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Pima County Department of Transportation is proposing to construct a newly aligned road in Pima County. The realigned road would cross through two previously investigated archaeological sites—AZ AA:12:11 (ASM) and AZ AA:12:788 (ASM), the latter more commonly known as the Rillito Fan site. Pima County Office of Sustainability and Conservation retained SWCA Environmental Consultants to develop and implement a Phase 1 data recovery (data testing) plan for the portions of these two sites that would be affected by the road construction. The purpose of data testing was to locate and identify the archaeological features and deposits that would be adversely affected by the road construction, and to provide the baseline archaeological and geomorphological data that would guide more intensive Phase 2 data recovery excavations. Phase 1 data recovery included the surface collection of culturally or temporally diagnostic or unusual artifacts, and the mechanical excavation of test trenches. Twenty-four artifacts were collected from the surface of AZ AA:12:788 (ASM), most of them decorated pottery sherds. One hundred twenty-three trenches were excavated to a depth of approximately 1.5 m (5 feet) below the modern ground surface; eight of these trenches were subsequently further excavated to about 3.7 m (12 feet) below the modern ground surface, in most cases along only a portion of their length. Almost all of the trenches were 20 m long; a handful of trenches were shorter in order to avoid obstacles such as vegetation. East of the Santa Cruz River, the trenches within the proposed 150-foot-wide ROW were generally spaced 10 m apart, whereas in adjacent areas of the APE where project impacts are not anticipated to be as great, trenches were generally spaced 20 m apart. Only two trenches were excavated west of the river and were placed to avoid the ROW, as well as the easements associated with two large overhead transmission lines. Eighty-four trenches were excavated in or partially within AZ AA:12:788 (ASM), 15 trenches were excavated in or partially within AZ AA:12:11 (ASM), and 24 trenches were excavated outside currently recorded site boundaries to test for the presence of cultural resources not visible on the modern ground surface. This report describes the methods and results of the Phase 1 testing and provides recommendations for Phase 2 data recovery to mitigate the adverse effects of the proposed road construction.

Archaeological data recovery was conducted in the north end of the Frank Luke Addition in the City of Phoenix within a portion of the Hohokam site of La Ciudad, also known as AZ T:12:1 (ASM). This is a report on data recovery conducted in the north end of the project area. The excavations documented a borrow pit reused as a reservoir (Feature 32), an irrigation lateral (Feature 27), a small field house (Feature 29), five extramural pits and thermal features, and two pits containing historic material. Ceramic styles and a single radiocarbon date show the features were in use from the Gila Butte through the Soho phases, with a possible hiatus corresponding to the Middle to Late Sacaton phase. These excavations have contributed information on feature function, period of occupation, ceramic exchange, and have helped define a portion of the site boundary. These data, feature descriptions, artifact and environmental analyses are presented in this document for incorporation with the data that will be generated in the future by the excavation of the remainder of the site.

At the request of the Bureau of Reclamation-Phoenix Area Office, ACS conducted Phase 2 data recovery at the Lake Pleasant Rockshelter site (AZ T:4:150[ASM]), Yavapai County, Arizona. Based on the results of Phase 1 investigations conducted at the site (Pinter et al. 2009), Reclamation determined that potentially significant subsurface cultural deposits were present that could provide important new data on prehistoric, protohistoric, and historic Native American and Euroamerican occupation of the general area. The proposed work plan for Phase 2 (Pinter et al. 2009) was accepted by Reclamation, and was implemented in two sessions due to inclement weather and rising lake levels. The first session occurred in January 2010, followed by a hiatus to allow the lake level to drop and the weather to cool; the second and final session occurred in late September 2010.

The City of Phoenix requested that archaeological work be conducted at the location of the proposed Coral Pointe Apartments Project in Phoenix. The Project is on private property but will receive federal funding so the effects of this undertaking on cultural resources must be considered to comply with section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act. According to the City of Phoenix archaeological site files, several prehistoric canals cross the area of potential effect (APE). Although no site had been recorded in this parcel, the City required testing here due to the likelihood of buried canal features.The testing was done under the existing City-approved Plan, entitled “General Cultural Resources Testing Plan for the City of Phoenix Projects that Involve Prehistoric Canals with the City of Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona” (Stubing and Turner 2007). Buried features were discovered during the testing phase, an archaeological site number was assigned, and subsequent data recovery was conducted. The data recovery was done under an existing City-approved Plan, entitled “General Historic Properties Treatment Plan for Archaeological Projects within the Boundaries of the City of Phoenix, Arizona” (Montero et al. 2008). Archaeological investigations in the project area included 675 linear meters of backhoe trenches and 620 sq m of mechanically stripped areas. Forty one features were identified that included field houses, pits, and canals. Ceramic evidence indicates that this site, AZ T:12:395(ASM), dates to the late Gila Butte and early Santa Cruz phases of the Hohokam Colonial period around A.D. 750-850.

Between April 1998 and April 2005, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) conducted investigations of prehistoric and historic sites along State Route 188 (SR 188; formerly SR 88) from the junction of US 60 to Wheatfields, and from Hicks Wash to Tonto National Monument (TNM) in Gila County. These excavations were carried out under contract to the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) as part of the agency’s reconstruction and realignment of SR 88/188 between the US 60 junction near Globe-Miami and TNM near Roosevelt Lake. Fieldwork was conducted on the Tonto National Forest (Forest) under Forest special-use permits (Authorization Nos. 2034-22, -25, and -26; GLO23, 25, 89, and 90; and TON212) issued by the Forest under authority of the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979 and the Antiquities Act of 1906. Additional fieldwork was conducted on TNM property under a permit (No. IMR-SW-00-1) issued by the National Park Service, under the authority of the Archaeological Resources Protection Act. Fieldwork within the existing ADOT right-of- way was conducted under permits (Nos. 77295, 77524M, 77697M, and 77937M) issued by the ADOT-Globe District Office. In addition, a Forest fire-closure permit was issued to ACS during the summer of 2002. Fieldwork on private land in the US 60 to Wheatfields section was undertaken with permission from BHP Copper (letter dated March 24, 2005) and Phelps Dodge Miami. All fieldwork was performed in accordance with the project’s research design and the site-specific work plans. This final project report is divided into two parts. Part One contains introductory and background materials, the project research design, field and analytic methods, chronometry and the site descriptions (primarily prehistoric) for the US 60 to Wheatfields, Hicks Wash, Resort Road to Devore Wash, and TNM to Resort Road sections. Part Two presents the historic linear and mining-related site descriptions, as well as analytical summaries and a synthesis and conclusions for the historic and prehistoric resources. The latter highlights the contributions of the project results from local and regional perspectives. The 3rd and last document contains Appendices 1-9.

Phase II data recovery was conducted at AZ AA:7:500 (ASM) and AZ AA:12:682 (ASM) on the Villages of Tortolita property after Phase I data recovery revealed the presence of subsurface cultural deposits. Forty-five features were identified during Phase II data recovery at AZ AA:7:500 (ASM), including pit structures, roasting pits, miscellaneous extramural pits, middens, surface rock concentrations, and cremations. At AZ AA:12:682 (ASM), five highly ephemeral, poorly defined features (charcoal stains and a cluster of cobbles) were investigated. Decorated ceramics recovered at AZ AA:7:500 (ASM) from the Pioneer, Colonial, and Sedentary periods were recovered from feature contexts, suggesting a long occupation of the site (ca. A.D. 600-1150); however, the small number of pit structures suggested very low-intensity use of the area over a long period of time. The material culture assemblage offered few surprises, with ceramics, flaked stone, ground stone, faunal remains, paleobotanical remains, and pollen samples highly typical of low-elevation pre-Classic Hohokam sites in the greater Tucson Basin. Because there were only a few Tanque Verde Red-on-brown sherds at AZ AA:12:682(ASM) and because of the badly disturbed features as a result of agricultural activities, very little could be inferred regarding the Classic period human activity in the area between Los Robles and the Marana Mound site.

SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) conducted archaeological data recovery investigations within a portion of AZ AA:12:869 for the Shannon Business Park LLC in compliance with Pima County regulations for a grading permit as required for the construction. Previously, SWCA conducted archaeological testing at the site, which had been completed in October 2000 (Tucker 2000). During testing, much of the site was found to be heavily disturbed due to modern agricultural plowing, but several subsurface features were identified in the southwestern portion of the site. The data recovery work focused on these features, and was conducted between January 8 and January 23, 2001. A total of 26 person-days were expended during data recovery investigations. AZ AA:12:869 (ASM) was originally recorded in 2000 during a survey of the current project area (Kaldahl 2000). Surface artifacts indicated that the site was a Hohokam site consisting of a variable density sherd and lithic scatter that extended over an area approximately 310 x 165 m in size. The density and distribution of the artifacts suggested that the site could have been a small Hohokam habitation. However, the distribution of the artifacts on the surface of the site has been drastically altered due to extensive agricultural activities on the lot, probably including leveling of the field and deep plowing. Archaeological test excavations were undertaken, and 1,450 linear meters of trenches were excavated throughout the site. Seven possible features were identified. The purpose of the present data recovery program was to further explore these features and to mitigate any potential impacts that might occur with commercial construction on the lot. This report summarizes the data recovery excavations at AZ AA:12:869 (ASM), including all detailed analysis that has been conducted. Chapter I of this report introduces the project area and AZ AA:12:869 (ASM), as well as provides a cultural history context for the Tucson Basin. Chapter 2 reports the findings of the data recovery investigations. Chapter 3 contains the results of artifact analyses. Chapter 4 contains the results of the pollen analysis, and Chapter 5 is a detailed study of the micro-invertebrate component of the canal feature. Finally, Chapter 6 synthesizes the data as it relates to the pertinent research questions posed in the data recovery plan. Appendices are included at the end of this report that contain data on ceramic, lithic, ground stone, and radiocarbon analysis.

Between March 27 and June 1, 2001, SWCA Environmental Consultants conducted archaeological investigations at nine archaeological sites on the 920-acre Madera Highlands property owned by Harvard Investments. The property encompasses lower bajada ridges and upper river terraces on the east side of the Santa Cruz River near the towns of Continental and Green Valley, Pima County, Arizona. The SWCA's excavations at Madera Highlands involved testing and data recovery at nine ridgetop sites in the Continental Group. The sites were situated strategically below wild bajada and mountain resources, overlooking arable alluvial fans where washes disgorge from the bajada, and a short distance from irrigable bottom land. Architectural remains at eight small sites represented five or fewer pit houses, but multiple courtyard groups were identified at one large site. The sites were occupied during the Rincon-Tanque Verde transition.

This report presents the results of an archaeological testing and data recovery program conducted in approximately one-half acre of land in central Phoenix, Maricopa County, Arizona. The work was conducted at the request of the City of Phoenix, Neighborhood Services Department under an on-call archaeological services contract between the City and SWCA, Inc. (Contract no. 101005). The archaeological investigations were conducted in advance of the Sojourner Center development project due to a mapped prehistoric canal passing through the project area. This phase of the development is a HUD funded project so compliance with section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act is required. The project was assigned the number PGM 2004-15 by the City of Phoenix Archaeology Section. Files were checked at the Pueblo Grande Museum (PGM) to determine the location of any previous archaeological sites or archaeological work in and around the project area. City of Phoenix employee April Cummings, of the Pueblo Grande Museum, conducted the literature review and provided all supporting and necessary documentation to SWCA. One prehistoric canal was mapped in the project area in the early 20th century as passing through the project area. The testing phase of the project positioned two trenches in order to locate the canal. No canal features were located but an isolated prehistoric pit house with a hearth and plastered floor was documented. Five additional features were documented during the data recovery phase including a field house, two roasting pits, a recent ash lense, and a recent ditch. The three prehistoric features, plus the pit house found during testing, were excavated prior to the proposed redevelopment of this parcel. The prehistoric features appeared to be related to both limited activities associated with agriculture, to long-term residence associated with the nearby village site of La Ciudad, and were part of the general land-use system used by the Hohokam in the Salt River Valley. This site was assigned Arizona State Museum site number AZ T:12:215(ASM).

This is the second of two volumes presenting the results of data recovery investigations at the Dutch Canal Ruin (AZ T:12:62 [ ASM]), conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., at the western end of the North Runway, Phoenix Sky Harbor International Airport. The Dutch Canal Ruin is a prehistoric agricultural site, dating between 1,700 and 500 years ago, consisting of fieldhouses and farmsteads scattered along a network of canals on the geological floodplain of the Salt River. The first volume (Henderson, ed. 2003) presented site-specific results of the Sky Harbor Airport (SHA) North Runway Expansion project. Descriptions of features and data recovery methods, analyses of artifacts and biological remains, and a synthesis that elucidates the activities of prehistoric farmers at the Dutch Canal Ruin are included there. The current volume, in contrast, includes an assortment of specialized studies whose ultimate purpose was to enhance our ability to interpret and understand the prehistoric past. This chapter provides background for the direction of SHA research and context for the specific studies.

Northland Research, Inc. (Northland) has completed archaeological data recovery within the prehistoric site of La Villa [AZ T:12:148(ASM)], in downtown Phoenix, for SCS Engineers. Archaeological investigations occurred between May 21 and July 23, 2003. A total of 351 historic and prehistoric cultural features were exposed as a result of investigations. A total of 110 of these features were either completely excavated, or sample excavated, during Northland’s investigations; a total of 31% of the features exposed were thus systematically treated. On the basis of these investigations, human use of the area where the prehistoric site of La Villa is located spanned the prehistoric period from ca. A.D. 500 to A.D. 950. Modern use of the site further spanned the period from the early 1900’s to the latter decades of the 20th century.

Northland Research, Inc. (Northland) has completed archaeological testing at seven sites along a proposed natural-gas pipeline at the request of the Salt River Project (SRP). The purpose of the testing was to determine the extent and eligibility status of the seven sites for the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP). Two of the sites, AZ U:10:2(ASM) and AZ U:14:74(ASM), have been previously determined NRHP eligible based on their potential to inform on the prehistory of the region, but additional testing was required to determine the presence and extent of subsurface features within the proposed pipeline corridor (Lindly and Mitchell 2002b:41). The eligibility status of the five remaining sites could not be determined based on surface evidence alone. Additional testing was therefore recommended at AZ U:15:248(ASM), AZ U:15:249(ASM), AZ U:14:54(ASM), AZ U:14:361(ASM), and AZ AA:2:131(ASM) to determine if intact subsurface remains were present (Lindly and Mitchell 2002b:42). The following report documents the results of Northland’s testing program at the seven sites along the SRP pipeline corridor (Figure 1). In addition, the results of a small survey of Temporary Construction Easements (TCE) and realignments of the pipeline corridor are presented. Archaeological testing at the seven sites was conducted under Arizona Antiquities Act Project Specific Permit No. 2003-068ps. The TCE surveys were conducted under Arizona State Museum (ASM) permit No. 2003-14bl. Portions of the sites that were tested are located on lands that are privately owned or under the jurisdiction of the Arizona State Land Department (ASLD). Fieldwork was conducted between 24 February and 22 April, 2003. Douglas Craig served as Principal Investigator and Project Director for the project; David Hart served as Field Director. Artifacts collected on the project were analyzed by James Cogswell and Douglas Craig. This is a review draft.

