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Copyright of Tikrit Journal of Engineering Sciences is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

How to manage the “self” on the streets of suburbia when everybody knows each other? Due to the social and spatial manageability of suburban spaces, contact with more or less (un)known others is to be expected. Through repeated and continuous contact, residents are automatically and reciprocally assigned the role of acquaintances. This situation requires finding the right distance. The positioning of oneself and others, the perception and practice of distance, results in comfort and freedom from conflict. This coping strategy for public (street)spaces reflects a socio-spatial (con)figuration that is enacted as street management. Although street life is dominated by the notion of nothingness, everyone campaigns to stay private in public by setting up a “public self”. The research findings I refer to are based on two case studies in suburban spaces on the outskirts of Hanover (the state capital of Lower Saxony, Germany). In order to understand and explain the life-worlds of suburbanites in general and their manifestation on streets in particular, I conducted exploratory interviews, go-alongs and field observations. To create an atmosphere of comfort, convivial as well as conflictual situations are to be avoided, which is achieved by the residents positioning themselves and others at a distance. Since street life in the suburbs is uneventful and provides a sense of security and familiarity, living together in coexistence is routine. The delegation of responsibility for everything public enables suburbanites to be indifferent to others and the setting. The minimal sympathetic way of interacting with each other is symbolised by greetings, which both facilitates and hinders communication. In the end, the life-world suburbia and its streets are spheres of comfort because they are manageable, expectable and knowable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents the electric field waveforms of natural return strokes recorded by Foshan Total Lightning Location System. The distance ranges from 10 to 300 km. The evolution of parameters for positive first and negative first and subsequent return stroke electric field waveforms along with distance change is analyzed. The results show that the risetime, fall time, half-peak width, and zero-crossing time become longer with longer distance, and these four parameters of the negative return strokes show more clear linear relation with distance than the positive return strokes. For the overshoot duration, the values for both positive and negative return strokes increase with distance at 10–200 km, but when the distance is larger, the distance dependence becomes less obvious. The values of the initial peak normalized to 100 km and 20 kA remain the same in general for all the return strokes. For the overshoot amplitude and the ratio of overshoot to initial peak, the values for both positive and negative return strokes increase with distance. The return stroke electric field waveforms at far distances are more likely to show clear opposite polarity overshoot. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper employs goods and services descriptions from US trademarks to study spatial diffusion of innovations. Identifying novel, fast-spreading tokens (words) in trademark descriptions, we outline patterns of regional innovation and estimate how distance affects diffusion. Novel trademark tokens are frequently new to English, they capture many unpatented innovations, and their appearance in language co-evolves with their use in intellectual property filings. We analyse the introduction of novel tokens to capture the emergence of innovations and show that spatial distance affects their diffusion. Estimating the intensity of diffusion between locations in the United States, we confirm strong, negative effects of distance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Varchenko introduced in 1993 a distance function on the chambers of a hyperplane arrangement that gave rise to a determinant whose entry in position (C;D) is the distance between the chambers C and D, and computed that determinant. In 2017, Aguiar and Mahajan provided a generalization of that distance function, and computed the corresponding determinant. This article extends their distance function to the topes of an oriented matroid, and computes the determinant thus defined. Oriented matroids have the nice property to be abstractions of some mathematical structures including hyperplane and sphere arrangements, polytopes, directed graphs, and even chirality in molecular chemistry. Independently and with another method, Hochstättler and Welker also computed in 2019 the same determinant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When I see my face in a mirror, its apparent position (behind the glass) is not one that my own face could be in. I accept the face I see as my own because I have an implicit understanding of how mirrors work. The situation is different if I look at the reflection of my right hand in a parasagittal mirror (parallel to body midline) when my left hand is hidden behind the mirror. It is as if I were looking through a window at my own left hand. The experience of body ownership has been investigated using rubber hand illusion (RHI) paradigms, and several studies have demonstrated ownership of a rubber hand viewed in a frontal mirror. Our "proof of concept" study was the first to combine use of a parasagittal mirror and synchronous stroking of both a prosthetic hand (viewed in the mirror) and the participant's hand, with a manipulation of distance between the hands. The strength of the RHI elicited by our parasagittal-mirror paradigm depended not on physical distance between the hands (30, 45, or 60 cm) but on apparent distance between the prosthetic hand (viewed in the mirror) and the participant's hand. This apparent distance was reduced to zero when the prosthetic hand and participant's hand were arranged symmetrically (e.g., 30 cm in front of and behind the mirror). Thus, the parasagittal-mirror paradigm may provide a distinctive way to assess whether competition for ownership depends on spatial separation between the prosthetic hand and the participant's hand. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, we analyse the proximity between professional players during a soccer match. Specifically, we are concerned about the time a player remains at a distance to a rival that is closer than 2 m, which has a series of consequences, from the risk of contagion during a soccer match to the understanding of the tactical performance of players during the attacking/defensive phases. Departing from a dataset containing the Euclidean positions of all players during 60 matches of the Spanish national league (30 from LaLiga Santander and 30 from LaLiga Smartbank , respectively, the first and second divisions), we analysed 1,670 participations of elite soccer players. Our results show a high heterogeneity of both the player-player interaction time (from 0 to 14 min) and the aggregated time with all opponents (from <1 to 44 min). Furthermore, when the player position is taken into account, we observe that goalkeepers are the players with the lowest exposure (lower than 1 min), while forwards are the players with the highest values of the accumulated time (~21 min). In this regard, defender-forward interactions are the most frequent. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest dataset describing the proximity between soccer players. Therefore, we believe these results may be crucial to the development of epidemiological models aiming the predict the risk of contagion between players and, furthermore, to understand better the statistics of all actions that involve proximity between players. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Techno.com is the property of Universitas Dian Nuswantoro, Fakultas Ilmu Komputer and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this work, we show that two distance functions independently defined on the space of subcopulas are topological equivalent. In this process, we also defined another distance function equivalent to the first two distances. Moreover, all metric spaces of subcopulas with fixed domain under the supremum distance are metric subspaces under this new distance function. We also prove that the Sklar correspondence can be viewed as a Lipschitz map under these metrics. Thus, the rate of convergence of empirical subcopulas can be computed directly from the rate of convergence of empirical distributions. The same holds for other statistics results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Initial seed artefacts play a vital role in proper categorization of the given data set in partitioning based clustering algorithms. Hence, it is important to identify them. We propose a density with distance based method which ensures identification of seed artefacts from different clusters that leads to more accurate clustering results. Our algorithm improves on the search for initial seed artefacts iteratively until the minimum value of the sum of within sum errors, normalized by their data sizes, is ensured. This is because the initial artefacts are selected from different clusters. Here the choice of seed artefacts guarantees a global optimum clustering solution. We have compared our results with random, Wu, Cao and Khan's methods of initial seed artefact selection, to show the efficacy of our method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infrared thermography is increasingly emerging as an analytical approach within the thermal ecology research community, providing unique and rapid temperature information crucial to understanding how plants and animals exchange heat with their environment. What is difficult to appreciate are the numerous ways in which thermography may still yield inaccurate (i.e. deviation from the 'correct' value) information if certain tenets are not followed.In this paper, we examine, demonstrate and discuss these tenets with an aim to provide methodological advice to ecologists interested in employing thermography.We found that spot size and distance strongly influenced the surface temperature estimates of known, calibrated temperature sources, with similar results observed in maximum eye temperature measurements in wild birds. We also report on how the angle of incidence affects the apparent emissivity of various biological surfaces (fur, feather, skin, leaves), another source of uncertainty in thermography.The variation in temperature caused by variation in distance and uncertainty in emissivity are large enough to raise flags for field applications of thermography where accuracy is necessary but control over study subjects is limited. Since accurate emissivity and distance parameters are crucial to thermography calculations, our results should serve as a framework to assist ecologists in better experimental design with respect to the use of thermography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is caused by a new strain of coronavirus that spreads primarily by close contact. Although Nigeria adopted lockdown measures, no defined strategies were used in setting the distance threshold for these lockdowns. Hence, understanding the drivers of COVID-19 is pivotal to an informed decision for containment measures in the absence of vaccines. Spatial and temporal analyses are crucial drivers to apprehending the pattern of diseases over space and time. Thus, this study aimed to quantify the significance of distance to the temporal dynamics of COVID-19 cases in Nigeria using the Geographic Information System. Incremental spatial autocorrelation was used to analyze datasets of each month in ArcGIS. March, April, May, and June exhibited patterns with no significant peaks, while July and August exhibited patterns with two statistically significant peaks. The first and second peaks of July were 301,338.39 and 365,947.83 meters, respectively, while August was 301,338.39 and 336,128.09 