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The following paper presents an analysis of fibrinogen and D-dimer levels and global index characterizing the anticoagulant function of protein C (TromboPas). 1104 people (25–64 years of age) of Tomsk adult unorganized population were examined within the framework of ECCE-RF-2012 (Epidemiology of cardiovascular diseases and their risk factors in the Russian Federation) project. The relationships of these parameters with the main demographic and clinical characteristics were analyzed. The presence of at least one of the markers of hypercoagulability, which include fibrinogen level higher than 3,7 g/l D-dimer – 500 ng / ml, and the index of inhibition of thrombin formation in the TromboPas (PICI%) test, that islower or equal to 84%, was found in 55,44% of the patients. At the same time, in 2,72% of the surveyed population a combination of all three hypercoagulation markers was observed, whereas a combination of at least one of the mentioned markers and / or risk factors such as arterial hypertension (AH) and obesity (BMI≥30 kg/m2) was observed in 36,87% of patients. Hypercoagulation markers, hypertension and obesity were absent only in 19,47% of patients. Thus, the results suggest a high risk of thrombotic complications of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in the studied population and justify the feasibility of developing adequate methods to prevent them.

Aim. To study the predictive value of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF-15) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) after elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).Material and methods. The study included 150 patients (men, 69,3%) with AF receiving direct oral anticoagulants in combination with two (89,3%) or one antiplatelet agent (10,7%) after elective PCI. Median age was 71,0 [interquartile range, 66,0; 77,0] years. The median follow-up was 11,5 months [interquartile range, 8,0; 12,0]. The efficacy endpoint was the sum of cardiovascular events (CVEs), including cardiovascular death, ischemic stroke, venous thromboembolism, peripheral arterial thrombosis, acute coronary syndrome, and the need for emergency PCI. The safety endpoint was considered to be BARC type 2-5 bleeding. Prior to PCI, blood plasma samples were taken from patients to determine GDF-15 and D-dimer by enzyme immunoassay.Results. The incidence of CVEs was 16%. The incidence of BARC type 2-5 bleeding was 24,7%. The median GDF-15 level was 1270,0 pg/ml [953,0; 1778,0]. According to multiple regression, the GDF-15 level is associated with D-dimer (t=3,20; p=0,0018), diabetes (t=3,97; p=0,0001) and SYNTAX score II (t=4,77; p1191 pg/ml (p=0,0076) increases the likelihood of CVE (area under the curve, 0,647; confidence interval (CI), 0,5650,723). According to Kaplan-Meier survival curves, significant differences were found in terms of absence of CVEs during the follow-up period between the groups of patients with a GDF-15 >1191 and those with GDF-15

Aim. To study social and economic gradients — educational and occupational statuses, wealth level, behavioral risk factors (FR) in Russian population by the ESSE-RF data.Material and methods. The data for the analysis consisted of representative selections of 13 regions of RF (n=22906) participants of the study, incl. men (n=8353) and women (n=13553) of 25-64 y.o., with response 80%. We calculated the odds ratios for the presence of behavioral FR: smoking, excessive alcohol consumption, insufficient physical activity (IPA), nonrational food consumption, anxiety and depressive disorders, — in persons from different social and economic groups by education level, type of inhabitation, professional status, wealth level.Results. Higher education was associated with better FR profile, except IPA (negative association) and alcohol consumption (absence of association). "White in general had less FR probability than Blue, excl. IPA and psychoemotional deviations (in men). As for the wealth association with the FR there is backward gradient, i.e. lesser the income, higher the risk of FR presence, excl. IPA and excessive alcohol intake in women. For example, in very wealthy men the odds ratio for depressive states was 3,09 [95% CI 2,08-4,57] comparing to the persons with low income. The type of territory of inhabitance was associated with less behavioral FR in Russian population, as significant associations are found only for depression and excessive salt consumption in both genders and IPA in men. Conclusion. The significant social and economic gradients of behavioral FR prevalence are found, the direction of those is not necessary the same as in European countries. The analysis of association with social and economic parameters would help to develop the directed preventive interventions.