The Tonto Creek Archaeological Project (TCAP), funded by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT), was conducted by Desert Archaeology, Inc., in advance of the 1994-1996 realignment of Arizona State Route 188 in the Tonto Basin of east-central Arizona. From 1992 to 1996, portions of 27 archaeological sites were investigated. Site components ranged in date from the Middle Archaic period to the Late Historic era. Most dated to the Colonial, Sedentary, and early Classic periods, circa A.D. 750-1325. A total of 108 pithouse, pitroom, and mason surface structures were excavated, as well as numerous other cultural features. These are discussed in Anthropological Papers No. 22, which contains the site and non-mortuary feature descriptions as well as background information on project methods, chronology, and the local environment. More than 300 burials were recovered, with early Classic inhumations accounting for nearly 90 percent of the sample. The burial descriptions and analyses of osteodontic remains and artifact classes recovered primarily from mortuary contexts are presented in Anthropological Papers No. 24. The artifact classes include shell and ground stone jewelry, bone artifacts, wooden objects, and clay-lined painted baskets. Anthropological Papers No. 23 (Volume 1) reports on the various analyses conducted on the ceramic assemblage recovered from both domestic and mortuary contexts in the project area. This volume, Anthropological Papers No. 23 (Volume 2) discusses the analyses of flaked and ground stone, pollen, botanical, and faunal remains. Among the important findings of the flaked stone analysis (Chapter 9) is the association of "high" side-notched projectile points with Miami/Hardt phase contexts. This point type is one of the few diagnostic artifacts from this pivotal and inadequately resolved interval. The proliferation of projectile points during the Classic period, in terms of both quantity and types, and potentially more lethal design suggests increased conflict shortly before final abandonment of the project area. The meager Classic period faunal assemblage (Chapter 13) is dominated by small animals, indicating the heightened interest in projectile points is not related to an increase in large game hunting. Temporal trends in ground stone (Chapter 10) include an increase, over time, in the proportion of designed artifacts over expedient tools. The variety of tools and the range of activities in which they are utilized also increase. By the Classic period, a significant portion of the ground stone tool assemblage was used in nonfood-processing activities such as architectural construction, shaftsmoothing, hideworking, and woodworking. Several unique contexts are also described in detail, including a cache of ground and unworked stone items recovered from a floor pit in a small pre-Classic pithouse that may have been used as a sweat lodge. Sagebrush was the only economic pollen type recovered from this structure. A large and varied collection of macrobotanical remains (Chapter 11) and pollen (Chapter 12) was recovered from the project area. The presence of maize in Early Agricultural contexts at the Boatyard site indicates this cultigen has a long history in the Tonto Basin, extending back at least into the first millennium B.C. Although maize continues to be an important resource throughout the prehistoric sequence, the TCAP macrobotanical record documents a dramatic increase in agave and wild grass exploitation during the perhaps "not-so" Sedentary period. Notable trends in the Classic period botanical assemblage include continued high maize and agave ubiquities and a substantial increase in cotton ubiquity. The latter may be related to an expansion of irrigation systems in the adjacent Tonto Creek floodplain as indicated by elevated Evening Primrose Family pollen counts.

This report describes the results of an archaeological testing project at the Massera Ruin (Site AZ U:10:22 [ASM]) in Queen Creek, Arizona. The testing project was conducted at the request of Willis Property Company, L.C., of Mesa, Arizona, who proposes to construct a residential development on the 640-acre project parcel known as the Meridian Ranch. Previous survey data (Wenker 1999) indicated that the Massera Ruin overlapped a 399-acre portion of the Meridian Ranch, but this entire area had been plowed and used for agricultural fields since the 1940s and the subsurface integrity of the site remained undetermined. Archaeological testing was conducted at the site to determine the nature and extent of intact archaeological features underneath the plowed fields. These test investigations demonstrated that intact buried archaeological features and deposits do exist across a large portion of the site, and SWCA recommends that the Massera Ruin (AZ U: 10:22 [ASM]) is eligible for nomination to the National Register under Criterion (d) for its information potential. SWCA’s testing project also demonstrated that intact human burials (which are protected by state law) are present at the site. However, the overall area of the Meridian Ranch project area that contains intact buried archaeological features has been reduced from 399 acres to roughly 225 acres. This report concludes by providing recommendations concerning the treatment of the archaeological site.

On May 11, 2000, SWCA, Inc. completed a Class III archaeological survey. The survey was conducted at the request of Whitman & Company in order to comply with Section 106 (36 CFR part 800) of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended (Federal Register 1999), as may be required under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. The purpose of the survey was to determine if any cultural resources existed that may be adversely impacted by the installation of a proposed City of Peoria water transmission pipeline and booster station, and to provide recommendations for managing any archaeological sites and avoiding future impacts. Approximately nine acres were surveyed for cultural resources. All surveyed land is the property of the State of Arizona (Sections 36 and 2) and private landowners (Sections 35 and 1). Survey on Arizona State lands was conducted under SWCA’s blanket Arizona Antiquities Act permit (2000-23bl) and a filed Notification of Intent. This report is presented in support of an application to the Army Corps of Engineers for a 404 Permit within the 40-foot-wide right-of-way. In addition, this report accompanies a concurrent application to the ASLD for an additional, immediately adjacent, 20-foot-wide temporary access on the south side of the previous ASLD application. The current survey resulted in the identification of two previously recorded prehistoric sites, site AZ T:8:68 and :18 (ASM). Two other previously recorded archaeological sites could not be relocated within the surveyed corridor. Monitoring is recommended at three sites within the proposed pipeline alignment.

The Tonto Creek Archaeological Project (TCAP) area was located in the Tonto Basin of east-central Arizona. The project, funded by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) was undertaken by Desert Archaeology in advance of the 1994-1996 realignment of Arizona State Route 188. The area available for investigation was a 61-m-wide (200-ft) corridor centered on the planned route for the realigned highway. The corridor followed a 13.3-km (8-mi) stretch of the western terrace overlooking Tonto Creek floodplain. The two volumes of Anthropological Papers Number 22 contain the site and non-mortuary feature descriptions in addition to background information regarding project methods, chronology, and the local environment. Volume 1 contains the introductory material and the Slate Creek and Sycamore Creek site descriptions. Volume 2 is devoted entirely to sites investigated in the Punkin Center section. Mortuary features descriptions are presented in Archaeological Papers Number 24.

The Roosevelt Community Development Study (RCD) involved the testing and excavation of 27 sites in the Lower Tonto Basin of central Arizona. This is one of three related data recovery projects undertaken in the Tonto Basin for the Bureau of Reclamation prior to the raising of the Roosevelt Lake dam. The results of the RCD project are presented in four Anthropological Papers of the Center for Desert Archaeology: Anthropological Papers No. 12 is the research design; Anthropological Papers No. 13 (two volumes) contains background information and the site descriptions; Anthropological Papers No. 14 (three volumes) includes the artifact and environmental analyses; and Anthropological Papers No. 15 presents the synthesis and conclusions. The project was situated within the Tonto National Forest and covered a four-mile, continuous area along the north bank of the Salt River. Sites within the project area exhibited a great range of functional, temporal, and, possibly, cultural diversity. These included two sites with platform mounds (the Meddler Point and Pyramid Point sites); a 10Q-room masonry pueblo (the Griffin Wash site); smaller masonry compounds (e.g., the Porcupine site); and pithouse hamlets and farmsteads (e.g., the Hedge Apple and Eagle Ridge sites). Temporal components ranged from the Early Ceramic period (A.D. 100-600), at Locus B of the Eagle Ridge site, through the Roosevelt phase (A.D. 1250-1350) of the Classic period. The Early Ceramic component of the Eagle Ridge site is now the earliest documented ceramic period site in the Tonto Basin and provides definitive evidence for an indigenous ceramic-using population. The project area was inhabited most intensively during the Roosevelt phase, when platform mounds, pueblo room blocks, and small masonry compounds were occupied. Architectural and artifact variability suggest the presence of several different cultural groups co-residing in the Tonto Basin at this time, and migration is believed to have been a significant process in Tonto Basin prehistory. The RCD project area was largely abandoned by A.D. 1325, prior to the large-scale aggregation that occurred during the Gila phase; very few Gila Polychrome sherds were recovered from project area sites. The mandate of the RCD project, as spedfied by the Bureau of Reclamation, was to investigate the temporal and developmental sequence of the prehistoric populations within this area. To meet these goals, six sites were intensively examined through full-scale excavation, and an extensive data set was gathered from the remaining 21 sites. The three volumes in Anthropological Papers No. 14 contain the artifact and environmental analyses. More than 150,000 artifacts were recovered from the RCD excavations. This volume (Volume 3) presents the paleobotanical and osteological data. Included are analyses of the pollen (Chapter 18), flotation (Chapter 19), faunal (Chapter 20), and mortuary (Chapter 21) assemblages. Data from the subsistence analyses are combined and synthesized in Chapter 22. Volume 1 of Anthropological Papers No. 14 presents the analyses of the chipped stone, ground stone, jewelry and personal ornament, and shell assemblages. The ceramic artifact assemblage is examined in Volume 2 More spedfic information on the individual sites and the project background can be found in Anthropological Papers No. 13. Anthropological Papers No. 15 integrates and synthesizes these data to provide a more inclusive view of the prehistoric occupation of the RCD project area and the Tonto Basin.

Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd. (ACS) conducted survey of 200 acres and limited testing of cultural resources on Fort McDowell Mohave-Apache Indian Community (FMIC) land at the request of Mr. Jon Czaplicki of the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation). The work was performed to define the boundaries of archaeological sites to be avoided by agricultural development. Eight sites were slated for preservation; however, only seven sites were relocated and flagged, and two new sites were defined. In most cases the sizes of the sites increased. This document includes lithic analyis by Ruth Rubenstein and ceramic analysis by Mac McDonnell.

The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation), United States Department of the Interior, was in the initial stages of the Water Management Project designed to bring Central Arizona Project water to the Gila River Indian Community (GRIC). Under terms of a contract signed in 1992 with the GRIC, facilities designed and constructed by Reclamation would deliver 173,000 acre-feet of water annually onto the reservation. Federal law mandates consideration of potential impacts of such projects upon cultural resources and requires that necessary and appropriate steps be taken to mitigate those impacts. In accordance with these laws, Reclamation did a complete inventory of all cultural resources that may fall within the project area. Data resulting from this inventory provided the basis for assessment of the significance of the resources and for the design of plans to mitigate potential impacts to them. Two survey areas in which a water delivery system and associated features (such as dikes) will be constructed were identified by Reclamation. Broad survey areas were defined so the location of eligible sites would be known before specific project design began. In total, 180 sites were identified and recorded during survey. These sites include possible Archaic period materials, a wide range of prehistoric Hohokam site types representing all periods of the Hohokam sequence, possible Protohistoric manifestations, and numerous Historic Pima sites of varying ages. The report consists of two volumes. Volume 1 contains background information; consideration of survey and recording methods; analyses, evaluation, and interpretation of collected data; and recommendations for future treatment of discovered sites. Volume 2 contains site descriptions.

This volume, which focuses on archaeological data recovery efforts at Dutch Canal Ruin, is the second of four prepared for the Phoenix Sky Harbor Center Development Project. Dutch Canal Ruin is located in the southern half of Section 10, Township 1 North, Range 3 East (Volume 1:1). Investigators identified 20 individual loci during the testing phase within the Phoenix Sky Harbor Center at Dutch Canal Ruin and excavated a sample of eight loci (Areas 1 through 8). During the monitoring of the remote parking facility in the eastern portion of the project area, SWCA discovered and excavated additional features and included them in the data recovery analysis (Areas 9 and 10). SWCA thus investigated half of the loci (Areas 1 through 10) in the project area during data recovery. The majority of the remains that constituted Dutch Canal Ruin, including the canals, were associated with the pre-Classic periods. Investigators assigned 2 loci to the Classic and post-Classic periods and 10 to the pre-Classic periods but concluded that 6 could not be assigned and 1 contained both pre-Classic and Classic period components. Occupation at Dutch Canal Ruin began at seasonal field house loci during the Snaketown phase; at this time the first canals were constructed. Field house settlements and seasonal occupation continued through the Colonial period, with activities related primarily to agriculture. Although investigators identified Sedentary period remains in four loci, the early occupants of Dutch Canal Ruin apparently used the canals only until approximately a.d. 900 and then may have shifted their land-use strategies to the procurement of wild economic resources associated with the previous agricultural disturbance; they eventually allowed the area to return to its natural setting and environment. The portion of the Phoenix Sky Harbor Center that contained Dutch Canal Ruin appeared to have been abandoned during the Soho phase, possibly as early as the Sacaton phase. The only features discovered in the project area that may have been associated with the Soho phase were four burials, including one from the Squaw Peak Parkway. Two intruded into pre-Classic period canals, one intruded into a pre-Classic period pit structure, and one was found adjacent to a canal. Burial goods from two of the interments suggested a Classic period association, which was supported by stratigraphic data in three cases. Interpreting the temporal placement of these burials was problematic; they may have represented limited use of the area during the Classic period in the form of resource procurement activities. Interment within the abandoned canals and the pit structure may have been a matter of convenience, in that the depressions offered by these features would have facilitated ease of burial. The Hohokam reoccupied Dutch Canal Ruin during the Civano phase. These later inhabitants constructed more canals through the site area and occupied habitation areas, which remained small and simple, on a permanent basis. These settlements probably never exceeded one or two households, although the density of material culture items suggested that occupation had been intensive (permanent) and perhaps long in duration. At least one habitation locus, Area 8, appeared to have been inhabited during the Polvoron phase of the post-Classic period. The Classic and post- Classic period occupations at Dutch Canal Ruin shared similarities with Pueblo Salado, a Classic and post-Classic period site south of Dutch Canal Ruin that is discussed in Volume 3 of this series. Reoccupation of Dutch Canal Ruin may have resulted from an expansion of the Pueblo Salado settlement and use of the area for its agricultural potential. In summary, Dutch Canal Ruin was used extensively as an agricultural zone during much of the Hohokam occupation of the Phoenix Basin. Some of the earliest canals within Canal System 2 extended through the site. Inhabitants of nearby village sites, such as La Ciudad, Los Solares, Pueblo Grande, and La Villa/Casa Chica, may have exploited the Dutch Canal Ruin area during the pre-Classic periods because of the deep alluvial soils. The area may have been abandoned as an agricultural zone after the Colonial period because of devastating floods. During the Sacaton and Soho phases, Dutch Canal Ruin may have been used casually for the exploitation of wild plant resources and hunting. The Hohokam established a permanent occupation during the Civano phase and extended their occupation into the post-Classic period. These later occupants relied on canal irrigation agriculture and wild resources for their subsistence. Dutch Canal Ruin was in an area considered high risk by today’s standards, yet the Hohokam persisted in using this area, initially during the late Pioneer and Colonial periods and later during the Classic and post-Classic periods. The investigations at this site have provided information on the types of land-use patterns and settlement strategies used by the Hohokam during these periods on the geologic floodplain of the Salt River and have added to the growing data base concerning the Hohokam of the Phoenix Basin. Although this volume focuses on descriptive statistics and data presentation for the 10 investigated areas of Dutch Canal Ruin, it also presents detailed analyses of the site’s ceramics, flaked and ground stone, and botanical and faunal assemblages; a reconstruction of site chronology; and a discussion of the site within a regional perspective. The appendixes provide raw data from various analyses. For further interpretive and synthetic information, see Volume 4.