meters, respectively. Therefore, a significant difference in the clustering of COVID-19 over distances between July and August was established. This indicated that progression in the spread of the virus increased the virus's spatial coverage while the distance of risk of exposure decreased. This study's findings could be utilized to establish maximum movement restriction areas to contain the spread of COVID-19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Descriptions of perpetrators given by eyewitnesses are important in criminal cases, but the accuracy of eyewitnesses is often low. Research suggests that increased distance lowers accuracy of some descriptions and children and older adults tend to be the least accurate. To investigate the effects of distance and age on descriptive accuracy simultaneously, we presented 1588 participants with four separate live targets at distances between 5 and 110 m. After each viewing, they (numerically) estimated the target's gender, age, height, and weight. We investigated high accuracy (±2 units) and serious errors (±10 units) of age, height, and weight estimates whereas a correct/incorrect gender estimate was categorized as high accuracy/serious error. We found that the likelihood of high accuracy at 5-meters was 95–99% for gender, 24–53% for age, 13–38% for height, 11–30% for weight, and at 110-meters it was 86–97% for gender, 15–23% for age, 13–25% for height, 12–28% for weight. The likelihood of serious errors at 5-meters was 1–5% for gender, 1–14% for age, 3–43% for height, 10–54% for weight, and at 110-meters it was 3–14% for gender, 11–38% for age, 11–53% for height, 17–56% for weight. Increased distances decreased accuracy and especially young children performed overall worse than adults. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A method for dealing with the problem of convergence to incorrect equilibrium points of distance-based formation controllers was recently proposed by introducing an additional controlled variable, viz., the signed area of a triangle. In this paper, we seek to generalise this method to planar formations of n agents for both first- and second-order agent models while using unidirectional sensing and control. In addition to directed formation shape control, we also consider the problem of formation motions. We prove that, under certain conditions on the edge lengths of the triangulated desired formation and control gains, the distributed controller ensures the almost-global asymptotic stability of the correct formation and is coordinate frame invariant. Experimental evaluations are presented to support the theoretical results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A red-white coloring of a nontrivial connected graph G is an assignment of red and white colors to the vertices of G where at least one vertex is colored red. Associated with each vertex v of G is a d -vector, called the code of v , where d is the diameter of G and the i th coordinate of the code is the number of red vertices at distance i from v. A red-white coloring of G for which distinct vertices have distinct codes is called an identification coloring or ID-coloring of G. A graph G possessing an ID-coloring is an ID-graph. The problem of determining those graphs that are ID-graphs is investigated. The minimum number of red vertices among all ID-colorings of an ID-graph G is the identification number or ID-number of G and is denoted by ID(G). It is shown that (1) a nontrivial connected graph G has ID-number 1 if and only if G is a path, (2) the path of order 3 is the only connected graph of diameter 2 that is an ID-graph, and (3) every positive integer r different from 2 can be realized as the ID-number of some connected graph. The identification spectrum of an ID-graph G is the set of all positive integers r such that G has an ID-coloring with exactly r red vertices. Identification spectra are determined for paths and cycles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distance is a classic determining factor in international agri-food trade, but its role is increasingly being transformed. On the one hand, the traditional context is that the value of agricultural trade decreases as distance increases. On the other hand, the modern perception is that distance is not always a key factor in assessing why two countries trade in agri-food products. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the dual role of distance in international agri-food trade through examples and applications. The results show that traditional relationships have proven to be correct in theoretical model exercises, while practice sometimes overrides theoretical relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nanotubical graphs are obtained by wrapping a hexagonal grid, and then possibly closing the tube with caps. In this paper we derive asymptotics for generalized Wiener index for such graphs. More generally, we show that if I λ (G) = ∑ u ≠ v f (u , v) dist λ (u , v) , where λ ≥ - 1 and f(u, v) is a nonnegative symmetric function which is increasing and which depends only on deg (u) and deg (v) , then the leading term depend only on λ , f(x, y) when deg (x) = deg (y) = 3 , and the circumference of the nanotube. This general form determines the asymptotics also for some other indices as Hararay index, additively weighted Harary index, generalized degree distance, modified generalized degree distance, and possibly others of this kind. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The reciprocal version of product degree distance is a product degree weighted version of Harary index defined for a connected graph G as RDDt (G) ... where ddG(x) is the degree of the vertex x and ddG(x, y) is the distance from x to y in G. This article is attain the value of HDD. of different types of cactus such as triangular, square and hexagonal chain cactus graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Firms going through an initial public offering (IPO) face many uncertainties. Geographic distance between the firm headquarters and the major financial centers, where most investors are located, is another concern. Using a sample of 688 Chinese initial public offerings between 2005 and 2012, we find that remote firms leave investors informationally disadvantaged leading firms to underprice their offering to a greater extent. Furthermore, we find that business affiliations (prestigious lead underwriters and government), which signal firm quality, lessen and the effect of geographic distance on underpricing. Thus, in an IPO context, signals have increasing value for more geographically isolated firms wishing to maximize initial public offering performance. Our study has implications for both academics and practitioners by offering new insights on how geographic distance and signals impact IPO performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper firstly analyzed the drawbacks of the existing distance measures between intuitionistic fuzzy sets in detail, which was based on whether the distance measures between intuitionistic fuzzy sets contained the membership degree, non-membership degree and hesitation degree, and whether the distance measures between intuitionistic fuzzy sets satisfied the conditions of the distance metric. In view of the fact, it directly introduced the hesitation degree into the distances of intuitionistic fuzzy sets in the existing distance measures, which led to inconsistency. Then on the base of these, this paper proposed a new distance measure between intuitionistic fuzzy sets. The new method not only considered the membership degree information and the non-membership degree information, but also considered the assignments of the hesitation degree to membership degree and non-membership degree. Thereby, it indirectly introduced the degree of hesitation into the new distance. Secondly, it analyzed and proved some properties of the proposed distance, and compared with the existing methods to illustrate its reasonability based on some practical examples. Finally, it further illustrated the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed method by the multi-criteria fuzzy decision-making. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The impact that distance traveled to receive treatment has on treatments and outcomes among patients with soft tissue sarcoma (STS) of the extremity has yet to be thoroughly investigated. Information on patients treated for STS of the extremity between 2006 and 2015 was obtained from the National Cancer Database. Patients were stratified into two groups based on median distance traveled to receive treatment. Chi-square tests assessed associations between categorical variables and distance to treatment. Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and Cox regression were used to estimate survival. The sample included 21,763 patients. The mean age was 59.3 y, 54.6% were men, and 83.2% were white. The median distance traveled to the treating facility was 15.6 miles. Compared with patients who traveled <15 miles, those who traveled ≥15 miles were more likely to have undifferentiated rather than well-differentiated tumors (odds ratio [OR], 1.23; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 1.10-1.37), and stage II rather than stage I disease (OR, 1.14; 95% CI, 1.04-1.24). They were also more likely to undergo limb-sparing resection (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 1.39-1.79) or amputation (OR, 1.72; 95% CI, 1.44-2.07) rather than no surgery and less likely to have positive margins (OR, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.79-0.93). There was no difference in the risk of death between patients who traveled ≥15 miles and those who did not (hazard ratio, 1.00; 95% CI, 0.94-1.07). Although clinical characteristics and treatments may differ based on distance traveled, survival appears equivalent. Further research into reasons why greater distance traveled is associated with more advanced disease, but comparable survival is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper studies the properties of an inconsistency index of a pairwise comparison matrix under the assumption that the index is defined as a norm-induced distance from the nearest consistent matrix. Under additive representation of preferences, it is proved that an inconsistency index defined in this way is a seminorm in the linear space of skew-symmetric matrices and several relevant properties hold. In particular, this linear space can be partitioned into equivalence classes, where each class is an affine subspace and all the matrices in the same class share a common value of the inconsistency index. The paper extends in a more general framework some results due, respectively, to Crawford and to Barzilai. It is also proved that norm-based inconsistency indices satisfy a set of six characterizing properties previously introduced, as well as an upper bound property for group preference aggregation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Coaching - Theorie & Praxis is the property of Springer Nature and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The distance between sets is a long-standing computational geometry problem. In robotics, the distance between convex sets with Minkowski sum structure plays a fundamental role in collision detection. However, it is typically nontrivial to be computed, even if the projection onto each component set admits explicit formula. In this paper, we explore the problem of calculating the distance between convex sets arising from robotics. Upon the recent progress in convex optimization community, the proposed model can be efficiently solved by the recent hot-investigated first-order methods, e.g., alternating direction method of multipliers or primal-dual hybrid gradient method. Preliminary numerical results demonstrate that those first-order methods are fairly efficient in solving distance problems in robotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Distance is an important parameter in any networks/graphs. The idea of strong sum distance in the fuzzy graph was introduced by Tom and Sunitha (2015). A generalization