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This paper presents an energy management strategy using a Stateflow controller related to DC microgrids with the important penetration of renewable energy. The increase in world electricity demand is one of the principal drivers of the exhaustion of fossil fuels and increased greenhouse gas emissions. To solve these problems, several countries have adopted actions for widespread renewable energy deployment, which includes wind energy, solar power, biomass power, tidal, and hydropower. These sources are considered as significant in delivering clean energy and reducing greenhouse gas emissions for sustainable improvement. As these sources play an increasingly vital role in the global energy landscape, the efficient management of these intermittent sources is essential for grid stability and sustainability. This paper aimed to develop an energy management strategy for DC microgrids to supply power to a DC microgrid system. The main objective of this paper was to implement an energy management system to ensure the proper operation of DC microgrid systems utilizing Simulink blocks available in MATLAB/Simulink 2020b software. The simulation results demonstrated that the developed energy management algorithm was unconditionally reliable, ensuring the proper operation of the microgrid systems. Additionally, the results demonstrated that the energy management strategy exhibited robust performance across different scenarios, effectively balancing energy generation and consumption while ensuring the reliable operation of the microgrid system. Moreover, the developed algorithm model presents another advantage, as it enables users to access and to change any control parameters within the DC microgrid. By comparing these results with the literature, the developed energy management algorithm provides safety and the automatic control of the microgrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Peak shaving techniques have become increasingly important for managing peak demand and improving the reliability, efficiency, and resilience of modern power systems. In this review paper, we examine different peak shaving strategies for smart grids, including battery energy storage systems, nuclear and battery storage power plants, hybrid energy storage systems, photovoltaic system installations, the real-time scheduling of household appliances, repurposed electric vehicle batteries, uni- and bi-directional electric vehicle charging, the demand response, the time-of-use pricing, load shedding systems, distributed generation systems and energy-efficient management. We analyze the potential of each strategy to reduce peak demand and shift energy consumption to off-peak hours, as well as identify the key themes critical to the success of peak shaving for smart grids, including effective coordination and communication, data analytics and predictive modeling and clear policy and regulatory frameworks. Our review highlights the diverse range of innovative technologies and techniques available to utilities and power system operators and it emphasizes the need for continued research and development in emerging areas such as blockchain technology and artificial intelligence. Overall, the implementation of peak shaving strategies represents a significant step toward a more sustainable, reliable and efficient power system. By leveraging the latest technologies and techniques available, utilities and power system operators can better manage peak demand, integrate renewable energy sources, and create a more reliable and secure grid for the future. By discussing cutting-edge technologies and methods to effectively manage peak demand and incorporate renewable energy sources, this review paper emphasizes the significance of peak shaving strategies for smart grids as a crucial pathway towards realizing a more sustainable, dependable and efficient power system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are important challenges in modeling large electrical distribution circuits, especially with the presence of distributed renewable generation. Constructing simulations to assess the effect of the penetration of distributed generation on electrical distribution networks has become of great importance for Distribution Network Operators (DNOs). This paper proposes a simulation strategy based on open-source platforms and the integration of scripting tools for the rapid modeling of large-scale electrical distribution circuits with distributed renewable generation. The implementation is based on the adaptation of a tool called QGIS2OpenDSS, which creates OpenDSS distribution network models directly from an open-source geographic information system, QGIS. The plugin's capabilities are demonstrated using a real distribution feeder with more than 60% penetration of renewable generation based on photovoltaic systems. These simulations are carried out using real data from a circuit provided by a DNO in the Dominican Republic, which is used to demonstrate how this approach provides a more accessible and flexible way to simulate and assess the effect of Distributed Energy Resources (DERs) in medium voltage (MV) and low voltage (LV) networks, enabling utilities to evaluate system performance and identify potential issues. The integration of this open-source tool within the DNO software stack enables users to apply it according to specific project needs, enhancing their capability to analyze and manage high DER penetration levels, aiding in better planning, operation, and decision-making processes related to renewable energy projects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Multiport converters (MCs) are widely adopted in many applications, from renewable energy sources and storage integration to automotive applications and distribution systems. They are used in order to interface different energy sources, storage devices and loads with one single, simple converter topology in contrast to the traditional approach, which can require different solutions made by two-port converters. MCs allow for a reduction in the number of components and cascaded conversion stages with respect to an equivalent system of two-port converters, resulting in reduced complexity, dimensions and costs, as well as in improved reliability and enhanced efficiency. Nevertheless, some aspects related to the design of MCs are still worth further discussion when MCs are applied to hybrid AC/DC distribution systems. First, most converters are developed for one specific application and are not modular in structure. Furthermore, many of the proposed solutions are not equally suitable for AC and DC applications and they can introduce significant issues in hybrid distribution systems, with earthing management being particularly critical. Even though most available solutions offer satisfying steady-state and dynamic performances, fault behavior is often not considered and the possibility of maintaining controllability during faults is overlooked. Building on these three aspects, in this paper, a new MC for hybrid distribution systems is presented. An innovative circuit topology integrating three-phase AC ports and three-wire DC ports and characterized by a unique connection between the AC neutral wire and the DC midpoint neutral wire is presented. Its control principles and properties during external faults are highlighted, and extensive numerical simulations support the presented discussion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous development of renewable energy technologies, both domestically and internationally, the focus of energy research has gradually shifted towards renewable energy directions such as distributed photovoltaics and wind power. The penetration rate of renewable energy generation is constantly increasing, at the same time, the elements in the grid are becoming increasingly complex, and large-scale energy storage, as well as a variety of electricity loads such as electric vehicle charging piles and data centers are gradually appearing. Therefore, traditional distribution methods of the power grid are difficult to ensure the stable operation of the power system and cannot achieve efficient integration of renewable energy. Consequently, some scholars have proposed the concept of an energy internet. Compared to traditional power grids, the energy internet employs more comprehensive power electronics and communication technologies, enabling the interconnection of various new and traditional energy sources, and effectively integrating renewable energy. As the core device in the energy internet, the energy router plays a role in energy transformation and distribution, facilitating