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This study explored the evolution of friction-induced vibration (FIV) and wear in high-speed train friction braking through experiments, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulation. Experimental tests revealed that vibration behavior transitions from high-frequency modes at high speeds to low-frequency stick-slip at lower speeds. Theoretical analysis indicated that brake disc speed, coefficient of friction (COF), and contact stiffness affect system stability. Specifically, the system experiences high-frequency vibrations at high speeds due to mode coupling, and the friction block surface primarily undergoes abrasive wear mechanisms. At lower speeds, the system demonstrates low-frequency stick-slip vibrations induced by the combined effects of mode coupling and negative friction velocity slope (NFVS) characteristics, and the friction block surface mainly experiences adhesive wear mechanisms. • FIV in high-speed train braking exhibits diverse mechanisms with speed changes. • The system stability is affected by brake disc speed, COF, and contact stiffness. • FIV is influenced by mode coupling and NFVS from high to low speeds. • The wear mechanism changes from abrasive to adhesive wear during deceleration. • FIV characteristics correlate with wear mechanisms on the friction block. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]