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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of nitrogen (N) fertilization in the four seasons of the year on forage production, nitrate (NO3) in the sap, total N in the forage and relative chlorophyll index (SPAD reading) in the leaves of irrigated Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania grass, establishing their critical ranges. In addition, we evaluated the ability to predict forage production based on NO3 in the sap, total N in the forage and relative chlorophyll index. The soil in the experimental area was classified as an Oxisol (Red-Yellow Latosol) with a clayey texture. Annual rates of N (0, 200, 400 and 800 kg ha-1) in the form of urea were the treatments tested. Irrigation was performed through a conventional spray system. The NO3 content in the sap and the relative chlorophyll index were measured in leaves using a portable meter with NO3 selective electrode and the SPAD-502 portable chlorophyll meter device, respectively. Tanzania guinea grass was very responsive to N fertilization, except in the winter. The critical ranges of the SPAD reading proved to be more adequate for monitoring the nutritional state of N of Tanzania guinea grass in the different seasons of the year than the NO3content in the sap and the total N content in the dry matter. Use of the chlorophyll meter is more advantageous than the use of the portable meter with an nitrate selective electrode for predicting the nutritional status of Tanzania guinea grass.

Com o objetivo de avaliar a produção e a composição química da forragem de milheto (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.), plantado durante os períodos de transição chuva/seca e seca/chuva, sem irrigação, foi conduzido um experimento na EPAMIG de Leopoldina-MG, durante o período de fevereiro a dezembro de 2006. Os tratamentos foram arranjados num esquema fatorial 3x5, com as cultivares de milheto Comum, BN2 e BRS1501, plantadas nos meses de fevereiro, março, abril, agosto e setembro. Não houve diferença entre as cultivares na produção de massa de forragem seca, com média de 4.010kg/ha. Houve diferenças entre as cultivares, somente, quanto aos teores de proteína bruta (PB) e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca (DIVMS). Os teores de PB, fibra em detergente neutro e digestibilidade in vitro da matéria seca variaram de 14,04 a 17,95%, 48,78 a 57,27% e 61,37 a 72,68%, respectivamente, de acordo com as cultivares e épocas de plantio. As diferenças entre as épocas de plantio foram significativas com a produção de massa de forragem seca de 3.941; 2.525; 4.316; 3.258 e 6.010kg/ha para o plantio em fevereiro, março, abril, agosto e setembro, respectivamente. Como a composição química das cultivares variou aleatoriamente com as épocas de plantio, qualquer uma das cultivares pode ser utilizada. A semeadura em setembro proporciona as melhores respostas em produção sem comprometer a composição química. Aiming to evaluate the forage production and chemical composition of pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.) during rain/drought and drought/rain period transitions, without irrigation, this experiment was carried out at EPAMIG of Leopoldina-MG. Treatments were arranged as a 3x5 factorial: pearl millet cultivars: Comum, BN2 and BRS1501 and sowing dates (February, March, April, August and September). There was no differences among cultivars in dry forage mass production, with average of 4,010 kg/ha. There was difference among cultivars in crude protein (CP) and the in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD). The CP values ranged from 14.04 to 17.95%, while the neutral detergent fiber variation was from 48.78 to 57.27% and the IVDMD was from 61.37 to 72.68%, according to the cultivars and sow time. There were differences among sow dates, with dry matter production of 3,941; 2,525; 4,316; 3,258 and 6,010kg/ha in the sowing dates of February, March, April, August and September, respectively. Anycultivar may be choosed, because the variations that were found in the chemical composition among cultivars according to sowing dates were variables. The production was better for sowing in September without changes in chemical composition of forage.

The study aimed to evaluate the agronomic characteristics and chemical composition of sugarcane varieties, harvested at the end of the dry season, under irrigated and rainfed conditions. The experimental design was in a completely randomized blocks with six replications. Two varieties (RB83-5486 and RB86-7515) under irrigated and rainfed conditions were studied. The stalk and dry matter yield were improved by irrigation, especially in case of RB86-7515. Higher contents of crude protein, acid detergent fiber, cellulose and lower contents of dry matter, Brix, non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) and in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) were obtained in the varieties under irrigation. The neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and NDF/brix were higher in irrigated conditions, variety RB86-7515 showing higher values. The lignin content was higher in the RB86-7515 under irrigated conditions. The RB83-5486 presented a better content of Brix, NFC and IVDMD than the RB86-7515. High productive potential was expressed under irrigated conditions, with emphasis on the RB86-7515. Irrigation influenced the chemical composition, negatively affecting the nutritional value of varieties. The RB83-5486 showed a better nutritional profile to be used as forage.