multi-information interconnection and multi-energy exchange within the energy internet. At the level of distribution network, the energy router can realize the efficient access of various forms of energy and the flexible control and management, which is of great significance for the optimal operation of distribution network. Against this backdrop, this paper reviews the development and current research status of energy routers, systematically analyzes the typical topologies and related control technologies of multi-port energy routers and summarizes and forecasts key issues and future development trends, aiming to provide thoughts and reference for subsequent related research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary methods of assessing the reliability of distribution networks comprise analytic and simulation methods. However, both approaches require the identification and computation of network topology, which precludes their expression in explicit, continuous functions, consequently impeding the incorporation of reliability constraints into planning and operational optimization models. To tackle this restriction, the present work puts forth a novel linear‐programming‐based reliability assessment method that is mathematically formulated, considering distribution automation (DA) and distributed generations (DGs), consisting of both conventional and renewable energy sources. In this paper, the clustering method and the scenario‐based method are used to model DGs. Next, a mixed integer linear programming (MILP) model, considering the DA and DGs with the System Average Interruption Duration Index (SAIDI) as the optimization objective, is proposed. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified in a 37‐node distribution network system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper introduces an energy management strategy for a hybrid renewable micro-grid system. The efficient operation of a hybrid renewable micro-grid system requires an advanced energy management strategy able to coordinate the complex interactions between different energy sources and loads. This strategy must consider some factors such as weather fluctuations and demand variations. Its significance lies in achieving the overarching objectives of these systems, including optimizing renewable energy utilization, reducing greenhouse gas emissions, promoting energy independence, and ensuring grid resilience. The intermittent nature of renewable sources necessitates a predictive approach that anticipates the energy availability and adjusts the system operation. The aim of this study was to develop an energy management system for a hybrid renewable micro-grid system to optimize the deployment of renewable energy resources and increase their integration in the power system. Therefore, the main objective of this work was to develop an energy management strategy that controls the flow of energy between the hybrid micro-grid system and the load connected directly as well as the load connected to the utility grid using MATLAB/Simulink software. The second objective was to control the charging and discharging of the battery. The results show that the developed algorithm was able to control the energy flow between the hybrid micro-grid system and the utility grid and also to ensure a proper relation between the charging /discharging rate of the battery based on their operating conditions. In this application, the battery was charged at higher power. It was seen that a higher charging power enables to fully recharge the battery in a shorter amount of time than usual. The results have shown that it is possible to maximize the charging time by using a greater power and this algorithm ensures the state of charge (SOC) of battery to remain in the admissible limits (between 20 and 100%). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power systems, in recent years, have been experiencing a dynamic rise in the amount of power obtained from distributed renewable energy sources leading to the concept of microgrids to address the distributed power grid integration issues. Microgrids, a promising means of facilitating the green transformation of power systems, allow the union operation of distributed energy resources (DER) such as combined heat and power (CHP), renewables like photovoltaic (PV), wind and fuel cells (FC), energy storage systems, diesel generators, and controllable loads, either individually or in combination. The protection of DERs within microgrids can be considered as one of the main challenges associated with such phenomenon. Short and Long power transmission lines, in case of a fault, both have particular impacts on system parameters and may result into subsequent events threatening the microgrid and renewable generation units. On the other hand, The high penetration of microgrids not only can change the power flow within the power network, but it can also affect the fault current levels and may lead to their islanding in case of a fault. Before investing in microgrids, especially those in far places, this paper develops a tool to be used in investigating the influence of the interconnecting transmission line length as well as the type/severity of fault on the microgrid performance. The toolbox was developed using MATLAB/Simulink Toolbox. The developed tool was then validated on a case study microgrid and results show that the length of the interconnecting transmission line and the fault severity directly impact the microgrid performance (i.e. voltage and power deviations). In that case, interconnection or islanded mode is contingent upon the decision of the utility operator which also depends on the sensitivity of the equipment used in the microgrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The integration of renewable energy sources is crucial for achieving sustainability and environmental preservation. However, their intermittent nature poses challenges to electrical system stability, requiring robust integration strategies. Microgrids emerge as a flexible solution, but their successful deployment requires meticulous planning and intelligent operation to overcome these challenges. This paper presents the development of a reduced-scale laboratory dedicated to researching both hardware and software solutions for intelligent microgrid management. The laboratory was designed to incorporate key components that are becoming increasingly important in the present microgrid context, including renewable energy generation, storage systems, electrolyzers for hydrogen production, and combined heat and power sources. While some equipment consists of commercial models, the battery bank, converter, and supervisory systems were custom-designed to meet the specific requirements of the laboratory. The laboratory has proven itself as a robust tool for conducting studies on microgrids, effectively incorporating essential components, addressing pertinent system issues, and allowing for several tests on converting control algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, a pronounced transition to the exploitation of renewable energy sources has be observed worldwide, driven by current climate concerns and the scarcity of conventional fuels. However, this paradigm shift is accompanied by new challenges for existing power systems. Therefore, the hosting capacity must be exhaustively assessed in order to maximize the penetration of distributed generation while mitigating any adverse impact on the electrical grid in terms of voltage and the operational boundaries of the equipment. In this regard, multiple aspects must be addressed in order to maintain the proper functioning of the system following the new installations' capacities. This paper introduces a sequential methodology designed to determine the maximum hosting capacity of a power system through the optimal allocation of both active and reactive power. To achieve this goal, an Improved Salp Swarm Algorithm is proposed, aiming to establish the appropriate operational planning of the power grid considering extensive distributed generation integration, while still ensuring a safe operation. The case study validates the relevance of the proposed model, demonstrating a successful enhancement of hosting capacity by 14.5% relative to standard models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In view of the existing literature, only the optimization operation of hydrogen energy–wind/light new energy is considered, and the research problems such as comprehensive utilization of water resources and load control strategies are ignored. Based on the analysis of load characteristics of offshore wind power, this paper has established an optimal operation