14 14 (13). Body and head silvery-grey pruinose; scutum with dorsocentral vittae; abdomen with paired dark spots on tergite 3. Ocellar seta absent. Holarctic (predators of eggs within coccoid ovisacs)............................ (Leucopomyia Malloch) - Body and head dull, dark grey to brown pruinose; scutum lacking dorsocentral vittae; abdomen lacking paired spots on tergite 3. Ocellar seta present. Holarctic, Neotropical................................... Neoleucopis Malloch, in part... 15 15 (14). Ocellar seta weak, shorter than distance from anterior ocellus to vertex, frequently pale and very fine................. 18 - Ocellar seta strong, as long or longer than distance from anterior ocellus to vertex, black............................ 16 16 (15). Antennal pedicel light brown, distinctly paler than first flagellomere. In lateral view of male genitalia, epandrium large, with 10 or more setae on dorsal surface; phallus sickle-shaped...................... Neoleucopis hadzibeiliae (Tanasijtshuk) - Antennal pedicel concolorous with first flagellomere, silvery grey at some angles. In lateral view of male genitalia, epandrium large or narrow, with fewer than 8 setae on dorsal surface; phallus not sickle-shaped............................... 17 17 (16). Setulae on the frontal plate and along the eye margin weak and pale. Ocellar triangle sparsely and weakly setulose. In lateral view of male genitalia, epandrium large with convex dorsum, with surstylar lobe narrow; phallus widest at middle. In female, sternite 7 entire.............................................................. Neoleucopis pinicola (Malloch) - Setulae on the frontal plate and along the eye margin coarse and black. Ocellar triangle densely and strongly setulose. In lateral view of male genitalia, epandrium narrow, smoothly tapering through surstylar lobes; phallus widest basally. In female, sternite 7 divided medially............................................................ Neoleucopis obscura (Haliday) 18 (15). Lunule and face grey to greyish brown. Ocellar hairs yellowish or blackish...................................... 20 - Lunule and face jet black. Ocellar hairs pale to silky yellow................................................... 19 19 (18). Ocellar hairs distinctly longer and stronger than adjacent hairs. Posterior ocelli farther apart than distance to anterior ocellus. Prescutellar acrostichal seta easily distinguished from surrounding setulae................ Neoleucopis militia (McAlpine) - Ocellar hairs scarcely distinguishable from adjacent hairs. Distance from anterior ocellus to a posterior ocellus greater than distance between posterior ocelli. Prescutellar acrostichal seta usually indistinguishable from surrounding setulae................................................................................ Neoleucopis nigraluna (McAlpine) 20 (18). Setulae on frons and lunule yellowish.................................................................... 24 - Setulae on frons and lunule black....................................................................... 21 21 (20). In male, sternites 4 and 5 each with paired dense patches of thick, medially-oriented setulae; epandrium in lateral view large, extending through thick surstylar lobes; phallus with extremely enlarged basal lobe, constricted relative to long thin distiphallus. In female, medial third of tergite 6 lacking pruinosity and only lightly sclerotized; tergite 7 with distinct jet-black longitudinal striations; tergite 8 deeply cleft anteriorly; sternite 7 medially separated into two halves.......................................................................................... Neoleucopis kartliana (Tanasijtshuk) - In male, sternites 4 and 5 with normal setulae, neither dense, thick, in patches, nor medially oriented; epandrium with surstylar lobe distinctly tapering; phallus variable, but basal lobe neither massive nor constricted relative to distiphallus; distiphallus not long and thin. In female, tergite 6 pruinose and sclerotized throughout; tergite 7 grey to brown pruinose, lacking longitudinal striations; tergite 8 not cleft anteriorly; sternite 7 entire...................................................... 22 22 (21). Ocellar setae subequal to or slightly longer than adjacent setulae. Fronto-orbital area with 1 or more slightly enlarged setulae in upper part. Distiphallus abruptly tapered. Spermathecae small and spherical.......... Neoleucopis atratula (Ratzeburg) - Ocellar setae at least 2 X longer than adjacent setulae. Fronto-orbital area lacking enlarged setulae. Distiphallus variable, gradually or abruptly tapered. Spermathecae variable........................................................ 23 23 (22). Basal two segments of fore tarsus and basal three segments of mid and hind tarsi yellow. Epandrium conical in lateral view. Basiphallus moderately swollen, with distiphallus gradually tapered. Spermathecae small and spherical...................................................................................... Neoleucopis ancilla (McAlpine), in part - Basal segment of fore tarsus and basal two segments of mid and hind tarsi yellow. Epandrium parallel-sided. Basiphallus strongly swollen, with distiphallus abruptly tapered. Spermathecae large and ovoid........ Neoleucopis tapiae (Blanchard) 24 (20). Ocellar setae black, larger than adjacent setulae. Epandrium in lateral view half as high as long............................................................................................ Neoleucopis ancilla (McAlpine), in part - Ocellar setae weak and pale, scarcely distinguishable from adjacent setulae. Epandrium in lateral view up to 1/3 as high as long.............................................................................................. 25 25 (24). Setulae of frons along eye margin long and erect (length subequal to distance between posterior ocelli). Central part of scutum brownish. Epandrium in lateral view with dorsal edge relatively straight................ Neoleucopis manii (Tanasijtshuk) - Setulae of frons along eye margin short and depressed forward (length less than half distance between posterior ocelli). Scutum uniformly silvery grey. Epandrium in lateral view with dorsal edge rounded............. Neoleucopis aciliosa (McAlpine) 26 (13). Ocellar setae absent in both sexes, and ocellar triangle neither densely pilose nor fuzzy in males, but if moderately fuzzy (i.e., not completely and uniformly covering the area), then posterior ocelli equidistant in comparison with distance from one posterior ocellus to anterior ocellus...................................................................... 31 - Ocellar setae small and reclinate, or ocellar triangle (in males) densely and uniformly pilose and fuzzy with posterior ocelli widely separated..................................................................................... 27 27 (26). Fronto-orbital area lacking enlarged setulae. Ocellar plate greatly expanded, with posterior ocelli widely spread, much farther apart than distance between anterior and one posterior ocellus. Ocellar seta present in females, but usually absent in males that instead have ocellar plate densely pilose and fuzzy. Nearctic, Neotropical......................... (Leucopina Malloch) - Fronto-orbital area with 1 or 2 (rarely 0 or 3) enlarged setulae dorsally. Ocellar plate not expanded, pilose nor densely fuzzy, but posterior ocelli sometimes slightly farther apart than distance to anterior ocellus. Ocellar seta present or absent....... 28 28 (27). Head high, height to length ratio nearly 2:1. Eye height to length ratio 2:1. Lunule subequal in height to length to frons, with conspicuous proclinate black setulae. Ocellar seta absent. Anterior ocellus surrounded by ring of short black setulae. Neotropical (predators of eggs within coccoid ovisac)....................... (Echinoleucopis Gaimari & Tanasijtshuk) - Neither head, eye nor lunule so high. Lunule with small setulae inconspicuous. Ocellar seta present. Anterior ocellus lacking ring of setulae....................................................................................... 29 29 (28). Lunule with numerous erect black setulae. Scutum and scutellum dark brown pruinose. Legs entirely jet black.................................................................................... [Neoleucopis setigera (McAlpine)] - Lunule with small setulae inconspicuous. Scutum grey pruinose, with goldish dorsocentral vittae. Legs with tips of femora, bases of tibiae and at least basal two tarsomeres yellow. Nearctic, Neotropical (feed on Coccoidea); Palearctic................................................................................. Leucopis (Xenoleucopis) Malloch...30 30 (29). Dorsocentral vitta with diffuse edges, blending into goldish shade over posterior part of scutum and scutellum. Eye 4 X higher than gena. Distal section of vein CuA 1 2 X longer than length of crossvein dm-cu................................................................................................ [Leucopis (Xenoleucopis) setifrons Tanasijtshuk] - Dorsocentral vitta sharply outlined, continuing through grey scutum. Scutellum grey. Eye at least 5 X higher than gena. Distal section of vein CuA 1 up to 1.5 X longer than length of crossvein dm-cu........ Leucopis (Xenoleucopis) raoi Tanasijtshuk 31 (26). Abdomen silvery-grey to grey pruinose, often with spots on tergite 3. Frons not protruding over lunule, lacking stiff lateroclinate setulae, and lacking enlarged laterally directed setulae in anterolateral corners. Maxillary palpus normal, much smaller than antennal first flagellomere............................................................................. 37 - Abdomen shiny black with only sparse pruinosity. Frons with 1 or 2 rows of stiff black lateroclinate setulae along eye margin. In male, frons protruding roof-like over lunule, and with enlarged laterally directed setulae in anterolateral corners (sometimes clumped into horn-like pencils). In female, maxillary palpus greatly enlarged (subequal to antennal first flagellomere) and flattened. Nearctic................................................................. Vitaleucopis Gaimari...32 32 (31). Male (unknown for undescribed species)................................................................. 35 - Female (unknown for Vitaleucopis scopula Gaimari)........................................................ 33 33 (32). Upper face (between antennal sockets) silvery pruinose; antenna light brown, except basal part orange; palpus orange, with distal part light brown; scutum and scutellum bronzy pruinose, distinctly differentiated from silvery-grey pruinose pleuron..................................................................................... [undescribed species] - Upper face (between antennal sockets) shiny black, lacking pruinosity; antenna and palpus black; scutum, scutellum and pleuron concolorous silvery-grey pruinose................................................................ 34 34 (33). At least basotarsomere of each leg yellow...................................... [Vitaleucopis astonea (McAlpine)] - Tarsi entirely dark brown (hind basotarsomere sometimes dark orange basally)............. Vitaleucopis nidolkah Gaimari 35 (32). Anterolateral part of frons with cluster of 2–4 lateroclinate setae, whisker-like (not clustered to appear as 1 very thick seta), with length less than length of inner vertical seta..................................... Vitaleucopis nidolkah Gaimari, Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on pages 25-29, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["McAlpine, J. F. (1971) A revision of the subgenus Neoleucopis (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 103, 1851 - 1874. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 1031851 - 12","Papp, L. (2010) A new Cremifania species from Bulgaria (Diptera, Cremifaniidae), with a proposal for wing venation terms in higher Diptera. Annales Historico-Naturales Musei Nationalis Hungarici, 102, 193 - 204.","Tanasijtshuk, V. N. (1986) [Silver-flies (Chamaemyiidae)]. Fauna of the USSR. New Series 134. Dipterans. Vol. 14. Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nauka Publishers, St Petersburg, 335 pp. [in Russian]"]}