Com o aumento da competitividade do setor produtivo, a pecuária leiteira brasileira busca, de todas as formas, sistemas de produção que obtenham maior produtividade e menor custo. Entre as estratégias adotadas para tal fim, estão a melhoria da qualidade do rebanho e da forragem fornecida aos animais, de modo que estes expressem todo o seu potencial produtivo. A alfafa, conhecida pela excelente qualidade forrageira e boa palatabilidade, surge como boa opção. Entretanto, ainda há muito o que se trabalhar para a obtenção de cultivares melhor adaptadas às condições tropicais. Informações teóricas sobre características de importância forrageira são necessárias para a orientação dos programas de melhoramento. Nesse sentido, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estimar o coeficiente de repetibilidade para a produtividade de matéria seca de alfafa na região Sudeste do Brasil e determinar o número ideal de avaliações para a seleção dos genótipos superiores, por meio de quatro metodologias diferentes. Utilizaram-se dados de produtividade de matéria seca obtidos em quatro ensaios de comparação de cultivares de alfafa, conduzidos em diferentes regiões do Estado de Minas Gerais. Estimou-se o coeficiente de repetibilidade (r), para cada um dos ensaios, por meio dos métodos da análise de variância (Anova), dos componentes principais com base na matriz de covariância (CP-1) e de correlação (CP-2), e pela análise estrutural baseada na matriz de correlação. Observou-se que houve boa concordância entre as diferentes metodologias de estimação do coeficiente de repetibilidade em todos os ensaios. A estimativa média de repetibilidade para produção de matéria seca de alfafa nos quatro ensaios avaliados foi de 0,59, com coeficiente de determinação médio de 0,96. Constatou-se, também, que a realização de apenas quatro cortes, em média, foram suficientes para se conhecer o real valor genotípico das cultivares testadas, com 85% de confiabilidade. Along with the increasing competition in its primary production area the Brazilian dairy searchs for production systems that result higher productivity and lower costs. Among the adopted strategies are the herd and forage improvement. Alfalfa, known for its excellent nutritional quality and palatability, becomes an option. However, to obtain cultivars well adapted to tropical conditions still requires a lot of time and work. Theoretical information regarding forage value characters are required in order to orient improvement programs. So, the objective of this work was to estimate the repeatability coefficient of alfalfa dry matter productivity in Brazil southeast region and to determinate the ideal evaluation number necessary to select higher genotypes. Four methodologies were used. Dry matter productivity data from four alfalfa evaluation experiments carried in different areas of Minas Gerais State were used. The repeatability coefficient (r) for each experiment was estimated using variance analysis (Anova) of the main components based on the covariance (CP-1) and the correlation (CP-2) matrix and by the structural analysis based on the correlation matrix. A good response among the four methodologies was observed in all experiments. The average estimate for repeatability of alfalfa dry matter production for all experiments was 0,59, with the determination coefficient average of 0,96. What was also noted was that four cuts, in average, were sufficient to shown with 85% confidence the real genotipic value of the evaluated cultivars.