The Roosevelt Community Development Study (RCD) was one of three data recovery mitigative studies that the Bureau of Reclamation funded to investigate the prehistory of the Tonto Basin in the vicinity of Theodore Roosevelt Dam. The series of investigations constituted Reclamation's program for complying with historic preservation legislation as it applied to the raising and modification of Theodore Roosevelt Dam. Reclamation contracted with Desert Archaeology, Inc. to complete the research for this investigation. The RCD study involved involved the testing and excavation of 27 sites in a four-mile continuous area along the north bank of the Salt River, in the lower Tonto Basin of central Arizona.The Center for Desert Archaeology's Anthropological Papers No. 13 consists of two report volumes that present project background and provide descriptive information on the excavation and testing of sites in the project area. These reports include site and feature descriptions, site and feature maps, general artifact data, and preliminary interpretations of the individual sites. Volume 1: Introduction and Small Sites (Anthroplogical Papers No. 13) presents project background and provides descriptive information on the excavation and testing of the small sites in the project area. Volume 2 describes work at the larger sites of Meddler Point, Griffin Wash, and Pyramid Point. Sites within the project area exhibited a great range of functional, temporal, and likely cultural diversity. These include two sites with platform mounds (the Meddler Point and Pyramid Point sites), a 100-room masonry pueblo (the Griffin Wash site), smaller masonry compounds (e.g., the Porcupine site), and pithouse hamlets and farmsteads (e.g., the Hedge Apple and Eagle Ridge sites). Temporal components ranged from the Early Ceramic Horizon (A.D. 100-600) at Locus B of the Eagle Ridge site through the Roosevelt phase (A.D. 1250-1350) of the Classic period. The Early Ceramic component of the Eagle Ridge site is now the earliest documented ceramic period site in the Tonto Basin, and it provides definitive evidence for an indigenous pre-Hohokam population. The project area was the most intensively inhabited during the Roosevelt phase, when platform mounds, large pueblos, and small masonry compounds were occupied. It was largely abandoned by A.D. 1325, prior to the large-scale aggregation that occurred during the Gila phase; very few Gila Polychrome sherds were recovered from project area sites.

Archaeological investigations at Williams Air Force Base (WAFB), located in southeast Maricopa County, Arizona, were initiated in response to the 1991 Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission’s (the Closure Commission) recommendation to close WAFB following the passage of the Defense Base Closure and Realignment Act of 1990 (the Closure Act) (Public Law 101-510, Title XXIX). Prior to closure or realignment of base facilities, preparation of an environment impact statement (EIS) was required, including documentation and evaluation of all cultural resources on WAFB. Each cultural resource was to be evaluated according to criteria established by the Secretary of the Interior for inclusion to the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP), with recommendations provided regarding each property’s eligibility and recommendations for future protection or treatment (National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended). If a property was determined not to possess qualities required for inclusion to the NRHP, further protection or treatment would not be recommended. Should a property be found to possess such qualities, provisions would need to be developed to provide future protection. If a cultural property could not be protected, a treatment plan would need to be developed and implemented to mitigate impacts to that property. Insomuch as this document presents the findings of investigations at WAFB, it is also designed to provide the Air Force Center for Environmental Excellence (AFCEE) and the Air Force Base Conversion Agency (AFBCA) with information necessary to develop a Record of Decision that will detail acceptable measures of protection or treatment for each NRHP-eligible property. AFCEE contracted with Halliburton NUS Corporation to complete the EIS for WAFB. Halliburton NUS in turn subcontracted SWCA, Inc., Environmental Consultants, under Subcontract No. 4011 -92- 014, to conduct the cultural resource inventory for all portions of WAFB that previously had not been inventoried or were not occupied by existing facilities. SWCA conducted investigations on approximately 2000 acres of the base and examined inventory documents from previous investigations. Three cultural properties (sites) were known from previous archaeological efforts at WAFB and on parcels that lay adjacent to the base. The Midvale Site, AZ U:10:24(ASU), which lies under much of the administrative and residential area of the base, had already been surveyed and listed on the NRHP. The other two cultural properties (AZ U: 10:20, ASU, and AZ U: 10:25, ASU) were re-examined and included in the evaluation process; the Midvale Site received no additional study. In order to determine the number of cultural properties present at WAFB and to develop recommendations for those cultural properties, two levels of examination were necessary. First, a cultural resource inventory for the 2000-acre portion of the base not previously inventoried was conducted, resulting in the discovery and recording of nine additional sites (AZ U: 10:60, ASM, through AZ U: 10:68, ASM). The results are presented as Part I of this document. Second, to define site boundaries and determine NRHP eligibility, a subsurface testing phase was implemented at eleven sites. The boundary definition that took place was done primarily for planning purposes and was not meant to be definitive. Additional testing or monitoring may be required if construction occurs near the "boundary" of a National Register eligible site, and extent testing will be required on any eligible site prior to implementation of development plans. The results of testing are presented as Part II.

This report is about 58 archaeological sites located in and around an expansive desert basin known as the Santa Cruz Flats, located south of the Gila River. None of these sites are large. The biggest among them had only three, widely separated houses. Most of them had no houses, and the majority lacked material remains except for a mere scattering of artifacts now perched on the modern ground surface. Several of the sites included occupations dated to the modern, Historic, Euro-American era, while a few other sites produced chipped stone projectile points that likely date to the Archaic stage, the time of hunter-gatherers, before the advent of agriculture among the prehistoric peoples of the region. The most frequently represented material remains were those associated with the prehistoric Hohokam culture, the sedentary (at least semi-sedentary) agriculturalists who occupied the northern Sonoran Desert between A.D. 300 and 1450. The sites located within the construction corridor of the Santa Rosa Canal, a large water delivery system linked to the Central Arizona Project, are not quintessential Hohokam sites. The few Hohokam sites that contained preserved houses likely represent seasonal use only, and the vast majority of the sites include evidence of limited employment, probably for gathering wild crops; hunting; or tending, harvesting, and packing the yield away for storage and use elsewhere. Overall, these sites suggest rather heavy exploitation of resources formerly located on the Santa Cruz Flats, to a degree not previously appreciated, and at a time when it was supposed the Flats held less attraction. During the Hohokam pre-Classic period, there were few large communities outside the Tucson and Phoenix basins; the few settlements that were located in the intervening range were tightly restricted, by all outward appearances, to the bajadas of the surrounding mountains (Wilcox 1988a).

The Casa de Shanti project involves new construction on approximately 2 acres of land in South Phoenix. SWCA was requested by Camelot Financial Services, representing the Phoenix Shanti Group, to implement an archaeological testing program for the parcel in order to identify and evaluate any cultural resources that are within the project boundaries. This is required because the project will be wholly or partly funded by federal monies (Department of Housing and Urban Development) and is therefore subject to federal antiquities legislation. Additionally, the Arizona State Historic Preservation Office (SHPO) requested that an archeological testing program be conducted because the project lies within boundaries of a large prehistoric site called Pueblo Viejo (see below). This site is potentially eligible for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) so the impact of the project on it must be assessed. A testing program was conducted on the parcel on December 22 and 23, 1992 by SWCA. Douglas R. Mitchell and Robert G. Haynes-Peterson conducted the fieldwork during this field testing phase. As a result of the excavation of 22 backhoe trenches, three prehistoric cultural features were located. Prehistoric artifacts were also collected from within the trenches. Based on the testing program results, it is recommended that the project proceed as planned with the acceptance of specific conditions. These conditions include permanent subsurface avoidance of the northwestern part of the parcel, which is where the prehistoric features were identified.

