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This study was designed to investigate the flavor and taste change rules of Sophora Flavescentis Radix processed using the ancient classical method documented in Master Lei's Discourse on Medicinal Processing(Lei Gong Pao Zhi Lun). The Sophora Flavescentis Radix pieces and the corresponding test samples in each processing stage were first prepared based on the processing method for Sophora Flavescentis Radix recorded in Master Lei's Discourse on Medicinal Processing(Lei Gong Pao Zhi Lun). Then the flavors and tastes of Sophora Flavescentis Radix test samples undergoing the soaking in rice-washed water, washing with clean water, and steaming for different time were compared with the electronic nose and tongue. The results showed that in the preparation of Sophora Flavescentis Radix with the ancient method, such processes as soaking in rice-washed water and washing with clean water had no significant influences on the flavor, which, however, was weakened by steaming. In terms of the taste, soaking with rice-washed water enhanced the bitter taste of Sophora Flavescentis Radix, which remained unchanged after being washed with the clean water. The steaming would also diminish the bitter taste, making it taste similar to the original Sophora Flavescentis Radix medicinal materials. During the steaming for six to eight hours, the flavor did not vary significantly over time, while the bitter taste was first weakened and then intensified. The bitter taste of Sophora Flavescentis Radix steamed for six hours was similar to that steamed for eight hours. In addition, the differences in flavor and taste between Sophora Flavescentis Radix pieces processed by the ancient method in Master Lei's Discourse on Medicinal Processing(Lei Gong Pao Zhi Lun)and those by the modern method in the 2020 edition of Chinese Pharmacopoeia were analyzed. The findings demonstrated that the flavor of Sophora Flavescentis Radix pieces prepared by the ancient method was weaker than that by the modern method, whereas the bitter taste showed the opposite trend. The exploration on the flavor and taste change rules of Sophora Flavescentis Radix in its preparation by the ancient classical method and the differences in flavor and taste between Sophora Flavescentis Radix decoction pieces prepared by ancient and modern methods will lay a foundation for further elucidation of the scientific connotation of the ancient processing method and the medication principles of Sophora Flavescentis Radix in both ancient and modern times.

To standardize the processing technology of Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata and stabilize its quality, the similar change laws of Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata with different processing methods and time were analyzed. The processing time of Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata was studied at 24, 32, 40, 48 h, and 4 different processing methods were studied, namely stewed with black bean sauce, steamed, steamed with black bean sauce, and steamed with black bean sauce and rice wine. The content of stilbene glycosides and anthraquinones were determined by HPLC-DAD method. UV method was used to determine the content of polysaccharides, and HPLC-ELSD method was used to determine the monosaccharides and oligosaccharides. The comparative chart of content determination, cluster analysis and entropy weight TOPSIS model was used to find the similar change laws and time interval of different processing methods of Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata. The results demonstrated that around 32 h, the content of nine components in Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata with different processing methods had similar change laws, and the decoction pieces had a high quality, indicating that the four processing methods of Polygoni Multiflori Radix Praeparata are likely to be used as one type of decoction piece with the same name.

With the publishment of the application guideline for the key project of "Research on Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine" by the Ministry of Science and Technology in 2018, the problem of "intelligentization" in the production of decoction pieces of Chinese crude drugs has attracted more and more attention from the industry. Some suggestions on the intelligentization of the production of decoction pieces of Chinese crude drugs in the course of transformation of production mode and innovation of production technology of decoction pieces of Chinese crude drugs" were proposed in this paper, which in order to help the implementation of the project and the development of decoction pieces industry., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