This study aimed to evaluate the agronomic performance of 24 sorghum genotypes in four Brazilian regions and the chemical characteristics of genotypes grown in Sete Lagoas, state of Minas Gerais. Genotypes BRS655 and 12F37005 had higher average production of green matter (> 44 ton ha-1) and dry matter (> 17 ton ha-1), respectively. Genotypes 12F38019, 12F40019, 12F37005, 12F37043 and Volumax took more days to flower in three of the four municipalities (75-90 days). Genotypes 12F38006, 12F40006 and 12F37016 were taller (> 2 m). Values of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber ranged from 37.15 to 50.13; 5.51 to 10.28 and 43.57 to 65.69%, respectively. The genotypes were not different regarding acid detergent fiber content, with mean value of 34.83%. Genotypes 12F38019, 12F37016, 12F39005, 12F39019, 12F37007, 12F37014, 12F39014 and BRS 655 showed the best values of dry matter digestibility (64.31 to 74.20%) and crude protein content (8.33 to 10.28%). Among them, 12F139014 exhibited the lowest lignin content (3.32%), suggesting less effect of this fraction on digestibility. Genotype 12F39014 is the most suitable for cultivation, as it presented the best nutritional value and good dry matter production in the four municipalities.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar a disponibilidade de forragem, a composição morfológica e química do pasto, a capacidade de suporte do pasto e a produção de leite de vacas em três gramíneas forrageiras sob lotação contínua e taxa variável em solo de várzea. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e três repetições. Os tratamentos constituíram-se das gramíneas Paspalum atratum cv. Pojuca, Brachiaria humidicola cv. Llanero e capim-tangola, híbrido natural de Brachiaria arrecta e Brachiaria mutica. A taxa de lotação foi ajustada para manter a forragem disponível entre 2.000 e 3.000 kg de massa seca por hectare. O período avaliado foi de novembro de 2003 a maio 2004. Não houve diferença significativa entre as espécies quanto à disponibilidade de massa seca de forragem verde, com valor médio de 2.902 kg/ha. O capim-pojuca apresentou 62% de lâminas foliares e 38% de colmo + bainha na massa seca de forragem verde, seguido pelo capim-humidícola com 49 e 51% e o capim-tangola com 18 e 82%, respectivamente. O capim-tangola apresentou teor mais alto de proteína bruta na lâmina foliar (15,41%) que os capins humidícola (9,98%) e pojuca (8,74%) e menores de fibra (FDN e FDA). A produção individual das vacas refletiu o melhor valor alimentício do capim-tangola, cuja média diária (10,27 kg/vaca) foi maior que no capim-pojuca (7,80 kg/vaca) e semelhante ao obtido com capim-humidícola (9,16 kg/vaca). A produção de leite por área não foi afetada pela gramínea forrageira, com média de 27,8 kg/ha × dia-1, uma vez que a taxa de lotação um pouco mais alta no capim-pojuca, apesar de não apresentar diferença significativa, compensou a menor produção individual das vacas. The objective of this study was to evaluate the forage availability, pasture morphological and chemical composition, pasture carrying capacity and the milk production of cows on three forage grasses under continues stocking and the variable rate on lowland soil. The experimental design was completely randomized with three treatments and three replicates. The treatments were the Paspalum atratum cv Pojuca grass, Brachiaria humidicola cv Llanero grass and tangola grass (natural hybrid of Brachiaria arrecta and Brachiaria mutica). The stocking rate was adjusted to maintain the forage available between 2.000 and 3.000 kg dry matter per hectare. The period evaluated was from November 2003 to May 2004. There was no significant difference between the species when the dry matter availability of green forage was evaluated, with mean value of 2.902 kg/ha. The pojuca grass had 62% of leaf blade and 38% of stem + sheath in green forage dry mass, followed by humidícola grass with 49 and 51% and tangola grass with 18 and 22%, respectively. The tangola grass showed higher level of crude protein on the leaf blade (15.41%) than humidícola (9.98%) and pojuca (8.74%) grasses and lower levels of fiber (NDF and ADF). The individual production of cows was affected by the better nutritional value of the tangola grass. The average daily production of this grass was higher (10.27 kg/cow) than the pojuca grass (7.8 kg/cow) and had similar value to humidícola grass (9.16 kg/cow). The milk production per area, with had mean of 27.8 kg/ha × day-1, was not affected by the forage grasses because the more high stocking rate of pojuca grass, although not significant, compensated the lower individual production.

The study was carried out with the aim to evaluate the effect of different special arrangements in forage yield, nutritive value and structure of the understory of signalgrass ( Brachiaria decumbens ) in silvipastoral system with different regrowth times. The design was in complete randomized block with tree replicates in a factorial scheme with split-plots 2 × 2 × 5 consisting two spatial arrangements [Double lines 9 × (2 × 2m) and simple lines (9 × 2m)] in two sampling places (in the middle of the intercropping and under the three canopy) in the plot and five regrowth times (35, 42, 49, 56 e 63 days) in the split-plot. It was used a silvipastoral system established since June, 2008 in degraded pasture with signalgrass predominance. The pasture was homogenized by grazing at 15 cm from the soil level. Were evaluated the dry matter yield leaf:stem ratio, light interception and leaf area index. In addition were evaluated the nutritive value characteristics dry matter content, neutral and acid detergent fiber, crude protein and lignin. The photosynthetic active radiation was monitored. The use of simple or double lines did not influence the leaf area index, light interception and dry mass yield. The leaf:stem ratio was influenced by the sampling place only in the double line arrangement. The neutral detergent fiber was substantially high in the double line arrangement. Therefore, the use of double lines reduces the photosynthetic active radiation amount incident in the understory, but does not reduce the forage yield in relation to simple line arrangements. These results indicate the use of double lines arrangement may allow the harvest of more threes without reduce the pasture production.