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19 results on '"Sanz-Forcada, J."'

1. Confirmation of an He I evaporating atmosphere around the 650-Myr-old sub-Neptune HD235088 b (TOI-1430 b) with CARMENES

Author

Orell-Miquel, J., Lampón, M., López-Puertas, M., Mallorquín, M., Murgas, F., Peláez-Torres, A., Pallé, E., Esparza-Borges, E., Sanz-Forcada, J., Tabernero, H. M., Nortmann, L., Nagel, E., Parviainen, H., Osorio, M. R. Zapatero, Caballero, J. A., Czesla, S., Cifuentes, C., Morello, G., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Fernández-Martín, A., Fukui, A., Henning, Th., Kawauchi, K., de Leon, J. P., Molaverdikhani, K., Montes, D., Narita, N., Reiners, A., Ribas, I., Sánchez-López, A., Schweitzer, A., Stangret, M., and Yan, F.

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

HD235088 (TOI-1430) is a young star known to host a sub-Neptune-sized planet candidate. We validated the planetary nature of HD235088 b with multiband photometry, refined its planetary parameters, and obtained a new age estimate of the host star, placing it at 600-800 Myr. Previous spectroscopic observations of a single transit detected an excess absorption of He I coincident in time with the planet candidate transit. Here, we confirm the presence of He I in the atmosphere of HD235088 b with one transit observed with CARMENES. We also detected hints of variability in the strength of the helium signal, with an absorption of $-$0.91$\pm$0.11%, which is slightly deeper (2$\sigma$) than the previous measurement. Furthermore, we simulated the He I signal with a spherically symmetric 1D hydrodynamic model, finding that the upper atmosphere of HD235088 b escapes hydrodynamically with a significant mass loss rate of (1.5-5) $\times$10$^{10}$g s$^{-1}$, in a relatively cold outflow, with $T$=3125$\pm$375 K, in the photon-limited escape regime. HD235088 b ($R_{p}$ = 2.045$\pm$0.075 R$_{\oplus}$) is the smallest planet found to date with a solid atmospheric detection - not just of He I but any other atom or molecule. This positions it a benchmark planet for further analyses of evolving young sub-Neptune atmospheres., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A. 17 pages, 18 figures

Published
2023

2. Two sub-Neptunes around the M dwarf TOI-1470

Author

González-Álvarez, E., Osorio, M. R. Zapatero, Caballero, J. A., Béjar, V. J. S., Cifuentes, C., Fukui, A., Herrero, E., Kawauchi, K., Livingston, J. H., López-González, M. J., Morello, G., Murgas, F., Narita, N., Pallé, E., Passegger, V. M., Rodríguez, E., Rodríguez-López, C., Sanz-Forcada, J., Schweitzer, A., Tabernero, H. M., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Charbonneau, D., Ciardi, D. R., Cikota, S., Collins, K. A., Conti, D. M., Fausnaugh, M., Hatzes, A. P., Hedges, C., Henning, Th., Jenkins, J. M., Latham, D. W., Massey, B., Moldovan, D., Montes, D., Panahi, A., Reiners, A., Ribas, I., Ricker, G. R., Seager, S., Shporer, A., Srdoc, G., Tenenbaum, P., Vanderspek, R., Winn, J. N., Fukuda, I., Ikoma, M., Isogai, K., Kawai, Y., Mori, M., Tamura, M., and Watanabe, N.