of fuzzy graph called neutrosophic graph is more realistic to handle imprecise data. In this study, the weight of an edge of a neutrosophic graph is defined and hence defined sum distance in a neutrosophic graph based on the idea of strong sum distance. This distance is also metric and based on this metric, the concepts of degree, eccentricity, radius, diameter etc. are studied with some properties. At last, a real-life application on the travelling salesman problem is illustrated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The notions of distance and similarity play a key role in many machine learning approaches, and artificial intelligence in general, since they can serve as an organizing principle by which individuals classify objects, form concepts and make generalizations. While distance functions for propositional representations have been thoroughly studied, work on distance functions for structured representations, such as graphs, frames or logical clauses, has been carried out in different communities and is much less understood. Specifically, a significant amount of work that requires the use of a distance or similarity function for structured representations of data usually employs ad-hoc functions for specific applications. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to provide an overview of this work to identify connections between the work carried out in different areas and point out directions for future work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: The distance from which an eyewitness views a perpetrator is a critical factor for eyewitness identification, but has received little research attention. We presented three mock‐crime videos to participants, varying distance to three perpetrators (3, 10, or 20 m). Across two experiments, increased distance reduced empirical discriminability in the form of a mirror effect, such that correct identifications decreased while false identifications increased. Moreover, high confidence identifications were associated with high accuracy at 3 m (Experiment 1 and 2) and 10 m (Experiment 2), but not at 20 m. We conclude that eyewitnesses may be less likely to identify a perpetrator viewed at a distance, and also more likely to falsely identify an innocent suspect. Furthermore, there may be certain boundary conditions associated with distance and the impact it has on the confidence–accuracy relationship. More research is needed to elucidate the effect of estimator variable manipulations on the confidence–accuracy relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of reciprocal degree distance RDD (G) of a connected graph G was introduced in 2012. The Steiner distance in a graph, introduced by Chartrand et al. in 1989, is a natural generalization of the concept of classical graph distance. The k -center Steiner reciprocal degree distance defined as SRDD k (G) = ∑ S ⊆ V (G) | S | = k [ ∑ v ∈ S deg G (v) ] 1 d G (S) , where d G (S) is the Steiner k -distance of S and deg G (v) is the degree of the vertex v in G. Motivated from Zhang's paper [X. Zhang, Reciprocal Steiner degree distance, Utilitas Math., accepted for publication], we find the expression for SRDD k of complete bipartite graphs. Also, we give a straightforward method to compute Steiner Gutman index and Steiner degree distance of path. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The k‐center Steiner degree distance (SDDk(G)) has recently been introduced as a natural extension of the degree distance DD(G). In this paper, the prediction potential of SDDk(G) is discussed. Then, the relation between this and some other well‐known distance‐based indices of trees is derived to explain its prediction potential. Finally, the lower and upper bounds of SDDk(G) in terms of some other graph invariants are presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to determine radius and diameter of graph complements. We provide a necessary and sufficient condition for the complement of a graph to be connected, and determine the components of graph complement. Finally, we completely characterize the class of graphs G for which the subgraph induced by central (respectively peripheral) vertices of its complement in Ḡ is isomorphic to a complete graph K n , for some positive integer n. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Island development trajectories are heavily impacted by their relevance, similarity, complementarity and value in relation to continental development pathways. I would argue that this is so, also because of the physical proximity of islands to their respective metropolis, making the former island units in and of their respective mainland. This paper proposes a politics of distance. It examines how physical detachment from the mainland (and from central government) impacts on an island's ability to determine its own destiny and developmental course. This paper does so by reviewing how near islands and remote islands have: (a) nurtured different levels of jurisdictional status and autonomy; and (b) used that jurisdictional resource, where available, to chart their own development trajectory, in ways that may be similar, complementary, different and outright in opposition to mainland ambitions and plans. In such liaisons, remote islands are more likely to avoid the clutches, overtures and demands of (more distant) powers--and thus depart from mainland agendas--than near islands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the role of distance in the decision among grammatical variants. The empirical test case is the English mandative subjunctive construction, which co-occurs with an embedded modal auxiliary, a subjunctive or an indicative verb form. The fact that the subjunctive is triggered by specific lexical items allows one to measure the distance between the triggering unit and the target verb. This distance is found to play a significant role in the grammatical decision process. With increasing distance between trigger and target, the probability of selecting a modal auxiliary increases and the probability of selecting the subjunctive decreases. The theoretical account hinges on the range and strength of linguistic units. Syntactic units (i.e. modals) are claimed to have a wider range than morphological units (i.e. indicative and subjunctive). Furthermore, the indicative is claimed to have a wider range than the subjunctive. Varying ranges are interpreted as varying decay rates. The lower decay rate of syntactic as compared to morphological units results from the syntactic level being superordinated to the morphological level in language production. The inclusion of the semantic and the phonological levels confirms that the position of a level in the structural hierarchy determines its range. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hypercube and folded hypercube are the most fundamental interconnection networks for the attractive topological properties. We assume for any distinct vertices u , v ∈ V , κ (u , v) defined as local connectivity of u and v , is the maximum number of independent (u , v) -paths in G. Similarly, λ (u , v) is local edge connectivity of u , v. For some t ∈ [ 1 , D (G) ] , ∀ u , v ∈ V , u ≠ v , and d (u , v) = t , if κ (u , v) (o r λ (u , v)) = m i n { d (u) , d (v) } , then G is t -distance optimally (edge) connected, where D (G) is the diameter of G and d (u) is the degree of u. For all integers 0 < k ≤ t , if G is k -distance optimally connected, then we call G is t -distance local optimally connected. Similarly, we have the definition of t -distance local optimally edge connected. In this paper, we show that after deleting Q k (k ≤ n − 1) , Q n − Q k and F Q n − Q k are 2-distance local optimally edge connected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One of the factors differentiating public transport operators the most in bus services is, arguably, the respective location, and thus distance from, their workplaces to the area of a procured contract. Sub-optimal depot locations relative the lines run result in disadvantages in knowledge about the contract and the risk of running unpaid (or dead running) bus kilometers, leading to higher costs and/or less revenue and could affect an operator's probability to participate in tenders. As previous studies have discussed, this is a relevant competitive factor, but the transport literature lacks studies aiming to assess the size of this distance factor. This paper examines what impact operators' distance to tendered bus contracts has on their probability to participate in the tender, and how this probability differs across operator types. To address this, an econometric analysis was undertaken using probit regressions with data on tendered Swedish bus contracts over the period 2007–2015 along with operator workplace data. The results show that operators' distance from a contract has a significantly negative effect on their probability of placing a bid for the contract. While being located near the contract gives, on average, an over 90 percent probability of participating, being 10 km away results in some 30 percent probability. The rival's distance to the contract also has an effect, but only to a limited extent. Large operators are found to be less affected by their distance to a contract, and they are also more inclined to bid if the procuring authority offers a depot to use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A graph G is said to have property P if for every pair of its adjacent vertices x and y there exists a vertex z such that z is not adjacent to x and y: In this paper, we establish an explicit formula to calculate the several graph indices for the complement of any graph G having above property. As a corollary we obtain the several graph indices for the complement of certain derived graphs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, we establish an explicit formula to calculate the several graph indices based on distance for the complement of generalized Mycielskian of any graph G. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Credibility is a function associated with promotional genres and persuasion, and a powerful marketing concept (Eisend, 2006; Ming, 2006) which provides trustworthiness about the quality of products or services offered by hotels (Suau-Jiménez, 2012a, 2019). It is partly attained through the hotel's self-mentioning in websites. When this self-mentioning is agentive with action verbs, the main instantiation is the pronoun we, projecting closeness and assertiveness. However, this self-representation is also construed with depersonalized realizations like the hotel's proper name, other nominalizations or even pronouns like it and they, which provide attenuating aspects and create a sense of distance. The current corpus-based study of 112 hotel websites hypothesizes that this attenuation may diminish closeness of the authorial voice (Brown & Levinson, 1987), thus displaying authority, following disciplinary and generic constraints. Results suggest that discursive closeness and distance, intertwined with personalized and depersonalized self-representations of the authorial voice, may aid to improve credibility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The South African National Health Laboratory Service provides laboratory services for public sector health facilities, utilising a tiered laboratory model to refer samples for CD4 testing from 255 source laboratories into 43 testing laboratories. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the impact of distance on inter-laboratory referral time for public sector testing in South Africa in 2018. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study design analysed CD4 testing inter-laboratory turn-around time (TAT) data for 2018, that is laboratory-to-laboratory TAT from registration at the source to referral receipt at the testing laboratory. Google Maps was used to calculate inter-laboratory distances and travel times. Distances were categorised into four buckets, with the median and 75th percentile reported. Wilcoxon scores were used to assess significant differences in laboratory-to-laboratory TAT across the four distance categories. Results: CD4 referrals from off-site source laboratories comprised 49% (n = 1 390 510) of national reporting. A positively skewed distribution of laboratory-to-laboratory TAT was noted, with a median travel time of 11 h (interquartile range: 7–17), within the stipulated 12 h target. Inter-laboratory distance categories of less than 100 km, 101–200 km, 201–300 km and more than 300 km (p < 0.0001) had 75th percentiles of 8 h, 17 h, 14 h and 27 h. Conclusion: Variability in inter-laboratory TAT was noted for all inter-laboratory distances, especially those exceeding 300 km. The correlation between distance and laboratory-to-laboratory TAT suggests that interventions are required for distant laboratories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The aim of this paper is to demonstrate how the distance between two objects is expressed in the Baltic languages in a geometric framework. The geometric framework in this research is based on Region Connection Calculus (Randell et al., 1992), representing different spatial relations between two circles depending on the primitive topological relation of connectedness and extended with the operators of distance (near / far) and orientation (left / right, above / below, oblique). The paper summarizes the results of two experiments conducted with 106 Lithuanian and 105 Latvian participants, and provides an interpretation of 15 stimuli with the emphasis on the usage of the terms that express proximity, remoteness and which specify distance. Our results indicate different determining factors for the use of these three groups of terms. Proximity terms clearly depend on the change in distance: as the distance between the circles decreases, the number of proximity terms increases, but the largest number of them is generated for externally connected circles. In addition, the largest number and variety of proximity terms are produced for the horizontal axis, less – for the oblique, and least – for the vertical. The terms indicating remoteness are most compatible with the greatest distance between the circles and with horizontal axes as well. The usage of the distance-specifying phrases, in contrast, does not depend on axis and increase or decrease in distance. The presence of any distance seems to be a determining factor for attempting to express it in certain measurements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: This work will provide a reference for further simulations and help to promote the theoretical study of ultrasonic cavitation bubbles. In liquids, bubbles usually exist in the form of bubble groups. Due to their interaction with other bubbles, the resonance frequency of bubbles decreases. In this paper, the resonance frequency of bubbles in a columnar bubble group is obtained by linear simplification of the bubbles' dynamic equation. The correction coefficient between the resonance frequency of the bubbles in the columnar bubble group and the Minnaert frequency of a single bubble is given. The results show that the resonance frequency of bubbles in the bubble group is affected by many parameters such as the initial radius of bubbles, the number of bubbles in the bubble group, and the distance between bubbles. The initial radius of the bubbles and the distance between bubbles are found to have more significant influence on the resonance frequency of the bubbles. When the distance between bubbles increases to 20 times the bubbles' initial radius, the coupling effect between bubbles can be ignored, and after that the bubbles' resonance frequency in the bubble group tends to the resonance frequency of a single bubble's resonance frequency. Fluent software is used to simulate the bubble growth, shrinkage, and collapse of five and seven bubbles under an ultrasonic field. The simulation results show that when the bubble breaks, the two bubbles at the outer field first begin to break and form a micro-jet along the axis line of the bubbles. Our methods and conclusions will provide a reference for further simulations and indicate the significance of the prevention or utilization of cavitation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We explore the relations between the notion of distance and a feature set–based concept of similarity and show that this concept of similarity has a spatial interpretation that is complementary to distance: it is interpreted as "direction." Furthermore, we show how proper normalization leads to distances that can be directly interpreted as dissimilarity: Closeness in normalized space implies and is implied by similarity of the same objects, while remoteness implies and is implied by dissimilarity. Finally, we show how, in research into destandardization of the life course, properly normalizing may drastically and unequivocally change our interpretation of intercohortal distances. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A rooted phylogenetic network is an important structure in the description of evolutionary relationships. Computing the distance (topological dissimilarity) between two rooted phylogenetic networks is a fundamental in phylogenic analysis. During the past few decades, several polynomial-time computable metrics have been described. Here, we give a comprehensive review and analysis on those metrics, including the correlation among metrics and the distribution of distance values computed by each metric. Moreover, we describe the software and website, CDRPN (Computing Distance for Rooted Phylogenetic Networks), for measuring the topological dissimilarity between rooted phylogenetic networks. Availability http://bioinformatics.imu.edu.cn/distance/ Contact guomaozu@bucea.edu.cn [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article focuses on Deleuze's analysis of the institution, which the French philosopher carries out starting from a close confrontation with that modern anti-contractualism of which David Hume is a very significant exponent. On this basis, using also the analytical of power outlined by Elias Canetti, Deleuze attempts to provide a less obvious image of the institution. In fact, he proposes it as an indication of a need for distance, however elastic, temporary, revocable, that is, connected to those that turn out to be the transformations, the metamorphoses, of the social. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents an investigation on the flame height of rectangular pool fires bounded by a sidewall. A series of experiments were conducted to investigate the flame height of pool fire bounded by a sidewall with different distances and aspect ratios. Four pools with identical area but different aspect ratios of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, and 1:8 are studied. Experimental results show that flame height is strongly related to the distance between the fire source and the sidewall and the aspect ratio. The flame height increases with the decreases in the distance and the aspect ratio. A hydraulic diameter has been conducted to develop a correlation for calculating the total flame height. One more hydraulic diameter has been assumed to develop the correlation for the height of flame attached to the sidewall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• This paper tests the relationship between multimodality and CO 2 emissions. • Multimodal trips are less polluting than unimodal trips, if controlled for distance. • More-multimodal persons have lower emissions, notably if controlled for distance. • Multimodality is only weakly associated with CO 2 emissions. • Trip distance contributes more to CO 2 emissions than the level of multimodality. Encouraging multimodality as a tool to reduce exclusive car use is seen as a key ingredient of transport policies aimed at reducing greenhouse gases emissions, such as CO 2. These policies are based on the assumption that increasing multimodality will contribute to a reduction in emissions. Yet, hardly any scientific attention has been paid to the empirical relationship between multimodality and CO 2 emissions. This article addresses this unexplored question at both the individual and trip level using the English National Travel Survey. We find that the level of multimodality is only weakly associated with CO 2 emissions. It is only when controlling for levels of travel activity (trip frequency, total distance travelled) that a moderate association in the expected direction is observed (i.e. that higher levels of multimodality correspond with lower CO 2 emissions). This suggests that greater levels of travel activity among multimodals tend to offset the benefits derived from their more diverse modal choices. Similar patterns emerge from the trip-level analyses: higher emissions are found for (the typically longer) multimodal trips compared to unimodal trips, even when the only mode used is the car. However, for trips over similar distances, multimodal trips do have lower emissions. While there is merit in encouraging greater multimodality, this can hardly be the only or primary goal of climate mitigation policies in the transport sector. More attention needs to be paid to the key role of high levels of travel activity, and how these could be reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Okomu National park is one of the seven national parks in Nigeria; it is the smallest and the last to be created, which has generated some hostility from the local communities who have been stripped of their ownership. The study focuses on the participation of communities in ecotourism and conservation based on their distance from the park applying the distance decay effect. The host communities were divided into precincts based on their distances from the park with the primary aim of investigating the level of participation in ecotourism activities based on their distances from the park. The study revealed that the communities in the intermediate precinct had higher levels of participation than in the proximate and remote precincts. The study revealed that distance had an effect on participation in ecotourism, but it did not clearly align with the distance decay theory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to compare and analyse the national players between the winning games and the losing ones by classifying the GPS data measured in the competition. 27 players of Korean national team on field hockey had analysed to collect plenty of data by using GPS system in real time on 16 A-matches for this paper. The result was followed: First, it has revealed that the winning games showed that it had played a lot in the rest of the zone except for zone 1 and zone 5 from zone 1 to zone 6. Second, is has also shown that it had a significant differences into the distance between the winning games and the losing ones. Third, there were no significant differences between Low-speed zone (zone 1 to Zone 3) and High-speed zone (zone 4 to zone 6) into the distance but were a significant differences on the number of high-accelerations in a section of accelerations. Last, in the position-specific, it has shown a significant differences between a distance by the section and the acceleration frequency and the results showed that the difference between the low accelerations and high ones influenced positively related to the performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Consider the smallest distance among k distinct vertices in a graph. How large can it be? Let G be a connected graph on n vertices, let k satisfy 3 ≤ k < n and let v 1 , v 2 ... , v k be distinct vertices in G. We prove that there are i and j , 1 ≤ i < j ≤ k , such that d G (v i , v j) ≤ 2 n − 2 k. Moreover, for every k and n the subdivided k -star, with rays of lengths ⌊ n − 1 k ⌋ and ⌈ n − 1 k ⌉ , is one of the extremal graphs. The special case k = 2 coincides with the well-known fact that in a connected graph two vertices are on distance at most n − 1 , and the maximum distance is achieved for the endvertices of the path P n. We consider also the corresponding problem for 2-connected graphs and we solve it for k = 3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]