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Poblematic food safety issues are emerging in contemporary societies, especially those undergoing economically and socially rapid developments. In such context, failures in market and governance mechanisms present challenging situations for serving quality and trust-worthy foods and medicine to people. Meanwhile, scientific progresses are slowed down due to unavailability of critical information regarding good practices for food and medicine governance.Keywords. Food, Medicine, Governance.JEL. H12, E62, H50, H69.

UMTEB-2017 1st Internatıonal Congress On Vocational And Technical Sciences was held first of its conference series on April 08-10, 2017, at Batumi, Gorgia. This congress organized by Institution of Economic Development and Social Researches (IKSAD). The purpose of congress is to present their research papers in the areas of vocational, technical, politics, economics and social. On the first day of the conference, four panels were made after the opening speeches. The second day sessions were held in parallel on four seas. Average of five presentations were planned to be delivered in each session. In general, the topics of parallel sessions was about to technical sciences, occupational sciences, social studies, literature, history, economic research and political research. Submitted papers as well as presentations and discussions at the conference was conducted in English or Turkish In this way, it was more participation in conference and scholars have opportunity to share easily their academic studies. The papers presented in this congress will be considered in the conference book, in full text or in abstract, after review process. In terms of importance of the conference was highly informative and to provide significant out comes to its participants.Keywords. Global economic crisis, Fiscalpolicy, National government expenditures and related policies, National fund.JEL. H12, E62, H50, H69.

In this paper I study the public debt dynamics of three episodes (the crises of the 1950s, the 1980s and 2010-15) in Ireland’s modern economic history. By using traditional debt dynamic decomposition formulae, I measure the components which contributed most to public debt ratio reduction following previous high debt episodes. I also employ the case of Sweden for comparative purposes, in how it emerged from the increase in public debt in the aftermath of its banking crisis 1991-1993. The key findings which emerge are 1) the reduction of the public ratio following the 1980s episode was predominantly driven by cumulative primary surpluses, though a favourable growth and interest rate differential emerged as the key determinant in the late 1990s. Additionally, public debt in the 1980s was considerably more difficult to service in terms of tax revenues and maturity structures than the current event. 2) Public debt continued to increase following the crisis of the 1950s due to higher interest rates and lower inflation, despite a recovery in growth and fiscal contraction. 3) In line with other research isolating the uniqueness of open economy debt reductions, I find that though Sweden (like Ireland) reduced public debt in an environment of strong international growth, it did so in a macroeconomic environment of higher interest rates and falling inflation, entirely through budget surplus accumulation.

Using fiscal reaction functions for a panel of actual euro-area countries the paper investigates whether euro membership has reduced the responsiveness of countries to increases in the level of inherited debt compared to the period prior to succession to the euro. While we find some evidence for such a loss in prudence, the results are not robust to changes in the specification, as for example an exclusion of Greece from the panel. This suggests that the current debt problems may result to a large extent from pre-existing debt levels prior to entry or from a larger need for fiscal prudence in a common currency, while an adverse change in the fiscal reaction functions for most countries does not apply.

This Working Paper presents an overview of structural budget balance models and the adjustments most relevant for Australia. Three models (the OECD model, the IMF model and Treasury’s previously published model in the Australian Government’s 2009-10 Budget and McDonald et al (2010)) are discussed. Updated estimates of the Australian Government’s structural budget balance are presented alongside analysis showing the sensitivity of the results to plausible changes in key parameters. The updated structural budget balance estimates are based on the model used by McDonald et al (2010) and updated for the Australian Government’s 2013-14 Budget.