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Objective To analyze the monitoring data of rural drinking water quality and water supply project information in Gansu Province, and to provide a basis for the guarantee of rural drinking water health security. Methods Based on the water quality monitoring data of rural centralized water supply project in Gansu Province from 2018 to 2023, the water quality index evaluation method was used to compare the differences in water quality, and the chi-square test was used to compare the status of water supply projects in each year. Results The results showed that the automatic monitoring system, the proportion of purification and disinfection facilities, and the comprehensive index of water quality in rural centralized water supply project in Gansu Province were improved, and the differences between each year were statistically significant (P < 0.05). In the single monitoring index, the total standard rate of total coliforms in microbial index increased from 68.66% to 90.95% from 2018 to 2023, and the turbidity qualified rate in sensory index increased from 92.26% to 98.65%. Conclusion The rural drinking water supply situation in Gansu from 2018 to 2023 was improved, and the water quality was on the rise. It is necessary to continue to promote the scale and standardization construction of water supply project to ensure the health safety of drinking water. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]