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As the organs responsible for toxin transformation and excretion in the body, damage to the liver and kidneys induced by inevitable drug toxicity is the main cause of acute liver and kidney injury. P-Acetamidophenol overdose leads hypochlorous acid (HClO) to accumulate in the mitochondria of tissues, ultimately resulting in acute liver and kidney injury in humans, despite its clinical use as an antipyretic medicine. Herein, we report an HClO-activatable self-assembling ratiometric nanoprobe NRH-800-PEG for screening the upregulation of HClO by colocalization in mitochondria while monitoring the changes in the endogenous HClO levels in cells with ratiometric signals. Furthermore, NRH-800-PEG was constructed to evaluate injury by fluorescence ratio imaging in the tissues of inflammatory mice. Our strategy offers a novel tool for assessing disease progression during drug-induced liver and kidney injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) plays an important role in the process of chemotherapy drug-induced cell apoptosis and is also an apoptosis marker to diagnose disease and assay the effect of the drug. Thus, we designed and synthesized a novel near-infrared fluorescent probe (NFL-SF) to detect AChE activity, which contained near-infrared (NIR) fluorophore NFL-OH and 2-thienylformyl chloride as the recognition unit. The probe has higher specificity and sensitivity to AChE and excellent biocompatibility. With the increasing concentration of AChE, the probe displayed an enhanced fluorescence signal at 745 nm for 30 min, with the detection limit of 0.2 mU/mL. In addition, NFL-SF not only detected exogenous AChE activity, but also effectively monitored the endogenous AChE activity of chemotherapeutic drug-induced cell apoptosis in living cells. When the AChE activity was inhibited with donepezil, the fluorescence intensity of the NIR channel was significantly reduced. Notably, the probe was successfully applied to in vivo imaging of nude mice. We believe that this probe could provide a strategy for rapidly and visually monitoring AChE activity. • A novel AChE near-infrared fluorescent probe was designed based on the PET. • The probe has excellent selectivity and sensitivity towards AChE. • The probe NFL-SF could effectively monitor AChE activity in vitro and in vivo chemotherapeutic drugs-induced cell apoptosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]