model of power‐fresh water energy system based on "wind‐hydrogen‐water‐electricity" interaction. Meanwhile, an electrolytic hydrogen individual load control strategy is proposed to match wind power fluctuations from the perspective of internal load regulation of electrolytic hydrogen system. From the economic characteristics, operation characteristics, accommodation situation and other simulation analysis, it can reduce the total operating cost by about 3.1%, improve the utilization rate of electrolytic cell capacity, and meet the water demand of coastal users. It shows that the individual control strategy and optimal operation model have advantages, which is of great significance for realizing low‐carbon, safe, and economical operation of power grid in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the deregulation of electricity market in distribution systems, renewable distributed generations (RDG) are being invested in by third-party social capital, such as distributed generations operators (DGOs) and load aggregators (LAs). However, their arbitrary RDG investment and electricity trading behavior can bring great challenges to distribution system planning. In this paper, to reduce distribution system investment, a distribution system expansion planning model based on a bi-level Stackelberg game is proposed for the distribution system operator (DSO) to guide this social capital to make suitable RDG investment. In the proposed model, DSO is the leader, while DGOs and LAs are the followers. In the upper level, the DSO determines the expansion planning scheme including investments in substations and lines, and optimizes the variables provided for followers, such as RDG locations and contract prices. In the lower level, DGOs determine the RDG capacity and electricity trading strategy based on the RDG locations and contract prices, while LAs determine the RDG capacity, demand response and electricity trading strategy based on contract prices. The capacity information of the DRG is sent to the DSO for decision-making on expansion planning. To reduce the cost and risk of multiple agents, two long-term renewable energy contracts are introduced for the electricity trading. Conditional value-at-risk method is used to quantify the RDG investment risk of DGOs and LAs with different risk preferences. The effectiveness of the proposed model and method is verified by studies using the Portugal 54-bus system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is very important in daily life. The smart power system provides an energy management system using various techniques. Among other load types, campus microgrids are very important, and they consume large amounts of energy. Energy management systems in campus prosumer microgrids have been addressed in different works. A comprehensive study of previous works has not reviewed the architecture, tools, and energy storage systems of campus microgrids. In this paper, a survey of campus prosumer microgrids is presented considering their energy management schemes, optimization techniques, architectures, storage types, and design tools. The survey is comprised of one decade of past works for a true analysis. In the optimization techniques, deterministic and metaheuristic methods are reviewed considering their pros and cons. Smart grids are being installed in different campuses all over the world, and these are considered the best alternatives to conventional power systems. However, efficient energy management techniques and tools are required to make these grids more economical and stable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Energy is one of the most important topics in the world today and is considered as one of the most effective factors for the development of countries. Due to the limitation of non-renewable energy sources and undesirable effects of consuming these resources on the environment, the strategy of countries has changed towards the use of renewable energy. Renewable energy sources do not decrease over time and operate independently of price fluctuations and are more available, thus being able to play a greater role in modern power systems. Therefore, the optimal location and use of these resources will have an impact on modifying the parameters of the power grid. In this paper an analytical approach for optimal placement and sizing of distributed generation (DG) in power distribution networks to minimize the power loss, bus voltage limits, DG capacity limits, current limits, and DG penetration limit. In the first step, determines the DG capacity causing maximum benefit at different buses, and then selects the best location for DG placement which corresponds to highest benefit in the buses. This method is applicable for sizing and siting of single as well as multiple DG units. The coot bird optimization method (CBOM) is proposed for solving optimal placement, size, and power factor (PF) of DG in distribution network. The suggested method is tested on the IEEE 33-bus, 69-bus, Distribution Networks. The proposed CBOM method has good performance to find optimal placement, size, and PF of DG and it can be applied for various distribution system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Future power distribution networks will include a significant amount of renewable distributed generation (DG). To increase the system power factor (SPF) and voltage profile (VP) by including DG in the distribution networks, this research proposes a unique approach backed by genetic algorithms (GA) and monte carlo simulation (MCS). Models of constant power (P), constant current (I), and constant impedance (Z) loads (ZIP–LMs). A 75-bus distribution network has been used to test the suggested methodology. From the perspective of minimizing the real power loss of the system, this paper considered the DG consolidated in the distributed networks (DNs) with ZIP–LMs for the enhancement of the SPF and VP by applying a hybrid GA–MCS. The people who work on the subject of integrating renewable energy sources with grids will also benefit from this study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the growth of renewable energies and the need for sustainable electrical energy, AC microgrids (MGs) have been the subject of intense research. Medium voltage MGs will soon have a special place in the power industry. This paper uses a new and effective control scheme for islanded inverter-based medium voltage MGs using the master-slave (MS) technique. The controllers only need local measurements. The designed controls are based on adaptive input-output feedback linearization control (AIOFLC). These controls have a high-performance response, and are robust against some uncertainties and disturbances. The use of the designed control scheme makes the output voltage of distributed generation (DG) sources have negligible harmonics. Besides, the generated voltage and active/reactive powers track their references effectively. The model of the inverter-based DGs is considered in a stationary reference frame, and there is no need for any coordinate frame transformation. The control method presented in this paper can be used for MGs with any number of inverter-based DGs and parallel inverters. The effectiveness of the proposed control scheme is evaluated by simulation in SIMULINK/MATLAB environment and compared with that of feedback linearization control (FLC) and conventional sliding mode control (CSMC). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently, power electronics and AC machine drive systems are employed in numerous areas, such as in industrial processes, consumer electronics, electric vehicles (EVs), renewable-energy-source (RES)-based distributed generation (DG) systems, and electric power generation systems. As RESs such as wind and solar are attracting relatively more attention due to environmental issues caused by fossil fuel use, various RESs have been integrated into the utility grid (UG) as DG systems. As a result, the concept of a microgrid (MG), which constructs an electrical power system with DGs, energy storage systems (ESSs), and loads, has emerged. Recently, the DG-based MG has been regarded as a promising and flexible technology for those involved in constructing electric power systems. This article presents future technology and recent developments in applied power electronics. In this Special Issue, "The Recent Development of Power Electronics and AC Machine Drive Systems", four papers were published highlighting recent developments in this field. In addition, other topics beyond the coverage of the published articles are highlighted by a guest editor to address other trends and future topics related to the Special Issue. Through an in-depth investigation of recent development trends, this article seeks to encourage related studies in power electronics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To cope with the increasing energy demand, power systems, especially distribution networks, face many challenges. Recently, these networks have become complex and large, and their stability and reliability are not easy to be handled. The integration of renewable energy resources and at the same time limiting their accompanied high fault currents is one of the approvable suggestions. Many solutions have appeared to restrict the fault currents, but fault current limiters (FCLs) arise as an efficient and promising solution to whether to interrupt or limit the fault currents to allowable limits. This paper presents a literature review of the integration of renewable energy resources as distributed generation units (DGs) and FCLs in distribution networks. The DGs can be categorized based on their size and ability to deliver active or reactive power in addition to their fuel. All of solar, wind, water, biomass, geothermal, and fuel cell are utilized as the main engine for these units. Additionally, a survey about FCLs is provided, including their diverse types and applications in either medium- or low-voltage networks. FCLs are divided into reactor, pyrotechnic, non-superconducting (solid state), and the last-developed ones, superconducting FCLs. In addition, the implemented optimization techniques are summarized to correctly employ both FCLs and DGs. These techniques vary between classical and modern, whereas more methods are developed to suit the renewable energy intermittence and uncertainty and the power system operators' aspirations. Moreover, in this paper, the optimal allocation of diverse types of DGs correlated with FCLs is presented and applied to the real Egyptian distribution network of the East Delta Network (EDN). The results show the avails obtained where the power losses are significantly reduced, with respect to the total load, from 3.59% in the initial case to 0.296%. In addition, the fault current returns to its initial value, removing the percentage of increase of 20.93%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) are a very essential part of the automobile industry and play a vital role in the development of the economy of a country. Due to their eco-friendly nature and lower operating cost, EVs have acquired great attention globally. Almost all leading automobile manufacturers are developing costefficient EVs. However, with the increase in the number of EVs day by day, the need for efficient charging stations to deliver economical charging needs to be developed. To charge these EVs from the conventional grids is an additional burden on these grids as more electricity will be required to charge these EVs, which may result in incremental energy production as well as the energy cost for the general consumers. These days, increasing the number of EVs can bring sustainability problems in Pakistan as the considered country already facing the worst electrical energy crisis in the last ten years. For this purpose, we must require some alternate methods for charging the EVs charging to avoid overloading on existing grids. The use of renewable energy resources (RERs) is an effective solution to tackle this shortage of power. Therefore, in this paper, a cost-effective solution is proposed by hybridizing the different types of RERs to charge the EVs from the charging station. A different combination of RERs is used as case studies for a specific area of Pakistan named Kallar Kahar. Simulation is performed on MATLAB/Simulink and energy cost is being compared for different case studies. The proposed hybrid power system used approximately 50% wind, 40% solar, and 10% biogas as RERs. The results show that case 4 is best among all which provides yearly power production of 375,220 kWh at a net annual cost of 43,174.06$/year while the net annual cost to provide the same power with the grid is 59,304$/year. There is a 1.37% reduction in the overall annual cost of the proposed charging station as compared to the utility grid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Featured Application: Grid Connected Inverter. As the proportion of distributed generation (DG), including Photovoltaic (PV) generation, in the power grid system increases, there are dropouts of large-scale distributed power generation sources due to some transient conditions that negatively affect the power grid stability and power quality. Accordingly, the inverter for DG generation is in a transition period, requiring more complex control performance. Anti-islanding function requirements in particular are becoming more strict because sophisticated grid-connection requirements are demanded, such as voltage ride-through, frequency ride-through, rate of change of frequency, and other functions. Thus, highly advanced anti-islanding methods are required to detect the islanding condition quickly and accurately to stop the inverter. This paper presents the improved anti-islanding method based on reactive power variation (RPV) under grid-support environments for single-phase DG inverters. In order to verify the validity of the proposed method, PSIM simulation was conducted. The proposed method meets the requirements of IEEE Std. 1547-2018 and KS C 8564:2021 by preventing islanding within 0.007 s under the newly adopted voltage/frequency trip setting, while the conventional RPV method fails. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The rapid growth in renewable energy-based distributed generation has raised serious concerns about the grid's stability. Due to the intrinsic rotor inertia and damping feature and the voltage (reactive power) control ability, traditional bulk power plants, which are dominated by synchronous generators (SG), can readily sustain system instability. However, converter-based renewable energy sources possess unique properties, such as stochastic real and reactive power output response, low output impedance, and little or no inertia and damping properties, leading to frequency and voltage disturbance in the grid. To overcome these issues, the concept of virtual synchronous generators (VSG) is introduced, which aims to replicate some of the characteristics of the traditional synchronous generators using a converter control technique to supply more inertia virtually. This paper reviews the fundamentals, different topologies, and a detailed VSG structure. Moreover, a VSG-based frequency control scheme is emphasized, and the paper focuses on the different topologies of VSGs in the microgrid frequency regulation task. Then, the characteristics of the control systems and applications of the virtual synchronous generators are described. Finally, the relevant critical issues and technical research challenges are presented, and future trends related to this subject are highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the significantly rising demand for alternate energy resources like renewable sources, the power demands are fulfilled at reduced expenses, and increased efficiency. Despite these alternate generation techniques, there are still considerable challenges in controlling and working Microgrids (MG's) configured in DC and AC. Hybrid Micro-Grids (HMGs) are developed particularly for overcoming the effective power regulation difficulties encountered in standalone MGs by combining the advantages of individual AC and DC configurations. Since microgrids are equipped with power electronic interfaces, unlike the conventional system, maintaining voltage stability, frequency stability, and optimal power management is challenging and requires a different approach. This paper attempts to analyze various stability issues in existing systems and the control methods employed in prior works for a better understanding and management of HMG systems. It also presents a comparative study of related works in terms of their control techniques and achieved performance. The paper further discusses various research challenges prevailing in this field thereby providing an insight into the development of better control methods and techniques for resolving various stability issues in HMG for better management and supporting future applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article concerns the energy security of a wastewater treatment process caused by unforeseen situations related to the risk of electrical power outages. In this case, renewable energy sources based on distributed generation power systems can solve this problem in each wastewater treatment plant. The article highlights e related challenges and proposes the