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To estimate the valnemulin pharmacokinetic profile in a swine population and to assess a dosage regimen for increasing the likelihood of optimization. This study was, respectively, performed in 22 sows culled by p.o. administration and in 80 growing-finishing pigs by i.v. administration at a single dose of 10 mg/kg to develop a population pharmacokinetic model and Monte Carlo simulation. The relationships among the plasma concentration, dose, and time of valnemulin in pigs were illustrated as C i, v = X0(8.4191 × 10-4 × e−0.2371 t + 1.2788 × 10−5 × e−0.0069 t) after i.v. and C p. o = X0(−8.4964 × 10−4 × e−0.5840 t + 8.4195 × e−0.2371 t + 7.6869 × 10−6 × e−0.0069 t) after p.o. Monte Carlo simulation showed that T> was more than 24 h when a single daily dosage at 13.5 mg/kg BW in pigs was administrated by p.o., and MIC was 0.031 mg/L. It was concluded that the current dosage regimen at 10-12 mg/kg BW led to valnemulin underexposure if the MIC was more than 0.031 mg/L and could increase the risk of treatment failure and/or drug resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]MIC was more than 24 h when a single daily dosage at 13.5 mg/kg BW in pigs was administrated by p.o., and MIC was 0.031 mg/L. It was concluded that the current dosage regimen at 10-12 mg/kg BW led to valnemulin underexposure if the MIC was more than 0.031 mg/L and could increase the risk of treatment failure and/or drug resistance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a study on the pharmacokinetic characteristics of the fluoroquinolone Marbofloxacin administered via various drug routes to Muscovy ducks. The study assessed 30 healthy Muscovy ducks divided into three groups of 10 in a controlled environment, which were then examined using a parallel study design. Results showed that an oral dosage of 2.5 milligrams (mg) per kilogram (kg) is the treatment recommended for infections caused by Gram-negative bacteria in ducks.