Neoleucopis freyi (McAlpine, 1971: 1869; Leucopis) Type locality: Switzerland (HT ♂, CNC). This species is known only from northern Europe, as predators of Adelges (Sacchiphantes) viridis on Japanese larch, Larix kaempferi., Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["McAlpine, J. F. (1971) A revision of the subgenus Neoleucopis (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 103, 1851 - 1874. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 1031851 - 12"]}

Leucotaraxis gen. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: C920C4F9-D987-4926-B4FB-C5BB4DC5E7B4 ���Undescribed Genus C��� ��� Gaimari, 2010: 1005. Type species. Leucopis atrifacies Aldrich, by present designation. Etymology. The prefix Leuco-, in reference to the genus Leucopis, appended with the feminine Greek noun taraxis, meaning ���confusion, disturbance.��� The name refers to the historical confusion surrounding the proper genus placement of the included species. Diagnosis. The body is compact and small (2.1 mm or less), but more delicate than typical leucopines. Postocellar and ocellar setae are absent. The frons is flat and meets the lunule at nearly a 90�� angle. The fronto-orbital and median areas of the frons have long, erect white setulae, but lack setae. The lunule has a straight to slightly curved upper margin, appearing squared, and in some species is dark brown to black along with the face, parafacial and medial part of the gena. The face has deep antennal grooves and is either all black or all silvery pruinose. The mouthparts are very small and held within the oral cavity above the small cylindrical palpi. The antennae are black. The scutum is entirely silvery-grey pruinose, lacking dorsocentral vittae, and with 2 pairs of dorsocentral setae in the posterior part of the scutum. Prescutellar setae are absent. Prescutellum present. Scutellum concolorous with scutum. The abdominal tergites are dark silvery-grey pruinose, except the dorsal parts of syntergite 1+2 and tergite 3 are bronzy pruinose. In the male genitalia, the phallus is always elongated, and can be either gently or strongly curved, and some species lack a pregonite. In the female, sternite 6 is wider than preceding sternites, tergite 7 is strap-like when present, sternite 7 is arcuate when present, all setulae of the pseudo-ovipositor are tiny, and spermathecae are 2+2. Immatures. The eggs and puparia are known for three of the species included in this genus, with the following generalities in common. Egg (Fig. 1A). With series of 11���13 longitudinal ridges frequently anastomosing into a diagonally reticulated pattern, most densely at posterior pole. Puparium (Fig. 1B). The puparium is barrel-shaped, slightly flattened, with a convex dorsal surface which is smooth except for tiny spicules. The dehiscent anterior segments (dorsal and ventral) each slope in lateral view into a thin anterior-most part. Anterior spiracle with slit-like spiracular opening at tip of each of 3���5 finger-like lobes. The posterior spiracles are on separated, raised tubercles with sharp strong spinules in the distal half (Figs 1C���D); distally, spiracle trilobed, with slit-like spiracular opening at tip of each finger-like lobe. Biology. Species of this genus are known as larval predators of Adelgidae on Pinaceae, with three species also associated with aphids in the genus Cinara Curtis. Although never reared from Cinara as prey, adults have been collected from Cinara -infested pines. Remarks. Contrary to Tanasijtshuk (1986) placing Leucopis adelgivora Tanasijtshuk in his ��� argenticollis - group��� with an implied close relationship, that species is a typical Leucopis (Leucopis) that happens to feed on adelgids and does not belong to this new genus. In describing Leucopis astonea McAlpine, McAlpine (1977) posited its relationship with the group of species now included in this genus. However, despite several characteristics held in common, it is included in the discrete genus Vitaleucopis, which differs in several substantial respects from Leucotaraxis, including egg and puparial morphology, as well as adult external and genitalic morphology. However, it does seem possible that both genera belong to a complex of related genera with similar feeding habits, also including Anchioleucopis Tanasijtshuk, Lipoleucopis Meijere and Neoleucopis Malloch. The key to species of Leucotaraxis is included as couplets 38���43 in the key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-infesting Sternorrhyncha, below., Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on pages 9-10, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["Gaimari, S. D. (2010) Chamaemyiidae. In: Brown, B. V., Borkent, A., Cumming, J. M., Wood, D. M., Woodley, N. E. & Zumbado, M. (Eds.), Manual of Central American Diptera. Vol. 2. NRC Research Press, Ottawa, pp. 997 - 1007.","Tanasijtshuk, V. N. (1986) [Silver-flies (Chamaemyiidae)]. Fauna of the USSR. New Series 134. Dipterans. Vol. 14. Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nauka Publishers, St Petersburg, 335 pp. [in Russian]","McAlpine, J. F. (1977) A remarkable new species of Leucopis from western Canada (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, 79, 14 - 18."]}

Leucotaraxis piniperda (Malloch, 1921: 351; Leucopis), comb. nov. Type locality: USA: Illinois (HT ♀, INHS). This species is widespread in both eastern and western North America, attacking species of Adelges and Pineus infesting Abies, Picea, Pinus, and Tsuga (details provided above)., Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on page 33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["Malloch, J. R. (1921) Forest insects in Illinois, I. The subfamily Ochthiphilinae (Diptera, Family Agromyzidae). Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey, 13, 347 - 361. https: // doi. org / 10.21900 / j. inhs. v 13.338"]}

