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1. Support to National Capacity Development : Framework for Improving Water and Sanitation Services in Bangladesh

Author

World Bank

Subjects
PUBLIC INFORMATION, DRAINAGE, PERFORMANCE INCENTIVES, PUBLIC SERVICE, SANITATION PRACTICES, SAFE WATER SUPPLY, BASIC WATER SUPPLY, RURAL DEVELOPMENT, MAINTENANCE OF WATER, ACCESS TO DATA, POPULATION WITHOUT ACCESS, USE OF WATER, WATER SOURCES, TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE, WATER, POLICY MAKERS, FILTERS, POPULATION, SEWERAGE, SEWERAGE AUTHORITIES, SANITATION POLICY, MINISTRY OF INFORMATION, WOMEN, USAGE OF WATER, SERVICE PROVIDERS, HAND PUMPS, SANITATION COVERAGE, LATRINES, WATER SOURCE, LOCAL DEVELOPMENT, GOVERNMENT CAPACITY, WATER POINTS, SERVICE DELIVERY, ADOPTION, RURAL INFRASTRUCTURE, WELLS, WATER MANAGEMENT, AQUIFER, STUDENTS, INSTITUTIONAL CAPACITY, SERVICE QUALITY, LEAD, SANITATION, QUALITY OF WATER, AFFORDABLE WATER, PROVISION OF WATER SUPPLY, SURFACE WATER, SALINE INTRUSION, SANITATION SECTOR, PROGRESS, SANITATION INVESTMENTS, MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL, DISABILITY, DRINKING WATER, BEHAVIOR CHANGE, LACK OF CAPACITY, AQUIFERS, SCREENING, GOVERNMENT OFFICES, PAPER, WATER SECTOR, OPEN DEFECATION, WATER HARVESTING, SAND FILTERS, DILUTION, SANITATION FACILITIES, GOVERNMENT SUPPORT, QUALITY WATER, EXTENSION WORKERS, PERSONS WITH DISABILITIES, QUALITY OF SERVICE, CITIZENS, SANITATION SERVICES, DROUGHT, SAFE WATER, IRON, ACCESS TO INFORMATION, DISSEMINATION, LOW INCOME COMMUNITIES, POLICY, LOCAL GOVERNMENTS, NATIONAL CAPACITY, CENTRAL GOVERNMENT, BACTERIA, CITIZEN, SAFE DRINKING WATER, IRON REMOVAL, HOUSEHOLDS, ARSENIC, PUBLIC HEALTH, SUSTAINABLE SERVICES, LOCAL GOVERNMENT CAPACITY BUILDING, TRAINING, SERVICE PROVISION, MATERIALS, PROVISION OF WATER, POND, WATER TABLE, FACT SHEETS, QUALITY OF SERVICES, LEGAL STATUS, POLICY FRAMEWORK, SYSTEMS, WATER LOGGING, LOCAL AUTHORITIES, KNOWLEDGE, QUALITY EDUCATION, COMMUNITY GROUPS, UNIONS, JOURNALISTS, WORKSHOPS, HAND PUMP, WATER SUPPLY, DECISION MAKERS, FACT SHEET, SANITATION INFRASTRUCTURE, PLANTATIONS, CAPACITY BUILDING, WATER RESOURCES, PUBLICATIONS, PROVISION OF SERVICES, LOCAL STAKEHOLDERS, PUMPS
Abstract

The objective of this World Bank technical assistance has been to support the Government of Bangladesh’s (GoB) national capacity development framework for improving water and sanitation services (WSS) in Bangladesh, focusing on demand-responsive peer-to-peer or horizontal learning processes and improve horizontal accountability communication and monitoring systems to track progress in the sector. This technical assistance is in line with the World Bank country assistance strategy (CAS) which seeks to support the GoB target of ensuring safe drinking water and sanitation for all. It has contributed to strengthening the long-term capacity of the government, in particular the union Parishad (UP) which is responsible for ensuring water and sanitation services for all in Bangladesh.

Published
2015

2. Acute metabolic brain changes following traumatic brain injury and their relevance to clinical severity and outcome

Author

Placido Bramanti, Antonella Buscalferri, Ettore Zei, Antonio Federico, Cesare Vittori, Nicola De Stefano, Marco Battaglini, and S. Marino

Subjects
Male, Pathology, Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, AXONAL INJURY, Traumatic brain injury, outcome, Severity of Illness Index, chemistry.chemical_compound, Medicine, IN-VIVO, MAGNETIC-RESONANCE-SPECTROSCOPY, CLOSED-HEAD INJURY, N-ACETYLASPARTATE, AXONAL INJURY, WHITE-MATTER, IN-VIVO, PRACTICAL SCALE, H-1 MRS, DAMAGE, DISABILITY, DAMAGE, Brain, MAGNETIC-RESONANCE-SPECTROSCOPY, Middle Aged, Prognosis, H-1 MRS, Psychiatry and Mental health, Treatment Outcome, medicine.anatomical_structure, Cardiology, Female, WHITE-MATTER, Adult, Paper, medicine.medical_specialty, N-ACETYLASPARTATE, Creatine, Head trauma, PRACTICAL SCALE, White matter, Internal medicine, Severity of illness, Humans, Glasgow Coma Scale, Aged, business.industry, DISABILITY, Case-control study, medicine.disease, nervous system diseases, nervous system, chemistry, Brain Injuries, Case-Control Studies, Closed head injury, Surgery, Neurology (clinical), business, CLOSED-HEAD INJURY
Abstract

Conventional MRI can provide critical information for care of patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI), but MRI abnormalities rarely correlate to clinical severity and outcome. Previous magnetic resonance spectroscopy studies have reported clinically relevant brain metabolic changes in patients with TBI. However, these changes were often assessed a few to several days after the trauma, with a consequent variation of the metabolic pattern due to temporal changes.Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (1H-MRSI) examinations were performed in 10 patients with TBI 48-72 h after the trauma, to obtain early measurements of central brain levels of N-acetylaspartate (NAA), choline (Cho), creatine (Cr) and lactate (La). Metabolite values were expressed as ratios to (1) a metabolic pattern, given by the sum of the resonance intensities of all metabolites detected in the same voxel and (2) intravoxel Cr.NAA ratios were found to be significantly lower in patients with TBI than in normal controls. In contrast, Cho ratios were significantly higher in patients with TBI than in normal controls. Increased La levels were found in 5 of 10 patients with TBI. Both NAA and La values correlated closely with those of the Glasgow Coma Scale at presentation (r = 0.73 and -0.62, respectively; p0.01 for both) and the Glasgow Outcome Scale at 3 months (r = -0.79 and 0.79, respectively; p0.01 for both).Spectroscopic measures of neuro-axonal damage occurring soon after a brain trauma are clinically relevant. Significant increases in cerebral La level also may be detected when 1H-MRSI is performed early after the trauma and, at this stage, can represent a reliable index of injury severity and disease outcome in patients with TBI.

Published
2007