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During the production process in a lead zinc flotation plant, a large amount of particulate matter is generated, polluting the working environment. This study takes a lead zine mine as an example and analyzes the distribution of particulate matter concentration inside and outside the flotation plant. The pollution status and its health impacts are thoroughly investigated. The results show that the quantity concentration of particulate matter smaller than 10 µm inside the average plant is higher than outside, with the quantity concentration increasing as particle size decreases. The average ratio of quantity concentration of particulate matter inside to outside the plant is generally greater than 1. The mass concentrations of PM10, PM2.5, and PM1, inside the plant are significantly higher than those outside, with PM10 and PM2.5 inside the plant exceeding the Grade 1 standard by 5.333 times and 6.313 times, respectively, and the Grade 2 standard by 2.614 times and 2.134 times. The concentration of particulate matter inside the plant significantly influences the concentration outside. The distribution and concentration of particulate matter vary, and environmental factors greatly impact dust pollution. The study's findings provide valuable data for effectively controlling particulate matter in mining environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]