[Neoleucopis setigera (McAlpine, 1971: 1872; Leucopis)] Type locality: Argentina: Tierra del Fuego (HT ♂, CNC). This species is only known from the type locality in Argentina, and nothing is known of its biology., Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["McAlpine, J. F. (1971) A revision of the subgenus Neoleucopis (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 103, 1851 - 1874. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 1031851 - 12"]}

Lipoleucopis praecox Meijere, 1928: 76 Type locality: Netherlands (2ST ♂, 2ST ♀, 1ST sex?, ZMAN). This species is native to northern Europe, and is a predator of Pineus pini on Pinus sylvestris., Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on page 33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["Meijere, J. C. H. de (1928) Vierde supplement op de nieuwe nammlijst van nederlandsche Diptera. Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 71, 11 - 83. [in Dutch]"]}

[Lipoleucopis pulchra Raspi, 2008: 664] Type locality: United Arab Emirates (HT ♂, DCDS). This species is known only from the Arabian Peninsula and Morocco (Ebejer 2016), and has never been reared. The lack of native Pinaceae would suggest a different host than adelgids if Lipoleucopis pulchra is native to the UAE or Morocco, but the possibility remains that the species is more widespread, and feeds on adelgids infesting ornamental Pinaceae in its currently known range., Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on page 33, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["Raspi, A. (2008) Order Diptera, family Chamaemyiidae. Arthropod Fauna of the UAE, 1, 662 - 665.","Ebejer, M. J. (2016) The first record of the genus Melanochthiphila Frey (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) from the Palaearctic, and new data on other Chamaemyiidae from Morocco. Studia dipterologica, 22 (1), 111 - 120."]}

Neoleucopis hadzibeiliae (Tanasijtshuk, 1986: 173; Leucopis) Type locality: Georgia (HT ♂, ZISP). This species is known from the Caucasus region, as a predator in ovisacs of Marchalina caucasica Hadzibeili (Margarodidae) infesting Nordmann fir, Abies nordmanniana, and Oriental spruce, Picea orientalis., Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["Tanasijtshuk, V. N. (1986) [Silver-flies (Chamaemyiidae)]. Fauna of the USSR. New Series 134. Dipterans. Vol. 14. Zoological Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Nauka Publishers, St Petersburg, 335 pp. [in Russian]"]}

[Neoleucopis orbiseta (McAlpine, 1971: 1862; Leucopis)] Type locality: Finland (HT ♂, CNC). This species is known from northern Europe, and its biology is not known, but likely feeds on adelgids, following the same pattern as all other members of the genus found on Pinaceae., Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on page 35, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["McAlpine, J. F. (1971) A revision of the subgenus Neoleucopis (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 103, 1851 - 1874. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 1031851 - 12"]}

Leucotaraxis sepiola sp. nov. urn:lsid:zoobank.org:act: 462348DE-B22C-4463-A4CB-91FB7D1F4AD0 (Figs 4A���H, 5A���C) Etymology. From the diminutive of the Latin noun sepia, referring to squid ink, in reference to the large, distinctive, shiny black epandrium and cerci in the male of this species; a noun. Diagnosis. The face and lunule (Figs 4B, D) are dark brown to black pruinose. The postpronotum (Figs 4A, G) has 1 strong postpronotal seta, and no additional setulae longer than those on the scutum. In the male genitalia (Figs 5A���C), the epandrial complex is large, conspicuous and polished black, with the epandrium extending into a central process bearing the cerci at a distinct upward angle; the surstylar lobe is articulated with the epandrium and is long and thin. Adults, ♂ (♀ unknown). Body length 1.8 mm. Head (Figs 4B���F). 1.4 X higher than long; 1.3 X wider than high; mostly dark silvery grey with exceptions following. Vertex with outer vertical seta longer than inner one by 1.5 X. Postocellar setae absent. Ocellar triangle tapering to about midpoint of frons, slightly raised from fronto-orbital plate; posterior ocelli farther apart than distance to anterior ocellus by 1.5 X; anterior ocellus slightly smaller than posterior; posterior ocelli placed slightly anterior to vertex, with area between and behind posterior ocelli lacking setulae. Ocellar setae absent. Eye with length and width subequal; height 2.6 X genal height. Frons with reddish grey strip along edge of ocellar triangle (Fig. 4F); 1.3 X wider than long; with lateral edges only slightly diverging anteriorly, 1.1 X wider at level of lunule than at level of anterior ocellus; meeting lunule at 90�� angle. Fronto-orbital setae lacking; area setulose (setulae erect, white) distally (Figs 4C, E). Lunule (Figs 4B���D) dark brown pruinose above antennae; anterior edge straight, height 0.5 X frons length; with few small, fine setulae. Antennae entirely dark brown to black; separated by distance less than 0.5 X antennal socket width, lacking carina, with area between antennal bases darkening to black pruinose ventrally (as in face); 1st flagellomere short, rounded, covered with short brown hairs; arista with distal segment 3.0 X longer than basal. Face black pruinose; with deep antennal grooves. Parafacial black pruinose; about half width of facial width. Gena with one strong genal seta in addition to one strong setula and several small setulae behind. Clypeus black with sparse covering of dark grey pruinosity; small, exposed. Palpus dark brown; cylindrical; setulose. Mouthparts very small and held within oral cavity above palpi; prementum dark, small; labellum small, yellow. Thorax (Figs 4A, D). Scutum uniformly dark silvery-grey pruinose; 1.3 X longer than wide; 4.0 X scutellar length; setulose; dorsocentral vittae absent. Prescutellum present. Scutellum concolorous with scutum; 1.7 X wider than long. Pleuron concolorous with scutum. Chaetotaxy: 0+2 dorsocentral setae, posterior seta 1.5 X longer than anterior