The Rye Creek Project involved testing and data recovery at 19 archaeological sites within the Upper Tonto Basin of central Arizona. The project area is situated along a 5.4 mile (8.7 km) stretch of State Route 87, approximately 10 miles south of the town of Payson, Arizona, within the boundaries of the Tonto National Forest. The project was undertaken for the Arizona Department of Transportation prior to the realignment and expansion of State Route 87. Thirteen sites were tested and then intensively investigated (Chapters 6, 7, 8, and 9) while six were only tested (Chapter 10). Considerable functional and temporal diversity was present; the sites ranged from small, isolated, single-room masonry structures and larger multiroom pueblos dating to the early Classic period (AD. 1150-1300), to earlier Preclassic period (AD. 750-1150) sites with subsurface pithouse architecture. Of the intensively investigated sites, seven dated primarily to the Classic period and six dated to the Preclassic period, although a number of these contained both Classic and Preclassic components (Chapter 25). The Preclassic period sites were for the most part more substantial; a methodological analysis of the archaeological signatures of sedentism suggests that the majority of the Preclassic period sites were sedentary in nature (Chapter 26). This contrasts with many of the Classic period sites which appear to have been seasonally occupied field houses, although a larger, more permanently occupied (but severely disturbed) pueblo roomblock was also present. Given the traditional emphasis on Classic period sites in Tonto Basin archaeology (Chapter 3), this project represents one of the most complete investigations of the less well known Preclassic period. The Deer Creek site (AZ O:15:52) contained 17 pithouses and dated primarily to the Gila Butte phase (AD. 750-850) with a possibly earlier Snaketown phase (AD. 650-750) component (Chapter 7). This is now one of the earliest excavated ceramic period sites within the Tonto Basin. Limited testing on a volunteer basis was also undertaken at Rye Creek Ruin (AZ O:15:1) which, while probably originating during the early Classic period (AD. 1150-1300), dates primarily to the late Classic period Gila phase (AD. 1300-1450) (Chapter 27). Rye Creek Ruin is one of the largest permanently occupied sites in the Tonto Basin, containing around 150 masonry rooms and two platform mounds. The site was undoubtedly the focus of the Classic period settlement of the Upper Tonto Basin. This is Volume 1 of a 3 volume series on the Rye Creek Project. This volume includes an introduction to the project and site descriptions.

The Rye Creek Project involved testing and data recovery at 19 archaeological sites within the Upper Tonto Basin of central Arizona. The project area is situated along a 5.4 mile (8.7 km) stretch of State Route 87, approximately 10 miles south of the town of Payson, Arizona, within the boundaries of the Tonto National Forest. The project was undertaken for the Arizona Department of Transportation prior to the realignment and expansion of State Route 87. Thirteen sites were tested and then intensively investigated (Chapters 6, 7, 8, and 9) while six were only tested (Chapter 10). Considerable functional and temporal diversity was present; the sites ranged from small, isolated, single-room masonry structures and larger multiroom pueblos dating to the early Classic period (AD. 1150-1300), to earlier Preclassic period (AD. 750-1150) sites with subsurface pithouse architecture. Of the intensively investigated sites, seven dated primarily to the Classic period and six dated to the Preclassic period, although a number of these contained both Classic and Preclassic components (Chapter 25). The Preclassic period sites were for the most part more substantial; a methodological analysis of the archaeological signatures of sedentism suggests that the majority of the Preclassic period sites were sedentary in nature (Chapter 26). This contrasts with many of the Classic period sites which appear to have been seasonally occupied field houses, although a larger, more permanently occupied (but severely disturbed) pueblo roomblock was also present. Given the traditional emphasis on Classic period sites in Tonto Basin archaeology (Chapter 3), this project represents one of the most complete investigations of the less well known Preclassic period. The Deer Creek site (AZ O:15:52) contained 17 pithouses and dated primarily to the Gila Butte phase (AD. 750-850) with a possibly earlier Snaketown phase (AD. 650-750) component (Chapter 7). This is now one of the earliest excavated ceramic period sites within the Tonto Basin. Limited testing on a volunteer basis was also undertaken at Rye Creek Ruin (AZ O:15:1) which, while probably originating during the early Classic period (AD. 1150-1300), dates primarily to the late Classic period Gila phase (AD. 1300-1450) (Chapter 27). Rye Creek Ruin is one of the largest permanently occupied sites in the Tonto Basin, containing around 150 masonry rooms and two platform mounds. The site was undoubtedly the focus of the Classic period settlement of the Upper Tonto Basin. This is Volume 2 of a 3 volume series on the Rye Creek Project. This volume includes artifact and specific analyses.

When the Salt River Project (SRP) decided to build the Lassen Substation (LSS) along the Western Canal just east of Priest Drive in Tempe, they determined to recover the significant archaeological resources that would otherwise be impacted. Thus a 2-ac parcel of the Hohokam village site known as La Ciudad de Los Hornos was excavated in 1988 by Archaeological Consulting Services (ACS); 195 cultural features were recorded. SRP also contracted with the present authors to write an overview of previous archaeological work at Los Hornos and to interpret its community patterns during the millennium of Hohokam occupation. This study would thus provide a model of the larger cultural context of the SRPLSS/ACS 2-ac sample from a site that encompasses approximately 450 ac.

This volume includes reports of archaeological mitigation activities undertaken at sltes located along the route of the Salt-Gila Aqueduct (SGA), Central Arizona Project, under contract No. 0-07-32V0101 from the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation. This is the fifth volume of a nine volume series. The aqueduct, under construction by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation, is a 58-mile-long component of the Central Arizona Project beginning east of Phoenix and extending to the vicinity of the Picacho Mountains. This volume is concerned with the excavations at five relatively small sites located near Queen Creek; all are directly affected by the construction of the aqueduct and the Sonoqui Dike, a flood-control earthen dam. The five sites are interpreted as temporary field houses or permanent homesteads by utilizing a variety of artifactual, architectural, and environmental data. AZ U:14:73 is a farmstead site occupied during the Sacaton-Soho transition. The three pit houses and associated features excavated at this site supply information on the nature of the transition in the Queen Creek area. AZ U:15:97 is a multicomponent field house site with 11 small, insubstantial structures. Occupied during the Gila Butte, Santa Cruz, and Sacaton phases, it provides the earliest evidence of farming and occupation along this portion of Queen Creek. Another field house site, AZ U: 15:57, has a single, temporarily occupied structure and was utilized during the late Sacaton phase. This site provides the basis for a detailed discussion of differences between temporary and permanently occupied sites in the Hohokam area. AZ U:15:99 is also a Sacaton phase field house site with a single structure. Finally, excavations at AZ U:15:62 revealed a single, substantial, Sacaton phase pit house apparently occupied year-round. Taken together, these sites indicate that the Queen Creek area was used for farming from the Gila Butte through early Soho phases. Such small sites occupied for relatively short periods of tIme furnish significant evidence for interpretaing the interrelated changes in subsistence and organization of this portion of the Hohokam regional system.

This volume is the last in a series of nine reporting the work of the Salt-Gila Aqueduct, Central Arizona Project Archaeological Data Collection Studies and Supplemental Class 3 Survey Project (SGA). This study was funded by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (Contract No. 0-0732- V0101) to mitigate potential adverse impacts of Central Arizona Project construction on cultural resources in the aqueduct right-of-way. Data recovery was conducted at 45 Hohokam sites along a 93 km (58 mile) transect extending from Apache Junction to a point southwest of Coolidge and near Picacho, Arizona (Fig. Intro. 1). This is the largest of the Central Arizona Project archaeological studies to date, although it may fall short of being the largest that will be conducted under the program. The complexity of this project is reflected in the report series, which mirrors both the historical development of project research and the functional and geographical variability of the sites that were studied. The report sequence has included the following volumes: Volume I. Research Design, Volume II. Supplemental Archaeological Survey, Volume III. Specialized Activity Sites, Volume IV. Habitation Sites on Queen Creek and Siphon Draw, Volume V. Small Habitation Sites on Queen Creek, Volume VI. Habitation Sites on the Gila River, Volume VII. Environment and Subsistence, Volume VIII. Material Culture, Volume IX. Synthesis and Conclusion. Finally, the conclusions derived from SGA Project research are presented. Throughout these reports there has been an effort to insure that readers have sufficient information to form their own opinions regarding the implications of project data. It is here that the project staff present their final assessments of what SGA means for Hohokam prehistory. The length of individual chapters is not determined by the present importance of the subject but by the quantity and quality of information available and the extent to which interpretation is possible.