To elucidate the key issues in the development and innovation of traditional Chinese medicine processing discipline and Chinese herbal pieces industry Chinese herbal pieces industry. According to the author's accumulated experience over years and demand of the development of the Chinese herbal pieces industry, the key issues in the development and innovation on the Chinese herbal pieces industry were summarized. According to the author, the traditional Chinese medicine processing discipline shall focus on a application basis research. The development of this discipline should be closely related to the development of Chinese herbal pieces. The traditional Chinese medicine processing discipline can be improved and its results can be transformed only if this discipline were correlated with the Chinese herbal pieces industry, matched with the development of the Chinese herbal pieces industry, and solved the problems in the development on the Chinese herbal pieces industry. The development of traditional Chinese medicine processing discipline and the Chinese herbal pieces industry also requires scientific researchers to make constant innovations, realize the specialty of the researches, and innovate based on inheritance., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Objective: To elucidate the necessary and research of accelerating basic research of Chinese standard pieces as standard materials., Method: According to over 10 years accumulated experience and be keenly aware of the author, the evaluation method of standardized processing technology and Chinese pieces quality, aimed at consummated the standard material of the quality evaluation of Chinese herbal pieces at the current situation, and inaccordance with the need of improving quality standard system of Chinese herbal pieces, illustrate the necessity of accelerating basic research of Chinese standard pieces as standard materials; from the technical specification for collecting and processing of raw materials, and the technical specification, homogenized sample, packaging, storage and etc., for processing of candidate standard pieces, determine the methods and steps of technical specifications for standard pieces as the standard substance, determine the methods and steps of technical specifications for standard pieces as the standard substance., Result and Conclusion: To speed up the basic research of standard of Chinese medicine pieces as of standard material is very necessary. The research objective is to specificate the processing technical for a number of standard pieces, to identify technical specifications and to ascertain the guiding principle and technical specification of decoction pieces as standard substance. This research will provide basic scientific data relevant national departments to apply for the accreditation of the standard substance.

Objective: To compare the contents of the main chemical compositions in Gardenia jasminoids before and after being roasted with ginger juice., Method: Four diterpenoid pigments constituents (C-1, C-2, C-3, crocetin) were determined simultaneously by UPLC on an Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18 column at 35 degrees C with the methanol-0.5% formic acid anhydrous in gradient elution as the mobile phrase. The detection wavelength was set at 440 nm and the flow rate was 0.4 mL x min(-1). Two iridoids constituents (G-1, G-2) were determined simultaneously by HPLC on an Agilent TC-C18(2) column at 35 degrees C with acetonitrile-0.5% formic acid anhydrous (18:82) as the mobile phrase. The detection wavelength was set at 238 nm and the flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1)., Result: After being processed with ginger juice, the contents of the diterpenoid pigments constituents decreased slightly and the contents of the iridoids constituents increased slightly., Conclusion: The contents of the main chemical compositions in G. jasminoids roasted with ginger juice increased slightly with some regularity, but there were no significant differences.

Objective: To study the chemical constituents in roots of Peucedanum praeruptorum from Henan., Method: The constituents were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel and ODS, and identified by NMR, MS spectroscopic methods., Result: Six compounds, Pd-I b(1), marmesinsin (2), rutarin (3), isorutarin (4), 4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, 5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenyl-7-O-alpha-D-glucuronyl methyl ester (5), 4H-1-benzopyran-4-one, 5-hydroxy-6-methoxy-2-phenyl-7-O-alpha-D-glucuronyl acid (6) were isolated and identified., Conclusion: Compound 5 was a new compound, compounds 5 and 6 were isolated from Peucedanum plant for the first time.

Objective: To investigate the regularity of changes in the main active components of Schisandra chinensis preparations before and after being processed with vinegar., Method: High performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze the changes in the content of lignans and organic acids in S. chinensis preparations before and after being processed with vinegar., Result: After being processed with vinegar, the content of lignans in S. chinensis preparations significantly reduced, while that of organic acids significantly increased. The ratio between them reduced from 1:16 (raw product) to 1:21 (vinegar products)., Conclusion: The changes in the main pharmacological effects of S. chinensis are related to not only the changes in the contents of lignan and organic acids, but also the significant changes in the ratio relations between the two components. This is of great significance to the correlation among the principle of S. chinensis processed with vinegar and material basis and the changes in pharmacological effects.

Two new anthraquinone glycosides, named 1-methyl-8-hydroxyl-9,10-anthraquinone-3-O-β-D-(6'-O-cinnamoyl)glucopyranoside (1) and rhein-8-O-β-D-[6'-O-(3''-methoxyl malonyl)]glucopyranoside (2), have been isolated from the roots of Rheum palmatum, together with seven known compounds, rhein-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (3), physcion-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (4), chrysophanol-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (5), aleo-emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (6), emodin-8-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (7), aleo-emodin-ω-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (8), and emodin-1-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (9). Their structures were elucidated on the basis of chemical and spectral analysis.