direction of solutions in this regard based on Czech conditions. The first part of the paper deals with the consequences of long-term outage of wastewater treatment plants on the population and the environment. There are several solutions presented for blackout conditions, and model calculations are made based on data from a Czech wastewater treatment plant. Diesel engine-generators, biogas as a cogeneration source of heat and electricity, solar panels with storage systems and combined biogas and solar systems were considered as approaches to provide energy autonomy during a blackout in a wastewater treatment plant. Special attention was paid to a combination of CHP units with solar panels and batteries. The results were evaluated for three different locations for this combination. It was concluded that biogas combustion in the CHP unit was the most profitable option, allowing the production of electricity independently of the grid for its own consumption and possibly for other operations. The last part of the paper deals with the transition to island operation, which must occur during a blackout. This transition is more difficult for both solar panels and cogeneration units if they were to supply electricity to the grid before a blackout. The transition to energy island operation could be ensured by frequency relay and processor devices to control the circuit breaker. Then, to maintain island operation, it would be necessary to have an automatic load shedding/application system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes an improved Bacterial Foraging Optimization for economically optimal dispatching of the microgrid. Three optimized steps are presented to solve the slow convergence, poor precision, and low efficiency of traditional Bacterial Foraging Optimization. First, the self-adaptive step size equation in the chemotaxis process is present, and the particle swarm velocity equation is used to improve the convergence speed and precision of the algorithm. Second, the crisscross algorithm is used to enrich the replication population and improve the global search performance of the algorithm in the replication process. Finally, the dynamic probability and sine-cosine algorithm are used to solve the problem of easy loss of high-quality individuals in dispersal. Quantitative analysis and experiments demonstrated the superiority of the algorithm in the benchmark function. In addition, this study built a multi-objective microgrid dynamic economic dispatch model and dealt with the uncertainty of wind and solar using the Monte Carlo method in the model. Experiments show that this model can effectively reduce the operating cost of the microgrid, improve economic benefits, and reduce environmental pollution. The economic cost is reduced by 3.79% compared to the widely used PSO, and the economic cost is reduced by 5.23% compared to the traditional BFO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article offers an overview of distributed generation (DG) in distribution systems (DS). The primary goal of this study is to assess the performance of DGs in DS. Due to the rise in electrical energy consumption, it is anticipated that DG sources would be essential to DS. Future power generating networks have a bright outlook on consideration of DG's potential for utilising alternative energy sources. The quality of power systems is a crucial concern for energy providers and consumers. In order to decrease reliance on fossil fuels for the production of electricity, distributed generations are gaining importance in the energy supply networks in many countries. Distributed generators are small units that generate electricity close to customer sites. These DGs use renewable energy methods such as wind energy, solar energy and geothermal energy. The incorporation of DGs into a conventional power supply system evolves in a number of side effects, including an increase in the number of short circuits, higher power losses, a decrease in the quality of the energy produced, voltage transients, problems with voltage stability, coordination issues regarding voltage regulation and protection, the possibility that system protection will not function correctly, and the fact that there is less residual current input as a result of the DG bidirectional power flows. This review paper discusses the impacts of the penetration of DG into DS and provides various strategies to mitigate these effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The electromagnetic frequency regulator (EFR) device has proven to be an attractive solution for driving grid-connected electrical generators in distributed generation (DG) systems based on renewable energy sources (RES). However, the dynamic characteristic of the EFR has not yet been discussed for cases where its parameters vary from the nominal values. To evaluate this issue, this paper proposes a method for transient and steady-state performance analysis applied to the EFR device considering parametric variations. To perform this analysis, a dynamic model of the EFR device is derived, and its dynamic characteristics are discussed. Based on this model, the system's controller gains are designed by using the root-locus method (RLM) to obtain the desired dynamic performance. Then, a sensitivity analysis of the closed-loop poles under the effect of parameters variation is performed. In addition, the paper also presents an analysis of the EFR-based system operating with the designed controllers. The proposed theoretical analysis is assessed using simulation and experimental results. The simulation program was developed using a Matlab/Simulink platform, while the experimental results were obtained through a laboratory setup emulating the EFR-based system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric microgrids based mainly on renewable energies have seen a big expansion in recent years due to the great advantages they present against fossil fuels. Nowadays different governments are becoming aware of the use of environmentally friendly energies, so progressive investment has been granted to the consumers in Spain. Many microgrids have been installed in both connected and isolated circumstances, and this fact brings new challenges regarding the technical and economic points of view. This study aims to delve into electrical microgrids based on renewable energies applied in industrial facilities through a review of the literature associated with the study of general microgrids. It later focuses on the relationships between renewable energies and industrial environments. A brief reference is made to the use of energy storage systems in industrial installations depicting the most used systems. This paper presents a review of the state of the art of microgrids from distributed energy resources technologies to industrial microgrids optimization, with the primary objective of providing insight on current trends and directions in research and further identifying areas in need of further development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents a mechanism for active power sharing among multiple dispatchable and distributed generation units within a micro grid comprising one or multiple interconnections with the main grid. Ideally, a micro grid should act as a constant load or a constant voltage source when connected to the main grid. However, to achieve ideal operation, natural load variations and the intermittency of renewable energy sources within the microgrid need to be adequately and timely compensated for by dispatchable power sources. While several control algorithms have been reported in the literature to achieve ideal microgrid operation, the majority of the proposed methods assumed a micro grid with a single interconnection to the main grid. In the real world, micro grids may have to maintain multiple live links with the main grid for several technical and operational reasons such as reliability, power-dispatch restriction, and operational limitations requirements. Therefore, a new method of active power sharing is proposed in this paper, which is equally effective for micro grids with one or multiple grid connections. The robustness of the proposed method is examined under different microgrid operating conditions. The results reveal the flexibility of the proposed method to adapt under various real-world operating conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Integration of renewable energy sources into a distribution system requires adjustments and improvement of the existing relay protection systems. Application of the three‐phase reclosing in radial distribution networks often leads to the island operation of the distributed power generation, which causes the generator's disconnection from the network. The application of the upgraded single‐phase reclosing technique, which is proposed in this paper, enables a partial transfer of energy into the electric power system during the temporary fault. Thus, it contributes to the maintenance of the distributed generator transient stability during temporary faults in the distribution network. Improvement of single‐phase reclosing technique is reflected in the adaptation to eliminate various types of faults that may occur. The analyses include different operation conditions and stability requirements of distributed generators. The proposed solution is presented in the paper by example of different types of distributed generation: a small hydropower plant with a synchronous generator that is directly connected to the distribution network, and a wind power plant with double fed induction generator and photovoltaic systems. The results of the analyses are presented in the form of dynamic simulations performed by DIgSILENT PowerFactory software using IEEE 33‐bus model of distribution network. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With an electrical grid shifting toward Distributed Generation (DG), the emerging use of renewable energy resources is continuously creating challenges to maintain an acceptable electrical power quality thought-out the grid; Therefore, in an energy market where loads are becoming more and more sensitive in a distributed generation filled with polluting nonlinear loads, power quality improvement devices such Active Power Filters (APFs) have to evolve to meet the new standards, since theirs conventional control strategies can't properly operate when multiple power quality problems happens at once, even the one using AI based control as it will be proven in this paper. In this paper a neural network based Active Power Filter will be tested in a DG environment where both current and voltage harmonics, along with fast frequency variation occurs, we will see how the PLL can downgrade its performances enormously under such hostile conditions, We propose to solve this problem by replacing the conventional PLL with a nonlinear least square (NLS) frequency estimator, this novel NLS-ADALINE SAPF is immune in high DG penetration environment, as it will be tested and validated experimentally on an Opal-RT OP5600 FPGA based real-time simulator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Recently, distributed generation using renewable energy sources such as photovoltaic (PV) generation has increased in power systems to solve environmental problems and resource exhaustion problems. However, conventional reliability evaluation methods of power systems cannot easily evaluate power systems with massive penetration of PV. The methods may not accurately evaluate overload exceeding system capacity, expansion of voltage phase difference between adjacent power systems, and voltage violation resulting from a sudden decrease in PV output due to weather conditions. Therefore, this paper proposes a new method to evaluate the supply reliability of power systems by three constraints, namely, capacity constraint, voltage phase difference constraint, and voltage magnitude difference constraint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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The global trends toward increasing clean and sustainable power generation have brought significant changes and developments in electrical distribution networks. The existing passive networks are being restructured to facilitate renewable distributed generations to ensure high degree of reliability of power supply to customers. A distribution system reliability assessment (DSRA) is crucial to analyze the risk and cost associated with power interruptions and take necessary preventive and corrective actions. This paper presents an approach to DSRA and carries out a comprehensive reliability assessment of an active distribution network (ADN) connected with solar, wind, and tidal energy sources. A multi‐state reliability model is developed, combining the Markov and well‐being frameworks to determine the reliability of a network energized by multiple renewable energy sources (RESs). The load point reliability and worth‐oriented indices, namely SAIDI, SAIFI, CAIDI, AENS, EENS, ECOST and IEAR, are evaluated to analyze the impacts of the three RESs on the reliability of the ADN. The paper also proposes two new metrics to estimate the benefits of adding RESs from the reliability worth and cost perspectives. The analyses have been carried out on the Roy Billinton Test System. The results show that the maximum reliability worth and cost benefits can be extracted from a combined operation of multiple RESs. A combination of solar‐wind‐tidal energy sources, therefore, can be an effective solution for countries having long coastlines to fulfill not only the sustainable energy goals but also to improve the grid's reliability and reduce the monetary losses incurred due to customer interruptions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The need for energy has significantly increased in the world in recent years. Various research works were presented to develop Renewable Energy Sources (RESs) as green energy Distributed Generations (DGs) to satisfy this demand. In addition, alleviating environmental problems caused by utilizing conventional power plants is diminished by these renewable sources. The optimal location and size of the DG-RESs significantly affect the performance of Radial Distribution Systems (RDSs) through the fine bus voltage profile, senior power quality, low power losses, and high efficiency. This paper investigates the use of PV (photovoltaic) and (Wind Turbine) WT systems as a DG source in RDSs. This investigation is presented via the optimal location and size of the PV and WT systems, which are the most used DG sources. This optimization problem aims to maximize system efficiency by minimizing power losses and improving both voltage profile and power quality using White Shark Optimization (WSO). This algorithm emulates the attitude of great white sharks when foraging using their senses of hearing and smell. It confirms the balance between exploration and exploitation to discover optimization that is considered as the main advantage of this approach in attaining the global minimum. To assess the suggested approach, three common RDSs are utilized, namely, IEEE 33, 69, and 85 node systems. The results prove that the applied WSO approach can find the best location and size of the RESs to reduce power loss, ameliorate the voltage profile, and outlast other recent strategies. Adding more units provides a high percentage of reducing losses by at least 93.52% in case of WTs, rather than 52.267% in the case of PVs. Additionally, the annual saving increased to USD 74,371.97, USD 82,127.257, and USD 86,731.16 with PV penetration, while it reached USD 104,872.96, USD 116,136.57, and USD 155,184.893 with WT penetration for the 33, 69, and 85 nodes, respectively. In addition, a considerable enhancement in the voltage profiles with the growth of PV and WT units was confirmed. The ability of the suggested WSO for feasible implementation was validated and inspected by preserving the restrictions and working constraints. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Renewable energy resources (RES) have become multiple, which made the world interested in developing them because of their continuity, relieving pressure on fossil fuels, as well as the environmental impact. Using RERs will lessen reliance on conventional fossil fuel-based electrical power generation and is more ecologically friendly and eternally sustainable. In this paper, modelling of several renewable energy resources (RERs) including photovoltaic solar (PV), wind, hydro power, geothermal, biofuel, and battery power storage is presented. Modeling of these sources is very important because of their impact on the smart grid and because of their variable nature and different from the components of the traditional electrical network. For battery, the battery storage is very important because many RERs are not fixed in the amount of power generation or they are not sufficient for the loads. For hydro power, Water flows at different rates, small hydropower generators operate at different speeds. For geothermal, geothermal thermal energy includes drawing steam or warm water from wells buried kilometers under the surface of the Earth which is constantly changing. Burning a variety of biomass fuels, which after combustion are transformed into various kinds of energy, can provide sustainable biomass energy that is also unstable. This