The Central Arizona Project (CAP) , Indian Distribution Division (IDD) is designed to deliver allocated CAP water to Indian users. The Middle Gila Basin Overview is the initial cultural resources planning study for the system. It summarizes and evaluates the extant data in an area 3,570 square miles (9,139 sq km) large, centered on the Gila River. The data suggests that archaeological sites in this area are numerous and varied, but most of all poorly-studied despite 100 years of research. A defensible culture history and chronology exists for only 35 percent of the 12,000 years of human history in the Basin. Given this, an assumption that basic interpretive frameworks are available to support sophisticated processural arguments is inaccurate. Further data analysis shows that site distributions correspond to physical and biotic zones in only the most general sense. Sites tend to be large and densely-clustered on the second terraces of major rivers; large sites, less-closely spaced are also in higher interior valleys. Sites on upper bajadas slopes appear to be specialized activity areas, while valley bottom sites contain material suggestive of encampments and villages. Most important, the patterns of previous field investigdtions more than anything else are responsible for apparent clusterings of sites. Large areas of the Middle Gila Basin remain unexplored. CAP-IDD systems are likely to encounter substantial archaeological remains along almost any intended, gravity- flow canal alignment, and in many field areas proposed for agricultural development. Of these remains, the majority can qualify, probably, for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Place because, in reality, we know so little about them. See the appendices for a full site list.

This report presents the results of intensive data recovery through excavation of an early pre-Classic Hohokam site and an in-depth archival study of historic features, including the Extension Arizona Canal. The project was sponsored by the Arizona Department of Transportation (ADOT) with the Museum of Northern Arizona (MNA) serving as consultants to ADOT for these archaeological and historical studies. Field work was conducted during May and June, 1987. Investigations of the Baccharis site, a late Pioneer/early Colonial period field house/farmstead site (ca. A.D. 600-800) located along New River, provided an opportunity to examine early Hohokam settlement and land use patterns in the northern periphery of the Hohokam region. The Baccharis site was used as a seasonally occupied site associated with agriculture and wild plant exploitation. Occupation was associated with a shifting residence pattern or seasonal round exploitation strategy. An explicit research design provided the direction of study which focused upon topics related to site and regional questions. Topics at the site level were concerned with social organization through time, types of subsistence strategies employed, identification and determination of a site chronology, and burial practices. On a broader scope, questions concerned with how the Baccharis site fit into the settlement pattern of the northern periphery and how the site may have been related to the Salt-Gila core area and the Palo Verde Community were posed. The Baccharis site was occupied during the Snaketown and Gila Butte phases and served as a field house/farmstead site for single families or small corporate groups. Radiocarbon dates, archaeomagnetic intervals and the ceramic assemblage provided, generally, complementary data. Botanical evidence supports both corn agriculture and wild plant procurement as subsistence strategies. The historic investigations represent the first detailed study of the Extension Arizona Canal, a segment of the Arizona Canal, dating to ca. 1893-1912, and examine the events leading to its construction, use and abandonment. These investigations have provided the opportunity to study both historic and prehistoric land use patterns in the northern Salt River Valley. Hohokam subsistence strategies during the early pre-Classic period parallel strategies used in the core areas prior to extensive development of canal systems. Although corn agriculture was practiced, the means by which this was accomplished could not be determined with the narrow limits of the freeway corridor. Occupation of the Baccharis site may have occurred during a period settlement expansion into the northern periphery, at a time when permanent settlements had not yet been established along New River. The Baccharis site may have been used by groups who maintained ties with villages located along the Salt River, returning to the riverine villages as part of the seasonal-round subsistence pattern.

This is the seventh volume of a nine-volume series reporting archaeological investigations in south-central Arizona along the SaltGila Aqueduct (SGA), conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) under Contract No. 0-07-32-V0101. The SGA is a 58-mile-Iong component of the Central Arizona Project that begins east of Phoenix and extends to the vicinity of the Picacho Mountains. During the course of the analyses presented in this volume, it became apparent that any attempt to approach issues of natural environment became entangled with the environmental effects of subsistence practices. The two topics discussed in this volume, environment and subsistence, are intimately tied together. The volume is thus a simplification of the topics covered by the Salt-Gila Aqueduct (SGA) Project specialists.

Archaeological test excavations have been completed within the City of Phoenix Sky Harbor Center project area between February 13 and March 31, 1989, by SWCA, Inc., Environmental Consultants under contract to the City of Phoenix. The purpose of the archaeological investigations was to locate, identify, and assess cultural remains associated with two sites, AZ T:12:47 and AZ T:12:62 (ASM) for their significance and to make recommendations for further mitigative data recovery efforts. While the entire project area was not intensively investigated, its large size has provided a nearly unparalleled opportunity for the testing of archaeological remains in the greater urban setting of Phoenix, Arizona. Testing was completed through the use of both systematic and judgemental backhoe trenches. Over 15,000 meters of trenches were dug, first systematically to locate buried cultural deposits, and later, judgementally to define the spatial extent of features and to test areas not scheduled for systematic excavations. Substantial intact cultural remains were found in both site areas, including canal, field, and habitation features. These sites are associated with the Hohokam culture with the remains at AZ T:12:42, Pueblo Salado, dating primarily to the late Classic period, and remains at AZ T:12:62, the Dutch Canal Ruin, dating primarily to the late Pioneer and Colonial periods. Occupations consisted of field house loci, farmsteads, and hamlets with the earlier occupations being primarily temporary or seasonal and the later occupations consisting of a permanent settlement with an enclosing compound wall. The numbers, kinds and distributions of features at both sites will provide important information concerning the prehistory of the Phoenix Basin. Geomorphic studies of flood deposits directly associated with these sites may provide important information concerning the use of the first terrace and potential impacts of floods upon the Hohokam.

This volume is the first in a series of publications associated with the Salt-Gila Aqueduct Archaeological Data Collection Studies and Supplemental Class 3 Survey Project (SGA). The project focuses principally upon data recovery at those sites potentially subject to impact as a consequence of Central Arizona Project construction along a route extending 97 km from a point south of Apache Junction, Arizona, to the Picacho Reservoir. This initial volume incorporates the results of test excavations and preliminary reconnaissance with the research design subsequently developed for investigation of the SGA sites. Significant archaeological sites identified as potentially subject to direct impacts are principally Hohokam, with some possibility of Archaic components at four of the sites (Stein 1979a). Substantial habitation sites, smaller habitation sites that may have been fieldhouse locations, and a variety of specialized activity sites including agricultural systems are included in the SGA sample. The sites are located in a variety of environmental contexts, including the Gila River Valley, major intermittent drainages, and interdrainage areas. The environmental, functional, and chronological diversity of these archaeological sites suggests a research design focusing on the effects of local environmental conditions upon the occupants of environmentally distinct areas, the economic and social relationships between groups occupying these areas, and change through time in relationships between groups in these areas. It is believed that through addressing these problems it will be possible to make significant contributions to our understanding of the regional development of the Hohokam system.