Objective: To explore the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of lappaconitine gelata (LA)., Methods: The writhing response induced by acetic acid, the pain response induced by formaldehyde and hot plate method in the mouse, and the paw edema induced by egg albumen in the rat and the ear edema induced by xylene in the mouse were used for investigation on the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects of LA., Results: The writhing response induced by acetic acid, the pain response induced by formaldehyde and hot plate methods was significantly inhibited by LA. In addition, the paw edema induced by egg albumen in the rat and the ear edema induced by xylene in the mouse were all significantly suppressed by LA., Conclusion: LA has the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects.

Objective: To compare the contents of diterpenoid pigments in the different processed products of Gardenia jasminoides., Method: The separation of Crocin 1, Crocin 2, Crocin 3, Crocetin were determined simultaneously by HPLC on a kromasil C18 column at 35 degrees C with the m methanol-acetonitrile-0.3% formic acid anhydrous in gradient elution as the mobile phrase. The detection wavelength was set at 440 nm and the flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1)., Result: The obtained linearity of the four components was better over 0.9995 and the average recoveries were 97.77%, 100.05% , 98.40%, 101.02%, respectively., Conclusion: The method is simple, accurate with good reproducibility. The results showed that the remarkable variation regulations appear among the different processed products.

Objective: To compare the contents of iridoid in the different processed products from Gardenia jasminoides., Method: Contents of geniposide and genipin gentiobioside in products were determined simultaneously by HPLC. A kromasil C18 column at 35 degrees C was used with the acetonitrile-0.3% formic acid anhydrous (12:88) as the mobile phrase. The detection wavelength was set at 238 nm and the flow rate was 1.0 mL x min(-1)., Result: The obtained linearity of the two components was good with that the relative coefficients (r) were over 0.9994 and the average recoveries were 101.8%, 99.1%, respectively., Conclusion: The method is simple, accurate with good reproducibility. The results showed contents of two components are difference in the different processed products.

Objective: To research the expectorant components in volatile oil from the root and rhizome of Aster tataricus., Method: GC-MS was applied to isolate and identify the compounds. In addition, TLC was used to isolate compound, and its structure was elucidated on the basis of spectral data analysis. At the same time, its expectorant effect was observed by method of the excretion quantity of phenol red in trachea of mice., Result: Seven compounds were isolated and identified by GC-MS, they were (R)(-)-p-menth-1-en-4-ol (1), 2-undecanone (2), n-decanoic acid (3), (-)-spathulenol (4), hexahydrofamrnesyl acetone (5), hexadecanoic acid (6), and cis-9, cis-12-octaecadienoic acid (7). A known compound 1-acetoxy-2-ene(E)-4,6- decandiyne was isolated from the root and rhizome of A. tataricus, and it was shown to have expectorant effect., Conclusion: 1-Acetoxy-2-ene(E) -4,6- decandiyne, a main compound in volatile oil, had been found to have expectorant effect.

Objective: To establish a HPLC fingerprint for quantitative analysis of the active constituents of jizhi syrup., Method: HPLC analysis was performed on a Zorbax Sb C18 column (4.6 mm x 250 mm, 5 microm), the mobile phase in gradient elution was composed of (A) 1% acetic acid solution (including 0.2% triethylamine) and (B) acetonitrile, at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1). The column temperature was 30 degrees C and the wavelength was 280 nm., Result: 21 common peaks were tested in 10 batches of samples. Compared with the standard fingerprint, the similarity of each sample was greater than 0.99. At the same time, protocatechuic acid, protocatechu aldehyde, chlorogenic acid, caffeic acid, naringin and neohesperidin were found in all samples., Conclusion: The established method can be used for the quality control of jizhi syrup.

Platycodon grandiflorum, as the traditional Chinese medicine, has been employed for dispersing the lung and resolving phlegm soothing the throat, and promoting pus discharge in ancient days. Triterpenoids are its main effective constituents which have dominant activities on antitussive, expectorant, antitumor, antioxidant and immune enhancement. This paper has mainly reviewed the progress of P. grandiflorum on the processing in planting area, chemical constituents, quality standard, pharmacological effects and clinical application in recent ten years, which has provided the important references for its further study, exploitation and application.