paper discusses the modelling of all of these resources as well as their benefits and drawbacks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The advent of distributed renewable energy sources (DRESs) has led to the progressive transformation of traditional distribution networks to active components of the power system. This transformation, however, may jeopardize the reliable grid operation due to the advent of new technical problems, such as network overloading, over-/under-voltage events, abnormal frequency deviation and dynamic instability. In this challenging scenery, the installation of a modern measuring infrastructure has created new sources of data and information that facilitate the provision of ancillary services (ASs) via measurement-based analysis. The ACTIVATE (ancillary services in active distribution networks based on monitoring and control techniques) project aims to design innovative AS solutions for power system operators. These solutions aim to tackle the technical issues emerged by the ever-increasing DRES penetration and their volatile nature. In this context, in ACTIVATE, a holistic system is proposed comprising centralized and decentralized control features to enhance the overall network performance. Additionally, a network monitoring system is designed to support a number of online and offline dynamic analysis applications by exploiting measurements obtained at the transmission, primary and secondary distribution network. This paper presents a validation of the overall system, which is performed by using simulation and power-hardware-in-the-loop results in combined transmission and distribution network models. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The optimal operation analysis plays an important role in estimating the expected return of investment for power systems. However, this work could be highly challenging under the context of active distribution network, where a variety of renewable energy sources and emerging active loads (such as Internet data centers) could be penetrated that introduce a high level of nonlinearity and nonconvexity characteristics into the system modeling. To overcome such challenge, this paper presents a new methodological framework based on the improvements of symbiotic organisms search (SOS) algorithm to address the optimal operation problem of active distribution systems containing renewable energy sources and datacenter resources, aiming to provide a practical tool for system analysis, particularly subject to nonconvexity nature of system components. For this purpose, a generic model for the distribution system including wind power, PV, and datacenter resources is first developed, which not only captures the uncertain nature of system components but also accounts for their spatiotemporal flexibility during operation. On this basis, in order to improve the computation efficiency of the problem, the SOS algorithm is improved by designing the selection strategy of random parameters. By using the penalty function method, the concerned problem is expressed as a nonlinear unconstrained optimization problem. The performance of the proposed model and algorithm is examined through comparative studies. It is shown that the proposed method is able to schedule the renewable energy resources and flexible demand of datacenters coordinately to reduce the operation cost of the system significantly in the case study. In addition, the proposed algorithm demonstrates a higher level of accuracy as well as better convergence efficiency compared to other conventional techniques. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The inclusion of renewable energy sources in a distribution system to form a dispersed or decentralized generation network has gained tremendous progress in recent years. The architecture of the distribution system has the potential to serve as a microgrid during an islanding operation connected directly to the load center while excited fully by renewable technologies. This paper deals with planning and designing of a medium voltage power distribution system in a rural area of Pakistan affluent with abundant reserves of renewable sources of electricity. Two types of distribution system architectures, namely radial and ring systems, are simulated using a power flow algorithm with three types of renewable generation technologies: solar, wind, and biogas. The theoretical study involves realistic parameters such as total houses, estimated load, distance of the load from proposed generation site, solar irradiance, wind speed, and biogas reserves. As a result, transformer losses, line losses, power factor, and voltage profile across the load are evaluated for both system types and compared. It is concluded that the ring system maintains better voltage profile, higher power factor, and less transformer and line losses as compared to the radial system. All the relevant construction details together with the electrical and operational parameters of the power system need to be processed accurately in a computer program. Such a program has been modeled as part of this research with embedded methods and conditions outlined in this paper. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The scarcity of water resources on the island of Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, Spain) is such that 88% of the water supply for human consumption comes from seawater desalination plants. This type of process has a high specific energy consumption. Gran Canaria has an isolated electrical system of low robustness. In this paper, a geothermal plant is designed and integrated into a system that already has non-dispatchable renewable generation (wind and photovoltaic) in order to meet, based on a self-consumption regime, the energy demand of a high-capacity desalination plant. The aim is for the diversified renewable system to improve the stability and management of renewable electrical energy generation. Geothermal plant production can adapt to the energy balance between demand and non-dispatchable renewable generation. The geothermal plant's design is based on an organic Rankine cycle and its resulting power is 4.16 MW. Its integration in the renewable generation system significantly improves the contribution of renewables in meeting the desalination plant's energy demand and therefore reducing its dependency on the island's electrical system. The mean cost of electrical energy generation with the diversified renewable system is 57.37 EUR/MWh, considerably lower than the mean cost of conventional generation on Gran Canaria of 153.9 EUR/MWh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A microgrid (MG) comprises a low-voltage network with several microsources, critical and noncritical loads, and energy storage systems (ESSs). It can operate in the grid-connected or islanded modes. In islanded mode, the voltage and frequency of the MG should be controlled by different distributed energy resources (DERs). This paper focuses on the analysis of frequency stability in an autonomous MG with renewable energy sources. In this paper, colonial competitive algorithms are used to design the DERs controllers in a cooperative manner that these controllers can keep the MG stable. Artificial neural network tool trained by Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm is used to generate controlling signal for every controller to keep the frequency and voltage in a desired range. This paper investigates a new optimal control solution for maintaining the frequency stability in the MG, by using a combination of an ESS and load-shedding procedure. The cooperative game theory is used in this paper to model the interaction among different DERs, ESSs, and loads. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles (EVs) have enormous promise for the development of future transportation systems. The widespread use of EVs could negatively impact how power systems operate, particularly at the distribution level. Therefore, smart charging techniques are essential to increasing EV adoption in general. The connection between the electricity grid and the transportation network is made at electric vehicle charging stations (EVCS), and both networks will be simultaneously impacted by the operational behaviour of EVs. Therefore,  EVCS must be placed in a distribution network in the best possible way. In this paper, an efficient and smart charging approach is formulated to schedule the charging of electric vehicles so that adverse effects like an increase in peak demand for the system and the cost of charging electric vehicles are minimized. The EV  load model is formulated by considering factors such as the state of charge, trip distance travelled, and the user’s charging behaviour. The proposed electric charging schedule reduces the peak load and optimizes the cost of charging. Different types of EVs are considered based on their usage patterns for making realistic problem formulations. The smart charging technique presented in this work reduces the peak demand by 30% and the cost of charging by 50%. In addition, EVCS placement is implemented alongside distributed generation on IEEE 33 and 69 bus systems to reduce power losses and improve the voltage profile by using a metaheuristic algorithm known as Jaya Algorithm. The effectiveness of the proposed algorithm is established by comparing the results with published work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increased distributed generation (DG) integration into power system via power electronic devices results in a reduction in the total equivalent inertia of power grid utility, which lead to serve frequency stability and performance degradation of the power system. To facilitate the penetration of DG into the power grid utility, improved control schemes of the power electronics converter based DG are required to improve the system stability when it is dominated by DG based inverter. A virtual synchronous generator (VSG) approach is suggested, which consists in controlling the static power converter to mimic the essential dynamic behavior of the conventional synchronous generator. The main objective of this paper is to review the most recent topologies of virtual inertia control. Along this work, a detail description of each topology is presented. In addition, VSG control equations given voltage and frequency control is explained in detail. The VSG problems and future research on VSG control are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Power quality (PQ) becomes a more and more pressing issue for the operation stability of power systems with renewable energy sources. An important aspect of PQ monitoring of distribution networks is to compare the PQ indicators in different operating conditions. This paper evaluates the impact of a microgrid implementation in a real distribution network on power quality indicators at the point of common coupling in an LV network. The study includes a classical assessment of the long-term PQ parameters according to the EN 50160 standard, such as nominal frequency deviations, voltage RMS variations, voltage fluctuations (represented by long-term flicker severity), voltage unbalance and total harmonic distortion. The PQ evaluation is extended in statistical assessment based on cluster analysis. The case study contains 5 weeks of power quality observation results obtained at the assessment point in two different working conditions of the distribution system: before and after implementing the microgrid. The study allows establishing general conclusions regarding a microgrid interconnection in order not to exceed power quality limits and considering the influence of photovoltaic generation on power quality parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Increasing the penetration level (PL) of renewable energy in the distribution power grids has the potential of fulfilling growing energy demands and curtailing fossil fuel usage along with its economic and technical benefits. Nevertheless, the quantity of electricity supplied to customers cannot be permitted to take precedence over its quality. This is because the high penetration of the renewable-based power generation comes at the cost of power quality deterioration, especially at the point of common coupling (PCC), owing to nonlinear characteristics of renewable-based distributed generation (DG) systems and pre-contamination of modern distribution grids. So, the role of power quality (PQ) improvement technologies inevitably comes into the picture when the required level of renewable energy penetration is constrained by any of the grid PQ performance indices. Passive power filters (PPFs) have proven to be a very successful solution for increasing the harmonic-constrained penetration level (HC-PL) of renewable energy in power systems. However, there is a scarcity of information on how to choose between various passive filters to meet high penetration objective. The purpose of this paper is to look into the problem of filter type selection. The designing of different PPF types is formulated as an optimization problem with an objective to enhance the penetration of a renewable DG system in a distorted distribution power grid and solved by the firefly algorithm (FA). A comprehensive assessment of common PPF types, in terms of effectiveness in increasing renewable energy penetration in a harmonically polluted distribution grid along with their economic aspects, is performed. The simulation results show that the filters under consideration can be ranked from best to worst as composite type, third-order damped, C-type, second-order damped and single-tuned (ST) ones in terms of their performance on the percentage penetration level enhancement of renewable energy. While in terms of per-unit cost, the highest percentage enhancement in penetration is obtained by the ST filter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ancillary services that could be provided by the distributed generators and the energy storage systems are expected to give great added value to the microgrid-based smart grid topologies. These services must be integrated into the control system of the microgrids. In this paper, the pseudo-state-of-charge concept is introduced to improve energy storage management. Additionally, a noninvasive-to-the-inverter PV-plant control strategy, based on the remote control of PV-strings actuators, is presented and applied on a microgrid-based smart grid topology. The operation of the microgrid with the improved control infrastructure and the iterative algorithm is compared, in terms of reliability, to a microgrid with a different control strategy and topology. The experimental results highlight the advantages of the developed strategy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aiming at effective power management in microgrids with high penetration of renewable energy sources (RESs), this paper proposes a simple power control for the so-called second-generation, single-phase electric springs (ES-2), which overcomes the shortcomings of the existing ES control methods. By the proposed control, the unpredictable power generated from RESs is divided into two parts, i.e., the one absorbed by the ES-2 that still varies and the other injected into the grid that is controllable by a simple and accurate signal manipulation that works both at steady-state and during RES transients. It is believed that such a control is suitable for the distributed power generation, especially at domestic homes. In this paper, the proposed control is supported by a theoretical background. Its effectiveness is at first validated by simulations and then by experiments. To this purpose, a typical RES application is considered, and an experimental setup is arranged, built up around an ES-2 implementing the proposed control. Testing of the setup is carried out in three steps and proves not only the smooth operation of the ES-2 itself, but also its capability in running the application properly. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]

The electric power industry is facing unprecedented transformations and challenges with the implementation of the smart grids. This new grid paradigm has arisen to build a flexible electric power system that better coordinates energy resources and loads aiming at efficiently delivering sustainable, economic and secure electricity supplies. As a part of the smart grids (SGs), microgrids (MGs) have been developed to exploit the full benefits from the integration of distributed energy resources, especially distributed renewable generation based on variable and intermittent sources, such as wind and solar. Nevertheless, meeting all these goal requires the implementation of innovative energy storage technologies integrated with high efficiency and very fast response electronic power conditioning systems to interface with the electrical grid. Power electronics systems play a key role in regulating the raw energy from energy storage systems (ESSs) and connecting to the electrical grid. Hence, this paper performs a comprehensive analysis of major technologies in electrical energy storage systems and their electronic interface for applications in smart grids. The work provides a complete study of the technology profile of both energy storage and power electronics suitable for applications in the evolving grid. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]