Current guidelines recommend use of anticoagulants (preferably fondaparinux) until hospital discharge in non-invasively treated patients (pts) with non-ST-segment elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTEACS). however, some evidence exists that anticoagulants may be safely stopped earlier in low-risk aspirin-treated pts. Aim. To assess markers of hemostasis activation and in-hospital events rate after very early discontinuation of fondaparinux in non-invasive treatment of low-risk pts hospitalized with NSTEACS. Material and methods. 53 pts admitted with NSTEACS at median 2,3 h after last episode of chest pain were included into prospective non-comparative study. All pts had GRACE score ≤108, negative tn t (cut-off 0,03 ng/ml), and no st-segment deviation >0,1 mV. Aspirin and beta-blockers were used in all cases while clopidogrel in 35 (66,0%) only. After single subcutaneous injection of fondaparinux at presentation no anticoagulants were used. Plasma thrombin-antithrombin (tAt), d-dimer (dd), plasmin-antiplasmin (PAP) levels, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) activity and its complex with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA/PAI-1) level were measured at median 18,0 and 42,5 hours after fondaparinux. 12-lead ECG monitoring was started at median 21,2 h after fondaparinux and continued for median 38,6 h. Treadmill stress test was performed on days 4-18 (median 9) after hospitalization. Pts were followed until hospital discharge (median 14 days). Results. Plasma tAt , dd and PAP levels increased after discontinuation of fondaparinux: medians 3,1 and 3,3 ng/l (p=0,002), 359 and 486 ng/l (p=0,002), 471 and 498 ng/l (p=0,052), respectively. Increase at least one of these markers of hemostasis activation was revealed in 49 (92,5%) pts. Ischemic st-segment deviations on ambulatory ECg were found in 13 pts (24,5%). First episode appeared at median 51,8 hours after fondaparinux and only one was symptomatic. tAt , dd and PAP levels as well as their changes were not associated with recurrence of ischemia. Positive result of treadmill test was obtained in 12 Conclusion. While in non-invasive treatment of low-risk nstEACs pts very early discontinuation of fondaparinux was associated with activation of coagulation this laboratory finding was not related to recurrence of ischemia and clinical events rate was low. (25,0%) pts (5 with and 7 without ischemic st-segment deviations on ambulatory ECg; p=0,25). during hospital stay, no patient died or had myocardial infarction; 3 had recurrent angina.

The review takes into consideration the diagnostic significance of the main screening coagulologic tests under the light of modern views on the role of vessel wall, plasma proteins and blood cells in the dynamics of thrombin formation and its activities regulation.

Aim. to study the significance of residual platelet reactivity (RPR) to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) and carriage of the gene cythochrome P450 CyP2C19 polymorphisms in relationship to the bleeding risk in stable CHD patients, undergoing planned PCI and receiving double antiplatelet therapy with aspirin and clopidogrel. Material and methods. In stable CHD patients after planned PCI we studied genotypes of polymorphic gene markers, related to clopidogrel metabolism (CyP2C19*1,*2,*3,*17) and studied RPR to ADP at clopidogrel treatment with Verifynow P2y12 analyzer (Accumetrics, США, San Diego, USA) at planned clinic visit in 5-12 months of treatment. Results. In CHD patients receiving double antiplatelet therapy for panned PCI during 12 months, minor clinically non-significant bleedings (MCNS) were the most prevalent, 51,1% noted them during follow-up, and major bleedings (MB) occured in 3,2%, minor clinically significant (MCs) — 9%. MCNS are the reason for DAT interruption in 14-15% patients after planned PCI. the value of RPR to ADP less than 205 PRU in stale CHD with aspirin and clopidogrel after planned PCI 7,8 times increases the risk of MCNS bleedings. In stable CHD with DAT after planned PCI during 12 months there was no any relationship of thrombotic outcomes and revascularization with the value of RPR to AdP. there was relationship noted between the value of RPR to ADP and carriage of slowly functioning alleles of clopidogrel metabolism. MCNS are not related to major bleedings and reflect effectiveness of antiplatelet therapy, that is confirmed also by significantly lower rate of recurrent revascularizations due to restenosis and absence of stent thrombosis in the group of MCNSB.

Aim. To evaluate the prevalence of aspirin resistance, its clinical features, potential solutions, and prognostic role in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS). Material and methods. The study included 51 patients with ACS and ST segment elevation (STEACS) and 49 ACS patients without ST segment elevation (non-STEACS). All participants received aspirin in a standard dose of 100 mg/d. Platelet aggregation (PA) was measured with a laser assay method and arachidonic acid (0,5 mg/dl) as an inductor. Aspirin resistance was diagnosed if PA was at least 20% at Day 7 of aspirin treatment. Results. Aspirin resistance was observed in 11% of the patients receiving aspirin in a standard dose of 100 mg/d. The majority of aspirin-resistant patients had STEACS, therefore, the data for this group were analysed in detail. Major clinical characteristics of aspirin-resistant and aspirin-responding patients were similar. After the in vitro test with aspirin, to determine the pharmacokinetic type of aspirin resistance, the medication dose was increased to 300 mg/d. The comparison group included 10 patients with STEACS, receiving aspirin in the dose of 100 mg/d. Thirty days later, PA was significantly reduced in both aspirin-resistant groups, therefore, the aspirin dose increase did not affect PA dynamics. In aspirin-resistant patients, prognosis was slightly worse than in their aspirinresponding peers. Conclusion. Aspirin resistance was more prevalent in STEACS patients. By Day 30, PA was substantially reduced. Increasing aspirin dose to 300 mg/d did not affect PA dynamics.

Aim. To identify the factors determining homocysteine (HMC) levels in Russian patients with stable coronary heart disease (CHD). Material and methods. The study included 506 patients (388 men; mean age 59,4±12,2 years) with stable CHD. Classical risk factors (RFs) of cardiovascular disease (CVD), renal function (creatinine clearance by Cockroft-Gault formula), and atherosclerotic pathology of other localizations were assessed. The levels of plasma HMC, folate, and cobalamin were measured. Genetic analysis was performed using the real-time polymerase chain reaction method. Results. In 432 patients (85,4 %), hyperhomocysteinemia was diagnosed. The mean HMC level was 14,3±4,6 mkmol/l. According to multifactor analysis results, HMC level was independently associated with folate level (beta coefficient -3,86, p