Objective: To investigate the relationship between renal tubular cells transdifferentiation and chronic renal interstitial fibrosis induced by Fangchi Extract in rat., Method: The chronic renal interstitial fibrosis rat model was made by giving Radix Aristolochiae Fangchi extract (RAFE) and aristolichic acid (AA) respectively to rats through infusing stomach about 22 weeks discontinuously. Through immunnal histochemistry methods, investigating the expression of symbol proteins: Cytokine( CK) , alpha-Smooth muscle actin ( alpha-SMA) and Vimentin, and also the important fibrosis inducing factor-Transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-beta1 )on renal tubular cells., Result: In RAFE and AA Groups, the expression of CK on renal tubular cells is declined comparing with the Control Group, and the enhanced expression of alpha-SMA and Vimentin can be observed on tubular cells. The expression of TGF-beta1 on renal tubular cells stronglhy increased, too., Conclusion: Part of the renal tubular cells was transdifferentiated into myofibroblasts. Renal tubular cells may participate the occurance of chronic renal interstitial fibrosis, TGF-beta1 may accelerate the transdifferentiation of tubular cells.

Objective: To develop an HPLC method for determination of components in root of Saposhnikovia divaricata., Method: The separation of four components was achieved on a reversed-phase Alltima C18 column with MeOH-H2O gradient elution at a flow rate of 1.0 mL x min(-1)., Result: Six samples were determined and there is no distinct difference between the contents determined by the new and old methods., Conclusion: The new method is more simple and convenient than the old method.

Objective: Following the former report, we continue to observe the chronic renal tubular-interstitial injury induced by Radix Aristolochiae Fangchi Extract(RAFE) in rats in order to understand whether RAFE in different doses causes the renal tubular-interstitial injury or not., Method: RAFE at the dose of 25.0 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1), 120.0 mg kg(-1) x d(-1) and 200.0 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) and aristolochic acid (AA, 10.0 mg x kg(-1) d(-1)) was interruptedly administrated by gastric tube for 22 w and 4 w durg withdrawal. Blood, urine and kidney were taken out respectively in 17 w, 22 w and 26 w to measure the indexes of renal function. The morphology of kidney was observed, and Masson staining of kidney were made respectively to compare RAFE groups with AA group., Result: Pathological changes of renal tissue forms were as follows: All RAFE groups and AA group could develop the pathological process of renal tubular injury-chronic renal interstitial fibrosis. The pathologic changes of RAFE were similar with AA., Conclusion: RAFE at all doses administrated interruptedly by gastric tube above 13 w caused chronic renal tubulo-interstitium fibrosis. The renal injury in functions and tissue forms in rats were similar with AA closely. The results showed that AA was the main toxic composition of RAFE.

Objective: To compare the pharmacological effect of the main coumarin constituents of Peucedanum praeruptorum from Jiangxi and He'nan., Method: The constituents were isolated by column chromatography on silica gel and ODS and identified by NMR and MS spectroscopic methods. The antitussive, expectorant and anti-inflammatory effects of main coumarin constituents of P. praeruptorum observed in the present study., Result: The main constituents of P. praeruptorum from both Jiangxi and He'nan showed the significant antitussive and anti-inflammatory effects without obviously expectorant effect., Conclusion: The pharmacological effects of the main coumarin constituents of Qian-hu from Jiangxi and He'nan are similar.

Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the protective effect of Chuanxiong-pathalide A on the injury of endothelial cell induced by ischemia and reperfusion in isolated rat hearts., Method: The isolated rat hearts were perfused under constant pressure with Chuanxiong-pathalide A at the concentrations of 0.012 5 mg x mL(-1), 0.025 mg x mL(-1) and 0.05 mg x mL(-1) within 10 min followed by a 10-min washout period before the induction of a 30-min normothermic global ischemia and 60 min reperfusion., Result: Pretreatment with Chuanxiong-pathalide A produced a reduction in the incidence of reperfusion-induced ventricular fibrillation (VF) and ventricular tachycardia (VT). Pretreatment of the hearts with high dose of Chuanxiong-pathalide A (0.05 mg x mL(-1)) prior to the ischemia and reperfusion, reduced the incidence of reperfusion-induced VF and VT to 37.5% as compared with non-pretreated control group (P < 0.05). The duration of occurrence of VF and VT in the group pretreated with Chuanxiong-pathalide A at dosages of 0.012 5 mg x mL(-1), 0.025 mg x mL(-1) and 0.05 mg x mL(-1) were (7.50 +/- 1.61), (1.64 +/- 0.67) and (1.06 +/- 0.70) min respectively, which were significantly shorter than (23.51 +/- 3.99) min in non-pretreated control group; 0.05 mg x mL(-1) of Chuanxiong-pathalide A increased coronary flow in comparison with the control group. The content of SOD in the group pretreated with 0.05 mg x mL(-1) of Chuanxiong-pathalide A was (59.6 +/- 18.7) U x mg(-1), significant lower than (92.3 +/- 19.0) U x mg(-1) in the non-pretreated group. The contents of LDH and MDA were (2 378.0 +/- 196.3) U x g(-1) and (12.1 +/- 1.3) nmol x mg(-1) in the non-pretreated group, which were much higher than the values of (1 669.4 +/- 192.5) U x g(-1) and (6.9 +/- 0.8) nmol x mg(-1) in the group pretreated with Chuanxiong-pathalide A respectively. In addition, enzymeimmunoassays showed an decreased production of IL-1beta and the ratio of TXB2/6-Keto-PGF1alpha., Conclusion: Our results show that chuanxiong-pathalide A pretreatment can protect the endothelial function from the injury caused by ischemia and reperfusion.

Objective: The acute toxic effects of Aristolochia manshuriensis (GMT) and the total aristolochic acids (TA) were compared in mice with aristolochic acid A (AA) as the dose standard. The dose relationship of the renal toxicity induced by Aristolochia manshuriensis was determined., Method: A single dose of GMT extract or TA was given intragastrically to mice at different doses. LD50 values, the blood levels of BUN, Cr and ALT were measured. A histomorphological study was also performed in livers and kidneys of mice., Result: LD50 value of GMT extract was 4.4 g x kg(-1) which was equivalent to 40 mg x kg(-1) as calculated by the content of AA in GMT extract, and this value was comparable with LD50 obtained from TA given intragastrically in mice (equivalent to 33 mg x kg(-1) of AA for male and 37 mg x kg(-1) for female). GMT extract caused a significant increase in blood BUN and Cr and an obvious morphological change in kidney in a dose-dependent manner at doses of AA 4.5 mg x kg(-1) and above. Liver damage, characterized by both an increase in blood level of AST and histomorphological change, was observed at doses of AA 25 mg x kg(-1) and above. All changes were in proportion to the doses of AA., Conclusion: GMT causes both renal and liver toxicity. The dose leading to nephrotoxicity is much lower than that inducing hepatatoxicity. Aristolochic acids existed in GMT are the main toxic components to cause renal toxicity which is a crucial cause to result in death. The lethality and nephrotoxicity of GMT is in proportion to the doses of AA.

Objective: To observe the acute and chronic renal toxicity induced by Radix Aristolochiae Fangchi Extract (RAFE) in different doses in rats., Method: The conventional method of acute toxicity was used. RAFE at the dose of 25.0 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1), 120.0 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) and 200.0 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1) and aristolochic acid (AA, 10.0 mg x kg(-1) x d(-1)) were interruptedly administrated to rats for 13 week by gastric tube, and the sample of blood, urine and kidney were collected at 4 week, 8 week and 13 week respectively. The indexes of renal function were measured and the morphology of kidney was observed., Result: LD50 of RAFE was 36.8 g x kg(-1) (the crude drug) and the 95% confidence limit was 38.8 - 28.9 g x kg(-1). The changes of renal functions were azotemia, massive proteinuria and the increase of urinary NAGase (beta-N-acetylglucosaminidase) in the earlier period of administration with RAFE in rats. Pathological changes of renal tissue were as follows: acute renal tubular necrosis mainly in the boundary of cortex and medulla was observed in the earlier period, and with the elongation of administration, the pathological process of renal interstitial fibrosis observed in the middle and high groups of RAFE and AA group., Conclusion: RAFE at middle and high doses administrated by interrupted gavage above 13 week can cause the injury of renal tubular functions in rats. NAGase can be used as one of observation targets in the earlier period of renal injury.