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Aims. A transiting planet candidate with a sub-Neptune radius orbiting the nearby ($d$ = 51.9$\pm$0.07 pc) M1.5 V star TOI-1470 with a period of $\sim$2.5 d was announced by the NASA Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS), which observed the field of TOI-1470 in four different sectors. We aim to validate its planetary nature using precise radial velocities (RVs) taken with the CARMENES spectrograph. Methods. We obtained 44 RV measurements with CARMENES spanning eight months between 3 June 2020 and 17 January 2021. For a better characterization of the parent star activity, we also collected contemporaneous optical photometric observations at the Joan Or\'o and Sierra Nevada Observatories, and we retrieved archival photometry from the literature. We used ground-based photometric observations from MuSCAT and also from MuSCAT2 and MuSCAT3 to confirm the planetary transit signals. We performed a combined photometric and spectroscopic analysis by including Gaussian processes and Keplerian orbits to simultaneously account for the stellar activity and planetary signals. Results. We estimate that TOI-1470 has a rotation period of 29$\pm$3 d based on photometric and spectroscopic data. The combined analysis confirms the discovery of the announced transiting planet, TOI-1470 b, with an orbital period of 2.527093$\pm$0.000003 d, a mass of $7.32^{+1.21}_{-1.24}$ M$_{\oplus}$, and a radius of $2.18^{+0.04}_{-0.04}$ R$_{\oplus}$. We also discover a second transiting planet that was not announced previously by TESS, TOI-1470 c, with an orbital period of 18.08816$\pm$0.00006 d, a mass of $7.24^{+2.87}_{-2.77}$ M$_{\oplus}$, and a radius of $2.47^{+0.02}_{-0.02}$ R$_{\oplus}$. The two planets are placed on the same side of the radius valley of M dwarfs and lie between TOI-1470 and the inner border of its habitable zone., Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2111.14602

Published
2023

3. The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs. A sub-Neptunian mass planet in the habitable zone of HN Lib

Author

González-Álvarez, E., Kemmer, J., Chaturvedi, P., Caballero, J. A., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Béjar, V. J. S., Cifuentes, C., Herrero, E., Kossakowski, D., Reiners, A., Ribas, I., Rodríguez, E., Rodríguez-López, C., Sanz-Forcada, J., Shan, Y., Stock, S., Tabernero, H. M., Tal-Or, L., Osorio, M. R. Zapatero, Hatzes, A. P., Henning, Th., López-González, M. J., Montes, D., Morales, J. C., Pallé, E., Pedraz, S., Perger, M., Reffert, S., Sabotta, S., Schweitzer, A., and Zechmeister, M.

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We report the discovery of HN Lib b, a sub-Neptunian mass planet orbiting the nearby ($d \approx$ = 6.25 pc) M4.0 V star HN Lib detected by our CARMENES radial-velocity (RV) survey. We determined a planetary minimum mass of $M_\text{b}\sin i = $ 5.46 $\pm$ 0.75 $\text{M}_\oplus$ and an orbital period of $P_\text{b} = $ 36.116 $\pm$ 0.029 d, using $\sim$5 yr of CARMENES data, as well as archival RVs from HARPS and HIRES spanning more than 13 years. The flux received by the planet equals half the instellation on Earth, which places it in the middle of the conservative habitable zone (HZ) of its host star. The RV data show evidence for another planet candidate with $M_\text{[c]}\sin i = $ 9.7 $\pm$ 1.9 $\text{M}_\oplus$ and $P_\text{[c]} = $ 113.46 $\pm$ 0.20 d. The long-term stability of the signal and the fact that the best model for our data is a two-planet model with an independent activity component stand as strong arguments for establishing a planetary origin. However, we cannot rule out stellar activity due to its proximity to the rotation period of HN Lib, which we measured using CARMENES activity indicators and photometric data from a ground-based multi-site campaign as well as archival data. The discovery adds HN Lib b to the shortlist of super-Earth planets in the habitable zone of M dwarfs, but HN Lib [c] probably cannot be inhabited because, if confirmed, it would most likely be an icy giant.