At the request of Ramon Fierros of the Environmental Management Department, Arizona Public Service Company (APS), Archaeological Consulting Services (ACS) initiated a cultural resource survey for the proposed relocation of the 230 kV transmission line which links the Lincoln and Ocotillo substations (Figure 1). The Lincoln substation is located on Lincoln Street and Third Avenue in Phoenix, and the Ocotillo substation is on University and McClintock in Tempe . Relocation of the line is necessary because the magnitude of recent floods has made the line's present riverbed location precarious. The purpose of this investigation is to furnish APS with information regarding cultural resources which might be impacted by this proposed development. The regard accorded cultural resources in this type of study is a reflection of both Federal and state concern as expressed in the 1906 Federal Antiquities Act, the 1935 Historic Sites Act, the 1960 Reservoir Salvage Act, the 1966 National Historic Preservation Act, the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, Executive Order 11593, the Archaeological Resources Protection Act of 1979, the 1960 Arizona Antiquities Act, and the Arizona Historic Sites Protection Act of 1982.

This is the eighth volume of a nine-volume series reporting archaeological investigations in south-central Arizona along the Salt-Gila Aqueduct (SGA), conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) under Contract No. 0-07-32-V0101. The SGA is a 58-mile-Iong component of the Central Arizona Project that begins east of Phoenix and extends to the vicinity of the Picacho Mountains. Specialized analyses of artifacts recovered from 45 sites excavated along the SGA are reported in this volume. The general research questions addressed in each analysis include spatial and temporal variability in Hohokam artifact assemblages. Part 1 includes six studies of ceramic artifacts. Chapter 1 is a technological assessment of a large proportion of the plain, red, and buff ware sherds recovered from SGA sites. A functional and technological assessment of whole vessels from the Classic period sites of Los Muertos and Las Fosas, and from three Classic period sites on Queen Creek is described in Chapter 2. Chapters 3 and 4 report analyses of stylistic attributes on buff ware and polychrome sherds from SGA sites. In Chapter 5, the results of X-ray fluorescence analyses of Hohokam plain ware, red ware, buff ware, and polychrome sherds are presented. Finally, whole vessels, worked sherds, and figurines from all SGA sites are described in Chapter 6. Part II includes reports on lithic materials from SGA sites. In Chapter 1, ground and chipped stone materials are documented with particular emphasis on tabular knives. An X-ray fluorescence analysis of obsidian is reported in Chapter 2. Part III is an extensive study of shell recovered from SGA sites. Part IV is an analysis of SGA bone artifacts. Finally, Part V is a general summary of the specialized analyses.

This is the second volume in the series of reports on archaeology conducted for the United States Bureau of Reclamation along the route of the Salt-Gila Aqueduct, a component of the Central Arizona Project designed to transport water a distance of 58 miles from east of Phoenix to the vicinity of the Picacho Mountains in Arizona. The project is largely concerned with data recovery at sites identified during previous surveys of the aqueduct alignment. However, as actual construction of the aqueduct began, various realignments and ancillary features became necessary. Intensive (Class 3) surveys were made necessary by realignment of the aqueduct and design of ancillary features after the initial planning phases. This volume reports the results of intensive archaeological surveys of those areas in which construction was proposed only late in the planning process. It includes four reports on supplemental surveys conducted for the Salt-Gila Aqueduct (SGA), Central Arizona Project (CAP). The reports are presented individually to avoid confusion regarding survey locations and methods. ||Part I|| Mcarthy, Carol and Earl Sires||Supplemental Archaeological Survey, Reach 3: Borrow Areas and Aqueduct Realignment Part I, by Carol McCarthy and Earl Sires, discusses the earliest of the supplemental surveys under this contract, involving seven areas associated with Reach 3 of the aqueduct. The surveys were conducted predominantly in the Queen Creek area and immediately north of the Gila River in the vicinity of Florence, Arizona. ||Part II||Gibb, James and Richard Ervin||Supplemental Archaeological Survey, Reach 3: Spoil Areas Near Florence, Arizona Part II, by James Gibb and Richard Ervin, reports on a survey of a spoil area adjacent to the right-of-way in the Florence area. ||Part III||Ervin, Richard||Supplemental Archaeological Survey, Reach 3: Materials Pit Near Coolidge, Arizona Part III, by Richard Ervin, discusses the survey of a proposed materials pit area in and adjacent to the bottom lands of the Gila River. This survey was also associated with Reach 3 construction. ||Part IV||Dart, Allen||Supplemental Archaeological Survey in The Florence, Arizona, Area: Reach 4 Part IV, by Allen Dart, reports on a survey of six areas south of the Gila River in the vicinity of Florence.

This is the eighth volume of a nine-volume series reporting archaeological investigations in south-central Arizona along the SaltGila Aqueduct (SGA), conducted for the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation (USBR) under Contract No. 0-07-32-V0101. The SGA is a 58-mile-Iong component of the Central Arizona Project that begins east of Phoenix and extends to the vicinity of the Picacho Mountains. Specialized analyses of artifacts recovered from 45 sites excavated along the SGA are reported in this volume. The general research questions addressed in each analysis include spatial and temporal variability in Hohokam artifact assemblages. Part I includes six studies of ceramic artifacts. Chapter 1 is a technological assessment of a large proportion of the plain, red, and buff ware sherds recovered from SGA sites. A functional and technological assessment of whole vessels from the Classic period sites of Los Muertos and Las Fosas, and from three Classic period sites on Queen Creek is described in Chapter 2. Chapters 3 and 4 report analyses of stylistic attributes on buff ware and polychrome sherds from SGA sites. In Chapter 5, the results of X-ray fluorescence analyses of Hohokam plain ware, red ware, buff ware, and polychrome sherds are presented. Finally, whole vessels, worked sherds, and figurines from all SGA sites are described in Chapter 6. Part II includes reports on lithic materials from SGA sites. In Chapter 1, ground and chipped stone materials are documented with particular emphasis on tabular knives. An X-ray fluorescence analysis of obsidian is reported in Chapter 2. Part III is an extensive study of shell recovered from SGA sites. Part IV is an analysis of SGA bone artifacts. Finally, Part V is a general summary of the specialized analyses.

In 1978, the Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) directed the Museum of Northern Arizona (MNA) to complete an intensive archaeological survey of the proposed alignment for the Salt-Gila Aqueduct, a feature of the Central Arizona Project. The survey area was 11,115 acres and included the 60 mile-long transmission line (with a typical width of 200 meters), three proposed utility line locations, one flood retention dike location, 11 possible spoil or realignment areas, and a subsidence well. Seventy archaeological sites were recorded during this survey. Following pedestrian survey, the MNA also conducted archaeological testing at selected sites to evaluate their eligibility for inclusion in the National Register of Historic Places. The survey had two general goals: 1) to assess the significance of archaeological resources in the project area and to recommend ways of mitigating adverse impacts to them which might result from construction and 2) to generate and synthesize data that would significantly enhance scientific knowledge about the project area, specifically about the use of the area through time. This report addresses the second goal and synthesizes the survey data providing models of aboriginal utilization of riverine and nonriverine resource zones in the study area. The mitigation report that addresses the first goal can be found at tDAR ID 53593.

The Bureau of Reclamation (Reclamation) directed the Arizona State Museum to conduct a cultural resources survey of the Salt-Gila (Fannin-McFarland) Aqueduct as part of its environmental assessment of the impacts of the proposed Central Arizona Project. Twenty-two archaeological sites and two major areas of cultural activity were identified during the survey. Of these sites, 19 were recommended for further investigation and 5 were suggested for clearance (not eligible for the NRHP). The majority of the sites in the project area are prehistoric and are associated with the Hohokam archaeological culture. Only two historical-period sites were identified. The prehistoric sites were categorized according to site function as (1) long-term multiple activity sites, (2) short-term limited activity sites, (3) temporary activity sites, and (4) lithic activity sites. Long term multiple use sites are the largest in size and range from Colonial to Classic period (A.D. 500-1400) in age. The majority of the other sites also date to the Hohokam occupation, however, there were used for shorter periods of time.