one; one postpronotal seta; two notopleural setae, in anterior and posterior corners, anterior one 3.0 X longer than posterior one; one pre- and one postsutural supra-alar seta; two postalar setae; prescutellar acrostichal seta absent; proepisternum, anepisternum and anepimeron lacking setae; one strong katepisternal seta along upper edge, with 3 or 4 small setulae in row anterior to seta; two pairs scutellar setae. Legs. Entirely dark brown, except for femora and tibiae dark grey pruinose with orange distal tips of femora and basal parts of tibiae, with basal parts of basotarsomeres lighter brown. Wing. Length 1.6 mm; 2.6 X longer than wide. Hyaline, with veins brown. Veins R 2+3, R 4+5 and M 1 parallel in distal half of wing. Crossvein r-m located slightly basad of halfway point of wing length, and at 3/5 point of cell dm length. Vein CuA 1 extends to wing margin; apical section 2.0 X longer than crossvein dm-cu. Halter yellow, with stalk slightly darker. Abdomen (Fig. 4H). Tergites uniformly setulose, except setulae very slightly enlarged along posterior margin and laterally. Syntergite 1+2 and tergite 3 bronzy pruinose, except lateral parts dark silvery-grey pruinose; tergites 4���6 dark silvery-grey pruinose. Syntergite 1+2 and tergite 3 lacking patch of microtrichiae on lateral edge. Sternites dark silvery-grey pruinose. Male genitalia (Figs 5A���C). Epandrium large, convex posteriorly, entirely shiny black, with series of very small setulae along posterior edge; extending distomedially into blunt projection which bears cerci on ventral surface, with small central depression on anterodorsal surface;with long,narrow,medially-oriented surstylar lobe.Cercus large,padlike; shiny black, oriented downwards from posterior surface of distomedial extension of epandrium; in lateral view, subequal in size and general shape to hypandrium. (Note, phallus complex severely over-macerated after soaking in KOH with heavy and dark epandrial complex, resulting in the structures shrivelling and becoming twisted. As such, the following characteristics were not illustrated, but are described as well as possible after thorough examination, to be verified when this species is again collected: Hypandrium in dorsal view subovate, 1.3 X longer than wide, with lateral arms very thick to point of articulation with postgonite, becoming abruptly thin posteriorly; in profile, subquadrate, evenly wide. Pregonite absent. Postgonite flattened, curved, with blunt tip; dorsally setulose; lightly sclerotized. Phallapodeme about 2 X longer than high from lateral view, parallel-sided; in ventral view, bone-shaped, about 3 X longer than wide. Phallus from ventral view parallel-sided to blunt tip, 2.2 X longer than wide; from lateral view, length 4.0 X height of basiphallus, basiphallus extending into small subtriangular lobe, distiphallus slightly curved, evenly narrow to blunt tip). Immatures. Unknown. Biology. All known specimens were swept from infestations of Cinara ponderosae in young stands of Pinus ponderosa (e.g., height less than 5 m throughout the large stand), but despite rearing>150 chamaemyiid larvae from this host, none were this species, but were instead Vitaleucopis nidolkah and an undescribed species of Leucopis (Leucopis). It remains a possibility that Leucotaraxis sepiola is a predator in that system, whether on the Cinara aphids or on adelgids unseen by the first author while collecting. Remarks. At one locality in New Mexico, this species was collected together with Chamaethrix necopina, Leucotaraxis argenticollis, Leucotaraxis atrifacies and Vitaleucopis nidolkah, and at an additional New Mexico locality along with Leucotaraxis atrifacies. Distribution. Known only from New Mexico. Type material. Holotype ♂ (point mounted, very good condition), deposited in CSCA, with the following labels: ���USA. NEW MEXICO. Lincoln Co., 2.4 km W Angus, Lincoln Nat���l For., White Mts. Wilderness, head of Mills Cyn. trail along Rio Bonito, el. 2130 m, 33��27���05���N 105��41���46���W, 26 JUN 1995, S.D. Gaimari, ex. sweep Cinara ponderosae on Pinus ponderosa ��� / ���HOLOTYPUS ♂ Leucotaraxis sepiola Gaimari ��� (red label). Paratypes: USA: NEW MEXICO. Lincoln Co., 2.4 km W Angus, Lincoln National Forest, White Mountains Wilderness, head of Mills Canyon trail, along Rio Bonito, 33��27���05���N 105��41���46���W, 2130 m, 26.vi.1995, coll. S.D. Gaimari, ex. sweep Cinara ponderosae on Pinus ponderosa [same data as holotype], Specimen #10F352 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher] (SDG dissection 1371), CSCA). McKinley Co., 4 mi. SSW Fort Wingate, Cibola National Forest, Zuni Mountains, 35��25���20���N, 108��34���38���W, 2408 m, 24.vi.1996, coll. S.D. Gaimari, ex. sweep Pinus ponderosa (1 ♂, CSCA)., Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on pages 21-24, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435

Neoleucopis militia (McAlpine, 1971: 1855; Leucopis) Type locality: Pakistan (HT ♂, CNC). This species is known only from Pakistan, although it was released against Adelges piceae in western North America, where it is not known to have established. It is known as a predator of species of Adelges infesting Abies pindrow., Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on page 34, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["McAlpine, J. F. (1971) A revision of the subgenus Neoleucopis (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). The Canadian Entomologist, 103, 1851 - 1874. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / Ent 1031851 - 12"]}