Published
2023

4. GJ 806 (TOI-4481): A bright nearby multi-planetary system with a transiting hot, low-density super-Earth

Author

Palle, E., Orell-Miquel, J., Brady, M., Bean, J., Hatzes, A. P., Morello, G., Morales, J. C., Murgas, F., Molaverdikhani, K., Parviainen, H., Sanz-Forcada, J., Béjar, V. J. S., Caballero, J. A., Sreenivas, K. R., Schlecker, M., Ribas, I., Perdelwitz, V., Tal-Or, L., Pérez-Torres, M., Luque, R., Dreizler, S., Fuhrmeister, B., Aceituno, F., Amado, P. J., Anglada-Escudé, G., Caldwell, D. A., Charbonneau, D., Cifuentes, C., de Leon, J. P., Collins, K. A., Dufoer, S., Espinoza, N., Essack, Z., Fukui, A., Chew, Y. Gómez Maqueo, Gómez-Muñoz, M. A., Henning, Th., Herrero, E., Jeffers, S. V., Jenkins, J., Kaminski, A., Kasper, J., Kunimoto, M., Latham, D., Lillo-Box, J., López-González, M. J., Montes, D., Mori, M., Narita, N., Quirrenbach, A., Pedraz, S., Reiners, A., Rodríguez, E., Rodríguez-López, C., Sabin, L., Schanche, N., Schwarz, R-P., Schweitzer, A., Seifahrt, A., Stefansson, G., Sturmer, J., Trifonov, T., Vanaverbeke, S., Wells, R. D., Zapatero-Osorio, M. R., and Zechmeister, M.

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

One of the main scientific goals of the TESS mission is the discovery of transiting small planets around the closest and brightest stars in the sky. Here, using data from the CARMENES, MAROON-X, and HIRES spectrographs, together with TESS, we report the discovery and mass determination of a planetary system around the M1.5 V star GJ 806 (TOI-4481). GJ 806 is a bright (V=10.8 mag, J=7.3 mag) and nearby (d=12 pc) M dwarf that hosts at least two planets. The innermost planet, GJ 806 b, is transiting and has an ultra-short orbital period of 0.93 d, a radius of 1.331+-0.023 Re, a mass of 1.90+-0.17 Me, a mean density of 4.40+-0.45 g/cm3, and an equilibrium temperature of 940+-10 K. We detect a second, non-transiting, super-Earth planet in the system, GJ 806c, with an orbital period of 6.6 d, a minimum mass of 5.80+-0.30 Me, and an equilibrium temperature of 490+-5 K. The radial velocity data also shows evidence for a third periodicity at 13.6 d, although the current dataset does not provide sufficient evidence to unambiguously distinguish between a third super-Earth mass (Msin(i)=8.50+-0.45 Me) planet or stellar activity. Additionally, we report one transit observation of GJ 806 b taken with CARMENES in search for a possible extended atmosphere of H or He, but we can only place upper limits to its existence. This is not surprising as our evolutionary models support the idea that any possible primordial H/He atmosphere that GJ 806 b might have had, would long have been lost. However, GJ 806b's bulk density makes it likely that the planet hosts some type of volatile atmosphere. In fact, with a transmission spectroscopy metrics (TSM) of 44 and an emission spectroscopy metrics (ESM) of 24, GJ 806 b the third-ranked terrestrial planet around an M dwarf suitable for transmission spectroscopy studies, and the most promising terrestrial planet for emission spectroscopy studies., Under second review in A&A. This paper is NOT yet accepted, but it is made openly available to the community due to the approaching JWST deadline

Published
2023

5. H$��$ and He I absorption in HAT-P-32 b observed with CARMENES -- Detection of Roche lobe overflow and mass loss

Author

Czesla, S., Lamp��n, M., Sanz-Forcada, J., Mu��oz, A. Garc��a, L��pez-Puertas, M., Nortmann, L., Yan, D., Nagel, E., Yan, F., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Aceituno, J., Amado, P. J., Caballero, J. A., Casasayas-Barris, N., Henning, Th., Khalafinejad, S., Molaverdikhani, K., Montes, D., Pall��, E., Reiners, A., Schneider, P. C., Ribas, I., Quirrenbach, A., Osorio, M. R. Zapatero, and Zechmeister, M.

