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3D multifunctional scaffold has been designed based on Cs/SA/NS/NPHA. Nanoparticles hydroxyapatite (NPHA) was prepared via precipitation method of sodium dihydrogen phosphate in presence calcium chloride. Different ratios of Chitosan (CS)/Sodium Alginate (SA) were used to prepare Cs/SA scaffolds in presence of CaCl 2 as a cross linker. NPHA was incorporated in CS/SA scaffold and neomycin sulfate (NS) was added as an antimicrobial agent. The structure and surface morphology of the scaffolds were investigated via infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) techniques. Additionally, Antimicrobial activity of the scaffold has evaluated against Gram- negative and Gram- positive bacteria. The result showed promising antimicrobial activity against Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Candida albicans. Furthermore, cytotoxicity against MG63 osteosarcoma cell and fibroblast normal cell line has investigated. The result showed anti-proliferative against MG63. DFT calculations and molecular docking were used to study the reactivity of the compounds. The results exhibited that Cs/SA/NS/NPHA is potent expected to be used in bone tissue regeneration., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The author declares that there is no conflict to interest., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This paper reports the manufacturing by 3D printing of scaffolds for in-situ mineralization of hydroxyapatite using aqueous suspensions of alginate and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)-grafted cellulose nanofibers (CNF). Bifunctional CNF with carboxyl and aldehyde moieties were prepared from bleached bagasse pulp and crosslinked with PVA. Aqueous hydrogels for 3D printing were prepared by directly mixing PVA-grafted CNF with sodium alginate, with and without the addition of phosphate ions. A calcium chloride solution was sprayed during the printing process in order to partially crosslink alginate and to increase the dimensional stability of the printed gel. At the end of the printing process, the prepared scaffolds were dipped into a CaCl 2 solution to: i) complete alginate crosslinking and ii) promote hydroxyapatite nucleation and growth by reaction with phosphate ions. In order to better understand the mechanisms governing manufacturing of scaffolds by 3D printing, the rheological behavior of alginate/PVA-grafted CNF and the mechanical properties of unit filaments obtained by direct hydrogel extrusion were investigated. The final scaffolds were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). This study shows that 3D printed sodium alginate/PVA-grafted CNF hydrogels are promising scaffold materials for bone tissue engineering., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Cellulose grafted with soy protein isolate (SPI), sustainable and cost effective material, was investigated as a bioactive material for calcium phosphate mineralization. The formation of hydroxyapatite rod-like nanocrystals with ∼50nmdiameter was confirmed by different characterization tools. Cellulose grafted SPI/hydroxyapatite hybrid was evaluated as recyclable adsorbent for methylene blue (MB) from aqueous solutions using batch adsorption technique. The new sustainable material exhibited adsorption capacity up to 454mg/g. Adsorption data were examined using different kinetics and isotherms to investigate the adsorption mechanism. After four adsorption-desorption cycles, the efficiency of MB removal is ∼95%. These results present new sustainable, cost effective and reusable hybrid material as a promising adsorbent for organic dyes removal from waste water., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

The current article investigates the effect of bioactive cellulose/wool blend on calcium phosphate biomimetic mineralization. Regenerated cellulose/wool blend was prepared by dissolution-regeneration of neat cellulose and natural wool in 1-butyl-3-methyl imidazolium chloride [Bmim][Cl], as a solvent for the two polymers. Crystalline hydroxyapatite nanofibers with a uniform size, shape and dimension were formed after immersing the bioactive blend in simulated body fluid. The cytotoxicity of cellulose/wool/hydroxyapatite was studied using animal fibroblast baby hamster kidney cells (BHK-21) and the result displayed good cytocompatability. This research work presents a green processing method for the development of novel cellulose/wool/hydroxyapatite hybrid materials for tissue engineering applications., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

This study examines the potential use of porous polycaprolactone (PCL) and polycaprolocatone/hydroxyapatite (PCL/HA) scaffolds fabricated through melt molding and porogen leaching for bone tissue engineering. While eliminating organic solvents is desirable, the process steps proposed in this study for uniformly dispersing HA particles (~5 μm in size) within the scaffold can also contribute to homogeneous properties for these porous composites. Poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) was chosen as a porogen due to its similar density and melting point as PCL. Pore size of the scaffold was controlled by limiting the size of PCL and PEO particles used in fabrication. The percent of HA in the fabricated scaffolds was quantified by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Mechanical testing was used to compare the modulus of the scaffolds to that of bone, and the pore size distribution was examined with microcomputed tomography (μCT). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine the effect on scaffold morphology caused by the addition of HA particles. Both μCT and SEM results showed that HA could be incorporated into PCL scaffolds without negatively affecting scaffold morphology or pore formation. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) and elemental mapping demonstrated a uniform distribution of HA within PCL/HA scaffolds. Murine calvaria-derived MC3T3-E1 cells were used to determine whether cells could attach on scaffolds and grow for up to 21 days. SEM images revealed an increase in cell attachment with the incorporation of HA into the scaffolds. Similarly, DNA content analysis showed a higher cell adhesion to PCL/HA scaffolds.