Leucotaraxis piniperda (Malloch), comb. nov. (Figs 1D, 2E–H, 3C, 3H) Leucopis piniperda Malloch 1921: 351. United States. Illinois: Urbana (HT ♀, INHS). References – McAlpine 1965: 709 (catalog); Cole & Schlinger 1969: 376 (note); Tanasijtshuk 2002: 203 (redescription), figs 29–30 (head), figs 31–34 (♂ genitalia). Kohler et al. 2008: 494 (biology, as Leucopis atrifacies); Grubin et al. 2011: 1410 (biology); Havill et al. 2018 (biology, population genetics); Neidermeier et al. 2020 (biology, biological control); Dietschler et al. 2021 (biology, biological control). Diagnosis. The lunule, face and parafacial are either entirely silvery-grey pruinose (Fig. 2F, eastern form), entirely brown to black pruinose (Fig. 2H, western form), or the lunule and face are brown to black pruinose with the parafacial silvery-grey pruinose (Fig. 2G, mixed form). The postpronotum (Fig. 2E) has 1 strong postpronotal seta, and no additional setulae longer than those on the scutum. In the male (see figs 31–34 in Tanasijtshuk 2002), the epandrial complex is simple, small, and yellowish- to silvery-grey pruinose, with no central epandrial process; the surstylar lobe is short and stout; the phallus (Fig. 3C) is very long and thin in lateral view, more than 10 X longer than its height at the middle, and is gently curved throughout to a pointed tip. In the female (Fig. 3H), tergite 6 enlarged and about 1.5 X wider than long, tergite 7 absent (position represented only by tiny setulae), tergite 8 longer than wide, parallel-sided, with distal end enlarged; sternites as in Leucotaraxis atrifacies (Fig. 3F). Immatures. Egg and puparium as in Leucotaraxis atrifacies. Biology. Predators as larvae on species of Adelges and Pineus on Pinaceae (Abies, Picea, Pinus). Specific records (including our own rearings) include: Adelges piceae on Abies grandis; Adelges tsugae on Tsuga heterophylla (Kohler et al. 2008); Pineus boerneri on Pinus densiflora; Pineus coloradensis on Pinus sp. (a 5-needle pine, possibly Pinus lambertiana) and Picea engelmannii; Pineus pini on Pinus sylvestris; Pineus similis on Picea glauca; Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (Tanasijtshuk 2002; Wantuch et al. 2019); Pineus sp. on Pinus sylvestris. They have also been collected as adults from Pinus contorta and Pinus resinosa. Remarks. Unfortunately, the few specimens from Oregon and Washington in the study by Kohler et al. (2008) were misidentified as Leucopis atrifacies. After examination of the specimens from this work and from Tanasijtshuk (2002), the color of pruinosity on the lunule, face and parafacial are variable, with a distinct distributional pattern. The specimens from eastern North America (Canada – New Brunswick, Quebec; USA – Connecticut, Illinois, Maryland, Minnesota, North Carolina, Ohio, Rhode Island, Virginia) all have uniformly silvery-grey pruinosity (Fig. 2F), while those in western North America (Canada – Alberta, British Columbia; USA – California, Colorado, Idaho, New Mexico, Oregon, Washington, Wyoming) all have uniformly brown to black pruinosity (Fig. 2H). The east-west divergence is also displayed in molecular data (see Havill et al. 2018). Only the specimens from Ontario, Canada, have a mixed state (Fig. 2G), with the lunule and face being brown to black pruinose with the parafacial silvery-grey pruinose. Both the male and female genitalia, as well as other external characteristics, make the identity of this species unambiguous despite this variation. The puparial stage is indistinguishable from that of Leucotaraxis atrifacies, both of which are only distinguishable from Leucotaraxis argenticollis by the shorter posterior spiracular tubercle that is not heavily sclerotized distally, and the slightly smaller size. Distribution. Canada (Alberta, British Columbia, New Brunswick, Ontario, Quebec, Saskatchewan). USA (Arizona, California, Colorado, Connecticut, Idaho, Illinois, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Utah, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia). Specimens examined. All specimens from Tanasijtshuk (2002) were examined, with additional specimens as follows. CANADA: ALBERTA. Seebe, 20.i.1971, ex. duff around C. com. infected P [inus]. contorta, #2670 (1 ♀, CNC). ONTARIO. Chalk River, 1.viii.1951, coll. J.M. Anderson, ex. Pissodes strobi (1 ♀, CNC). Ottawa, 29.vi.1994, coll. J.R. Vockeroth, ex. damp second-growther Acer - Betula woods (1 ♀, CNC). Sault Ste. Marie, 18. vii.1951, coll. L. Lyons, ex. red pine [= Pinus resinosa], No. R-70-19 (1 ♀, CNC). SASKATCHEWAN. Smeaton, 53.6181, –104.7409, 9.vi.2010, coll. N. Havill, ex. Pineus on Picea sp. (1 larva [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT764124). USA. CALIFORNIA. El Dorado Co., Eldorado National Forest, 38.9148, –120.3904, 31.v.2010, coll. Nathan Havill, Stephen Gaimari, ex. Pineus coloradensis on Pinus sp. (5-needle) (1 larva [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT790140). COLORADO. Boulder Co., Boulder, Flagstaff Canyon, 5800 ft., 10.vi.1961, coll. C.H. Mann, ex. on side of stream (1 ♂, CNC). Larimer Co., Zimmerman Lake trail, 40.5397, –105.8792, 27.vii.2016, coll. Nathan Havill, ex. Pineus coloradensis on Picea engelmannii (1 larva [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT857046). CONNECTICUT. Hartford Co., Hartford, Cedar Hill Cemetery, 41.7266, –72.6932, 5.vi.2016, coll. M.E. Montgomery, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (8 larvae [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT961079–86). New Haven Co., Hamden, Exeter Rd. & Deerfield Dr., 41.426°N 72.936°W, 16.vi.2009, coll. M.E. Montgomery, ex. reared from Pineus sp. on Pinus sylvestris, N. Havill sample 09-134, Specimen #09E471 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher], CSCA). IDAHO. Idaho Co., Warm Springs Point, 13.viii.1969, 51-488b (2 ♀, USNM). ILLINOIS. Champaign Co. Urbana, 12.vi.1967, coll. J. Appleby, ex. larvae in wax mass of pine aphid (1 ♀ with puparium, 2 ♀, USNM). Morgan Co., Meredosia, 29.v.1917 (1 ♀, INHS). MARYLAND. Baltimore Co., Baltimore, Cylburn Arboretum, 39.532, –76.653, 28.v.2008, coll. Melody Keena, ex. Pineus boerneri on Pinus densiflora (7 larvae [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT856378–84). MASSACHUSETTS. Hampshire Co., Amherst, 42.3928, –72.5323, 20.v.2018, coll. Ryan Crandall, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (1 larva [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT996097). Worcester Co., Worcester, 42.2790, –71.7733, 12.v.2018, coll. Felicia Andre, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (1 