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We analyze two high-resolution spectral transit time series of the hot Jupiter HAT-P-32 b obtained with the CARMENES spectrograph. Our new XMM-Newton X-ray observations of the system show that the fast-rotating F-type host star exhibits a high X-ray luminosity of 2.3e29~erg/s (5-100 A), corresponding to a flux of 6.9e4 erg/cm**2/s at the planetary orbit, which results in an energy-limited escape estimate of about 1e13 g/s for the planetary mass-loss rate. The spectral time series show significant, time-dependent absorption in the Halpha and He I triplet lines with maximum depths of about 3.3% and 5.3%. The mid-transit absorption signals in the Halpha and He I lines are consistent with results from one-dimensional hydrodynamic modeling, which also yields mass-loss rates on the order of 1e13 g/s. We observe an early ingress of a redshifted component of the transmission signal, which extends into a redshifted absorption component, persisting until about the middle of the optical transit. While a super-rotating wind can explain redshifted ingress absorption, we find that an up-orbit stream, transporting planetary mass in the direction of the star, also provides a plausible explanation for the pre-transit signal. This makes HAT-P-32 a benchmark system for exploring atmospheric dynamics via transmission spectroscopy., Accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2021
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6. Modelling the He I triplet absorption at 10830 Angstroms in the atmosphere of HD 209458 b

Author

Lampón, M., López-Puertas, M., Lara, L. M., Sánchez-López, A., Salz, M., Czesla, S., Sanz-Forcada, J., Molaverdikhani, K., Alonso-Floriano, F. J., Nortmann, L., Caballero, J. A., Bauer, F. F., Pallé, E., Montes, D., Quirrenbach, A., Nagel, E., Ribas, I., Reiners, A., and Amado, P. J.

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

HD 209458b is an exoplanet with an upper atmosphere undergoing blow-off escape that has mainly been studied using measurements of the Ly-alpha absorption. Recently, high-resolution measurements of absorption in the He I triplet line at 10830 angstroms of several exoplanets (including HD 209458b) have been reported, creating a new opportunity to probe escaping atmospheres. We aim to better understand the atmospheric regions of HD 209458b from where the escape originates. We developed a 1D hydrodynamic model with spherical symmetry for the HD 209458 b thermosphere coupled with a non-local thermodynamic model for the population of the He triplet state. In addition, we performed high-resolution radiative transfer calculations of synthetic spectra for the He triplet lines and compared them with the measured absorption spectrum in order to retrieve information about the atmospheric parameters. We find that the measured spectrum constrains the [H]/[H$^{+}$] transition altitude occurring in the range of 1.2 to 1.9Rp. H is almost fully ionised at altitudes above 2.9Rp. We also find that the X-ray and EUV absorption takes place at effective radii from 1.16 to 1.30Rp, and that the He triplet peak density occurs at altitudes from 1.04 to 1.60Rp. Additionally, the averaged mmw is confined to the 0.61-0.73 g/mole interval, and the thermospheric H/He ratio should be larger than 90/10, and most likely approximately 98/2. We also provide a one-to-one relationship between mass-loss rate and temperature. Based on the energy-limited escape approach and assuming heating efficiencies of 0.1-0.2, we find a mass-loss rate in the range of (0.42-1.00)$\times 10^{11}$ g/s and a corresponding temperature range of 7125 to 8125K. The analysis of the measured He triplet absorption spectrum significantly constrains the thermospheric structure of HD 209458b and advances our knowledge of its escaping atmosphere., Comment: Accepted to A&A. 15 Pages, 15 figures and 3 tables

Published
2020
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7. He I $��$ 10830 �� in the transmission spectrum of HD 209458 b

