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Abstract Background The spread of Plasmodium vivax strains resistant to chloroquine (CQ) has posed a challenge to control strategies aimed at eliminating malaria. Molecular analysis of candidate resistance markers is very important for monitoring the P. vivax resistance to CQ in different endemic regions. In the present study, the multidrug resistance 1 (pvmdr1) gene, a possible marker for CQ resistance in P. vivax, was evaluated by molecular methods. Methods A simple PCR–RFLP method was developed for mutation analysis in pvmdr1 gene. A number of 120 blood spots were obtained from patients with P. vivax mono-infection in 2021. All of the samples were collected from Pakistani patients who travelled to Iran. Results None of the samples had any mutation at codon 976 of pvmdr1, while the 1076 mutation was detected in 96.2% of the examined isolates. Only two pvmdr1 haplotypes were identified, including the single mutant (Y976/1076L) as the most prevalent haplotype (with 96.2% frequency) and the wild type (Y976/F1076; with 3.8% frequency). Conclusions In this study, the major CQ resistance-mediating mutation and multiple mutant haplotypes of the pvmdr1 gene was not detected. However, continuous monitoring of drug resistance markers and close supervision of the efficacy of CQ is essential to detect the potential emergence of CQ-resistant P. vivax isolates in Iran. This data is important for performing future epidemiological surveillance to monitor CQ resistance in this endemic area and the bordering regions.

Background: The spread of Plasmodium vivax strains resistant to chloroquine (CQ) has posed a challenge to control strategies aimed at eliminating malaria. Molecular analysis of candidate resistance markers is very important for monitoring the P. vivax resistance to CQ in different endemic regions. In the present study, the multidrug resistance 1 (pvmdr1) gene, a possible marker for CQ resistance in P. vivax, was evaluated by molecular methods. Methods: A simple PCR–RFLP method was developed for mutation analysis in pvmdr1 gene. A number of 120 blood spots were obtained from patients with P. vivax mono-infection in 2021. All of the samples were collected from Pakistani patients who travelled to Iran. Results: None of the samples had any mutation at codon 976 of pvmdr1, while the 1076 mutation was detected in 96.2% of the examined isolates. Only two pvmdr1 haplotypes were identified, including the single mutant (Y976/1076L) as the most prevalent haplotype (with 96.2% frequency) and the wild type (Y976/F1076; with 3.8% frequency). Conclusions: In this study, the major CQ resistance-mediating mutation and multiple mutant haplotypes of the pvmdr1 gene was not detected. However, continuous monitoring of drug resistance markers and close supervision of the efficacy of CQ is essential to detect the potential emergence of CQ-resistant P. vivax isolates in Iran. This data is important for performing future epidemiological surveillance to monitor CQ resistance in this endemic area and the bordering regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objectives The important reason of drug resistance is ATP dependent pumps such as MDR1 that extrudes drugs from the cell. MDR1 is highly polymorphic. It seems that polymorphisms influence the gene expression and response to treatment. The aim of this study was to investigate G2677T/A polymorphism of the MDR1 gene and its association with the response of treatment in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Materials and Methods In this descriptive study, G2677T/A polymorphism of MDR1 was investigated in 44 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and 40 healthy individuals by the ARMS-PCR technique. The association of this polymorphism with response to treatment was also investigated Results In the patient group, the frequencies of genotypes were 36.4% for TT, 41% for GT, 13.6% for GG,4.5% for AG, 2.25% for AT and 2.25 for AA whereas in the control group the frequencies were 35%, 37.5% , 10%, 7.5%, 5% , and 5% for TT, GT, GG, AG, AT, and AA, respectively There was no significant difference in the frequencies of G2677T/A polymorphism between patients and the healthy group. Neither was there any significant difference between the frequency rates of G2677T/A polymorphism of MDR1 in the responder and the non responder Conclusions It seems that there is no correlation between G2677T/A polymorphism of MDR1 gene and response to treatment. So the role of G2677T/A polymorphism in the gene expression of MDR1 in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia and response to treatment is still controversial. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]