larva [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT996096). MICHIGAN. Benzie Co., Lake Ann, 44.7436, –85.9131, 6.xi.2018, coll. Scott Lint, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (2 puparia [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT996098–99). MINNESOTA. Beltrami Co., Bemidji, visitor center nr. Paul Bunyan statue, 47°28’13”N 94°52’43”W, 23.v.2009, coll. N. Havill, ex. old gall of Adelges sp. on Picea sp., N. Havill sample 09-123, Specimen #09E475 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher], CSCA). NEW MEXICO: San Miguel Co., Las Vegas Hot Springs, 7.viii, coll. H.S. Barber (1 ♂, USNM). NEW YORK. Cayuga Co., McIlroy Bird Sanctuary, 42.6661, –76.2834, 2.vii.2019, coll. Nicholas Dietschler, Marshall Lefebvre, Katharine O’Connor, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (1 puparium [molecular voucher], CUIC). Monroe Co., Rochester, Highland Park, 43.1278, –77.6122, 8.vii.2017, coll. Cynthia Smith, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (3 larvae, 13 puparia [molecular voucher], CUIC). Steuben Co., Addison, McCarthy Hill State Forest, 42.0975, –77.1938, 26.vii.2018, coll. Nicholas Dietschler, Marshall Bigler-Lefebvre, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus, (7 larvae, 2 puparia [molecular voucher], CUIC). Tompkins Co., Ithaca, Cornell campus, 42.4454, –76.4755, 3.vi.2016, coll. Nathan Havill, Mark Whitmore, Amalia Havill, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (12 larvae [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT856925–36). Ulster Co., Woodstock, Overlook Mountain Forest, 42.0760, –74.1259, 31.v.2018, coll. Nicholas Dietschler, Marshall Bigler-Lefebvre, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (5 larvae [molecular voucher], CUIC). NORTH CAROLINA. Macon Co., Highlands, Wightman College, 10. vii.1987, coll. W.W. Wirth, ex. UV light (1 ♀, USNM). Transylvania Co., Sapphire, 20.vii.1990, coll. W.W. Wirth, ex. UV light trap(2♀,USNM). OHIO. Morgan Co., Beverly, 39.6431, –81.7060, 26.vi.2019, coll. Page Weckbacher, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (1 larva, 4 puparia [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT961088–92). Portage Co., Kent, 16.vii.1969, coll. T.P. Sluss, biological note 6914 (1 ♂, UAIC). OREGON. Benton Co., Corvallis, 12.v.1951, coll. R.G. Mitchell, ex. reared, predaceous on Adelges piceae (1 ♂, CNC). Multnomah Co., Portland, Grant Park, 45°32.450’N 122°37.800’W, 14.iv.2006, coll. G. Kohler, ex. reared from field collected puparium on Adelges tsugae (1 ♂ with puparium, CSCA), 12.v.2006, ex. flight caught (2 ♀, CSCA). PENNSYLVANIA. Greene Co., Mt. Morris, 39.7730, –80.1475, 19.vi.2015, coll. Andrew Liebhold, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (2 larvae [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT856919, ENT856697). RHODE ISLAND. Washington Co., University of Rhode Island, Kingston, 12.vi.1982, coll. R. Casagrande (1 ♂, USNM). UTAH. Davis Co., Farmington Canyon, 40.9932, –111.8186, 5.ix.2017, coll. Danielle Malesky, ex. Adelges piceae on Abies lasiocarpa (1 larva [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT996095). VIRGINIA. Fairfax Co., Alexandria, 14.vi.1952, coll. W.W. Wirth (1 ♀, USNM), 15.vi.1952 (1 ♂, USNM). Montgomery Co., Blacksburg, Coal Mining Heritage Park, 37.1870, –80.427, 18.v.2010, coll. Melissa Fischer, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus. (9 larvae [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT856988–89, ENT856702–08). WASHINGTON. Clark Co., Vancouver, 45.7031, –122.6707, 21.vi.2013, coll. Darrell Ross, ex. Adelges tsugae on Tsuga heterophylla (1 larva [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT856663). Island County; Camano Island, 48.1474, –122.4411, 4.iv.2017, coll. Mark Whitmore, Isis Caetano, ex. Adelges tsugae on Tsuga heterophylla (1 larva, 2 puparia [molecular voucher], CUIC). King Co., Vashon, 47°27.200’N 122°26.950’W, 22.iii.2006, coll. G. Kohler, ex. reared from field collected puparium on Adelges tsugae (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA), S. Grubin sample L48, Specimen #10F865 (1 ♂ with puparium [molecular voucher], CSCA), 4.viii.2010, coll. S.M. Grubin, ex. reared, Adelges tsugae on Tsuga heterophylla, Specimen #10F880 (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA-FTC). Pierce Co., Ruston, 47°18’02.86”N 122°31’01.31”W, 22.vii.2010, coll. S.M. Grubin, ex. reared, Adelges tsugae on Tsuga heterophylla (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA). Tacoma, 47°16’41.02”N 122°31’01.69”W, 7.vii.2010, coll. S.M. Grubin, ex., reared, Adelges tsugae on Tsuga heterophylla, S. Grubin sample L44 (1 ♂, CSCA), S. Grubin sample SU132 (1 ♂ with puparium, CSCA), 22.vii.2010 (2 ♂ with puparia, 1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA), S. Grubin sample L50 (1 ♂ with puparium, CSCA), S. Grubin sample SU180 (1 ♂ with puparium, CSCA), S. Grubin sample SU181, Specimen 10F864 (1 ♂ with puparium [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #10F874 (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA-FTC), Specimen #10F878 (1 ♂ with puparium, CSCA-FTC). Tacoma, 47°16’49.80”N, 122°30’58.96”W, 24.iv.2010, coll. S.M. Grubin, ex. reared, Adelges tsugae on Tsuga heterophylla (2 ♂ with puparia, 2 ♀ with puparia, CSCA), Specimen #10F663 (1 ♂ with puparium [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #10F664 (1 ♂ with puparium [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #10F665 (1 ♂ with puparium, CSCA). Tacoma, Masonic Memorial Cemetery, 1.i.2016, coll. Rachel Brooks (2 larvae [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT856920–21). Tacoma, Point Defiance Park, 47.304, –122.516, 12.v.2008, coll. Michael E. Montgomery, Richard McDonald (2 adults [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT856401, ENT856408). Tacoma, Point Defiance, 47°18.300’N 122°30.000’W, 9.vi.2005, coll. G. Kohler (1 ♀, CSCA). Tacoma, Point Defiance, 47°18.246’N 122°30.979’W, 25.iv.2009, coll. S.M. Grubin, ex. reared, Adelges tsugae on Tsuga heterophylla, N. Havill