Author

Alonso-Floriano, F. J., Snellen, I. A. G., Czesla, S., Bauer, F. F., Salz, M., Lamp��n, M., Lara, L. M., Nagel, E., L��pez-Puertas, M., Nortmann, L., S��nchez-L��pez, A., Sanz-Forcada, J., Caballero, J. A., Reiners, A., Ribas, I., Quirrenbach, A., Amado, P. J., Aceituno, J., Anglada-Escud��, G., B��jar, V. J. S., Brinkm��ller, M., Hatzes, A. P., Henning, Th., Kaminski, A., K��rster, M., Labarga, F., Montes, D., Pall��, E., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., and Osorio, M. R. Zapatero

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Context: Recently, the He I triplet at 10830 �� has been rediscovered as an excellent probe of the extended and possibly evaporating atmospheres of close-in transiting planets. This has already resulted in detections of this triplet in the atmospheres of a handful of planets, both from space and from the ground. However, while a strong signal is expected for the hot Jupiter HD 209458 b, only upper limits have been obtained so far. Aims: Our goal is to measure the helium excess absorption from HD 209458 b and assess the extended atmosphere of the planet and possible evaporation. Methods: We obtained new high-resolution spectral transit time-series of HD 209458 b using CARMENES at the 3.5 m Calar Alto telescope, targeting the He I triplet at 10830 �� at a spectral resolving power of 80 400. The observed spectra were corrected for stellar absorption lines using out of transit data, for telluric absorption using the molecfit software, and for the sky emission lines using simultaneous sky measurements through a second fibre. Results: We detect He I absorption at a level of 0.91 $\pm$ 0.10 % (9 $��$) at mid-transit. The absorption follows the radial velocity change of the planet during transit, unambiguously identifying the planet as the source of the absorption. The core of the absorption exhibits a net blueshift of 1.8 $\pm$ 1.3 km s$^{-1}$. Possible low-level excess absorption is seen further blueward from the main absorption near the centre of the transit, which could be caused by an extended tail. However, this needs to be confirmed. Conclusions: Our results further support a close relationship between the strength of planetary absorption in the helium triplet lines and the level of ionising, stellar X-ray and extreme-UV irradiation.

Published
2019
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8. Detection of He I $\lambda10830$ �� absorption on HD 189733 b with CARMENES high-resolution transmission spectroscopy

Author

Salz, M., Czesla, S., Schneider, P. C., Nagel, E., Schmitt, J. H. M. M., Nortmann, L., Alonso-Floriano, F. J., L��pez-Puertas, M., Lamp��n, M., Bauer, F. F., Snellen, I. A. G., Pall��, E., Caballero, J. A., Yan, F., Chen, G., Sanz-Forcada, J., Amado, P. J., Quirrenbach, A., Ribas, I., Reiners, A., B��jar, V. J. S., Casasayas-Barris, N., Cort��s-Contreras, M., Dreizler, S., Guenther, E. W., Henning, T., Jeffers, S. V., Kaminski, A., K��rster, M., Lafarga, M., Lara, L. M., Molaverdikhani, K., Montes, D., Morales, J. C., S��nchez-L��pez, A., Seifert, W., Osorio, M. R. Zapatero, and Zechmeister, M.

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics
Abstract

We present three transit observations of HD 189733 b obtained with the high-resolution spectrograph CARMENES at Calar Alto. A strong absorption signal is detected in the near-infrared He I triplet at 10830 �� in all three transits. During mid-transit, the mean absorption level is $0.88\pm0.04$ % measured in a $\pm$10 km s$^{-1}$ range at a net blueshift of $-3.5\pm0.4$ km s$^{-1}$ (10829.84--10830.57 ��). The absorption signal exhibits radial velocities of $+6.5\pm3.1$ km s$^{-1}$ and $-12.6\pm1.0$ km s$^{-1}$ during ingress and egress, respectively; measured in the planetary rest frame. We show that stellar activity related pseudo-signals interfere with the planetary atmospheric absorption signal. They could contribute as much as 80% of the observed signal and might also affect the radial velocity signature, but pseudo-signals are very unlikely to explain the entire signal. The observed line ratio between the two unresolved and the third line of the He I triplet is $2.8\pm0.2$, which strongly deviates from the value expected for an optically thin atmospheres. When interpreted in terms of absorption in the planetary atmosphere, this favors a compact helium atmosphere with an extent of only 0.2 planetary radii and a substantial column density on the order of $4\times 10^{12}$ cm$^{-2}$. The observed radial velocities can be understood either in terms of atmospheric circulation with equatorial superrotation or as a sign of an asymmetric atmospheric component of evaporating material. We detect no clear signature of ongoing evaporation, like pre- or post-transit absorption, which could indicate material beyond the planetary Roche lobe, or radial velocities in excess of the escape velocity. These findings do not contradict planetary evaporation, but only show that the detected helium absorption in HD 189733 b does not trace the atmospheric layers that show pronounced escape signatures., 13 pages, 12 figures, accepted for publication in A&A

Published
2018
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9. Effects of XUV radiation on circumbinary planets

Author

Sanz-Forcada, J., Desidera, S., and Micela, G.

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Several circumbinary planets have recently been discovered. The orbit of a planet around a binary stellar system poses several dynamic constraints. The effects that radiation from the host stars may have on the planet atmospheres must be considered. Because of the configuration of a close binary system, these stars have a high rotation rate, which causes a permanent state of high stellar activity and copious XUV radiation. The accumulated effects are stronger than for exoplanets around single stars, and cause a faster evaporation of their atmospheres. We evaluate the effects that stellar radiation has on the evaporation of exoplanets around binary systems and on the survival of these planets. We considered the XUV spectral range to account for the photons that are easily absorbed by a planet atmosphere that is mainly composed of hydrogen. A more complex atmospheric composition is expected to absorb this radiation more efficiently. We used direct X-ray observations to evaluate the energy in the X-rays range and coronal models to calculate the (nondetectable) EUV part of the spectrum. The simulations show that exoplanets in a close orbit will suffer strong photoevaporation that may cause a total loss of atmosphere in a short time. A binary system of two solar-like stars will be highly efficient in evaporating the atmosphere of the planet. These systems will be difficult to find, even if they are dynamically stable. Still, planets may orbit around binary systems of low mass stars for wider orbits. Currently known circumbinary planets are not substantially affected by thermal photoevaporation processes, unless Kepler-47 b has an inflated atmosphere. The distribution of the orbital periods of circumbinary planets is shifted to much longer periods than the average of Kepler planets, which supports a scenario of strong photoevaporation in close-in circumbinary planets., Accepted by A&A. 8 pages, 5 figures

Published
2014

10. Planets and X-rays: a radiation diet

Author

Sanz-Forcada, J., Ribas, I., Giuseppina Micela, Pollock, A., Garcìa-Àlvarez, D., Solano, E., and Eiroa, C.

Subjects
Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

According to theory, high energy emission from the coronae of cool stars can severely erode the atmosphere of orbiting planets. To test the long term effects of the erosion we study a large sample of planet-hosting stars observed in X-rays. The results reveal that massive planets (Mp sin i > 1.5 Mj) may survive only if exposed to low accumulated coronal radiation. The planet HD 209458 b might have lost more than 1 Mj already, and other cases, like tau Boo b, could be losing mass at a rate of 3.4 Earth masses per Gyr. The strongest erosive effects would take place during the first stages of the stellar life, when the faster rotation generates more energetic coronal radiation. The planets with higher density seem to resist better the radiation effects, as foreseen by models. Current models need to be improved to explain the observed distribution of planetary masses with the coronal radiation received., Proceedings of the 16th Workshop on Cool Stars, Stellar Systems, and the Sun (2010, PASP conference series, in press). Preliminar results