sample 10-05.1, Specimen #10F135 (1 ♀ [molecular voucher], CSCA), N. Havill sample 10-05.2, Specimen #10F133 (1 ♀ [molecular voucher], CSCA), N. Havill sample 10-05.3, Specimen #10F138 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher], CSCA), N. Havill sample 10-05.4, Specimen #10F134 (1 ♀ [molecular voucher], CSCA), N. Havill sample 10-05.5, Specimen #10F137 (1 ♂ [molecular voucher], CSCA), 24.iv.2010, S. Grubin sample SP023, Specimen #10F655 (1 ♂ with puparium, CSCA), 5.v.2010, Specimen #10F656 (1 ♂ with puparium [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #10F657 (1 ♀ with puparium [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #10F658 (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA-FTC). Thurston Co., Olympia, 47°01’03.42”N, 122°54’10.50”W, 24.iv.2010, coll. S.M. Grubin, ex. reared, Adelges tsugae on Tsuga heterophylla, Specimen #10F666 (1 ♂ with puparium [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #10F667 (1 ♀ with puparium [molecular voucher], CSCA), Specimen #10F668 (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA-FTC), Specimen #10F669 (1 ♂ with puparium, CSCA), Specimen #10F670 (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA), 5.v.2010, Specimen #10F678 (1 ♀ with puparium [molecular voucher], CSCA), 21.vi.2010, S. Grubin sample SU120, Specimen #10F868 (1 ♂ with puparium [molecular voucher], CSCA), 7.vii.2010, S. Grubin sample SU166 (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA), S. Grubin sample SU162, Specimen #10F879 (1 ♂ with puparium, CSCA-FTC), 22.vii.2010 (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA). Olympia, 47°00’48.30”N 122°54’18.21”W, 8.vii.2010, coll. S.M. Grubin, ex. reared, Adelges tsugae on Tsuga heterophylla, S. Grubin sample L34 (1 ♀ with puparium, CSCA). Olympia, 47°02.454’N 122°54.054’W, 29.vii.2009, coll. S.M. Grubin, ex. reared from Adelges tsugae, N. Havill sample 10-02, Specimen #10F136 (1 ♀ [molecular voucher], CSCA). Pierce, King, and Thurston Cos., 11.iv–25.v.2015, from lab colony, coll. Darrell Ross, Arielle Arsenault, (4 adults [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT791591, ENT791607, ENT791616, ENT791620). WEST VIRGINIA. Jefferson Co., Shepherdstown, U.S. Fish & Wildlife National Conservation Training Center, 39.486, –77.805, 28.v.2008, coll. Melody Keena, ex. Pineus strobi on Pinus strobus (3 ♀ [molecular voucher], YPM; ENT856387– 89). MISC. Oregon / Washington. Cage reared on Adelges tsugae, v–vii.2006, G. Kohler (1 ♂, 3 ♀, CSCA)., Published as part of Gaimari, Stephen D. & Havill, Nathan P., 2021, A new genus of Chamaemyiidae (Diptera: Lauxanioidea) predaceous on Adelgidae (Hemiptera), with a key to chamaemyiid species associated with Pinaceae-feeding Sternorrhyncha, pp. 1-39 in Zootaxa 5067 (1) on pages 18-19, DOI: 10.11646/zootaxa.5067.1.1, http://zenodo.org/record/5656435, {"references":["Malloch, J. R. (1921) Forest insects in Illinois, I. The subfamily Ochthiphilinae (Diptera, Family Agromyzidae). Bulletin of the Illinois Natural History Survey, 13, 347 - 361. https: // doi. org / 10.21900 / j. inhs. v 13.338","McAlpine, J. F. (1965) Chamaemyiidae. In: Stone, A., Sabrosky, C. W., Wirth, W. W., Foote, R. H & Coulson, J. R. (Eds.), A catalog of the Diptera of America north of Mexico. USA Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Handbook 276. Agricultural Research Service, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Washington, D. C., pp. 706 - 709.","Cole, F. R. & Schlinger, E. I. (1969) The Flies of Western North America. University of California Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, California, 693 pp.","Tanasijtshuk, V. N. (2002) Studies on Nearctic species of Leucopis (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae). I. The redescription of Nearctic Leucopis published before 1965. Zoosystematica Rossica, 11, 193 - 207.","Kohler, G. R., Stiefel, V. L., Wallin, K. F. & Ross, D. W. (2008) Predators associated with the hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in the Pacific Northwest. Environmental Entomology, 37, 494 - 504. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / ee / 37.2.494","Grubin, S. M., Ross, D. W. & Wallin, K. F. (2011) Prey suitability and phenology of Leucopis spp. (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) associated with hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae) in the Pacific Northwest. Environmental Entomology, 40 (6), 1410 - 1416. https: // doi. org / 10.1603 / EN 11127","Havill, N. P., Gaimari, S. D. & Caccone, A. (2018) Cryptic east-west divergence and molecular diagnostics for two species of silver flies (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae: Leucopis) from North America being evaluated for biological control of hemlock woolly adelgid. Biological Control, 121, 23 - 29. https: // doi. org / 10.1016 / j. biocontrol. 2018.02.004","Neidermeier, A. N., Ross, D. W., Havill, N. P. & Wallin, K. F. (2020) Temporal asynchrony of adult emergence between Leucopis argenticollis and Leucopis piniperda (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae), predators of the hemlock woolly adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), with implications for biological control. Environmental Entomology, 49 (4), 823 - 828. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / ee / nvaa 049","Dietschler, N. J., Bittner, T. D., Trotter III, R. T., Fahey, T. J. & Whitmore, M. C. (2021) Biological control of hemlock woolly adelgid: Implications of adult emergence patterns of two Leucopis spp. (Diptera: Chamaemyiidae) and Laricobius nigrinus (Coleoptera: Derodontidae) larval drop. Environmental Entomology, 50 (4), 803 - 813. https: // doi. org / 10.1093 / ee / nvab 037","Wantuch, H. A., Havill, N. P., Hoebeke, E. R., Kuhar, T. P. & Salom, S. M. (2019) Predators associated with the pine bark adelgid (Hemiptera: Adelgidae), a native insect in Appalachian forests, United States of America, in its southern range. The Canadian Entomologist, 151 (1), 73 - 84. https: // doi. org / 10.4039 / tce. 2018.53"]}