Published
2011

11. The Hot and Energetic Universe: Solar system and exoplanets

Author

Branduardi-Raymont, G., Salvatore Sciortino, Dennerl, K., Güdel, M., Holmstrom, M., Koutroumpa, D., Maggio, A., Micela, G., Pillitteri, I., Sanz-Forcada, J., Read, A., Bhardwaj, A., Ezoe, Y., Gladstone, R., and Koutroumpa, Dimitra

Subjects
[SDU] Sciences of the Universe [physics], High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena (astro-ph.HE), Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Astrophysics::High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Physics::Space Physics, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, [SDU.ASTR] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], Astrophysics - High Energy Astrophysical Phenomena, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The high resolution non-dispersive spectroscopy and unprecedented sensitivity of Athena+ will revolutionize solar system observing: the origin of the ions producing Jupiter's X-ray aurorae via charge exchange will be conclusively established, as well as their dynamics, giving clues to their acceleration mechanisms. X-ray aurorae on Saturn will be searched for to a depth unattainable by current Earth-bound observatories. The X-ray Integral Field Unit of Athena+ will map Mars' expanding exosphere, which has a line-rich solar wind charge exchange spectrum, under differing solar wind conditions and through the seasons; relating Mars' X-ray emission to its atmospheric loss will have significant impact also on the study of exoplanet atmospheres. Spectral mapping of cometary comae, which are spectacular X-ray sources with extremely line-rich spectra, will probe solar wind composition and speed at varying distances from the Sun. Athena+ will provide unique contributions also to exoplanetary astrophysics. Athena+ will pioneer the study of ingress/eclipse/egress effects during planetary orbits of hot-Jupiters, and will confirm/improve the evidence of Star-Planet Interactions (SPI) in a wider sample of planetary systems. Finally Athena+ will drastically improve the knowledge of the X-ray incident radiation on exoplanets, a key element for understanding the effects of atmospheric mass loss and of the chemical and physical evolution of planet atmospheres, particularly relevant in the case of young systems., Supporting paper for the science theme "The Hot and Energetic Universe" to be implemented by the Athena+ X-ray observatory (http://www.the-athena-x-ray-observatory.eu). 8 pages, 6 figures

12. HST PanCET program: non-detection of atmospheric escape in the warm Saturn-sized planet WASP-29 b

Author

David K. Sing, Hannah R. Wakeford, Mercedes López-Morales, Alfred Vidal-Madjar, Panayotis Lavvas, A. Lecavelier des Etangs, Gregory W. Henry, L. A. dos Santos, Thomas Mikal-Evans, Vincent Bourrier, David Ehrenreich, A. García Muñoz, Jorge Sanz-Forcada, Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Groupe de spectrométrie moléculaire et atmosphérique (GSMA), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut d'Astrophysique de Paris (IAP), Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Sorbonne Université (SU)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dos Santos, L. A. [0000-0002-2248-3838], Sanz Forcada, J. [0000-0002-1600-7835], López Morales, M. [0000-0003-3204-8183], Sing, D. K. [0000-0001-6050-7645], García Muñoz, A. [0000-0003-1756-4825], Henry, G. W. [0000-0003-4155-8513], Lecavelier des Etangs, A. [0000-0002-5637-5253], Mikal Evans, T. [0000-0001-5442-1300], Centre National D'Etudes Spatiales (CNES), European Research Council (ERC), and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Gas giant, kinematics and dynamics, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Luminosity, Planet, individual: Wasp-29 [Stars], Saturn, Kinematics and dynamics [ISM], 0103 physical sciences, Hot Jupiter, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, individual, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, Atmospheric escape, atmospheres -ISM, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Stars, Exoplanet, Interstellar medium, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], chromospheres [Stars], atmospheres [Planets and satellites], chromospheres -planets and satellites, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, WASP-29 -stars, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

(Abridged) Short-period gas giant exoplanets are susceptible to intense atmospheric escape due to their large scale heights and strong high-energy irradiation. This process is thought to occur ubiquitously, but to date we have only detected direct evidence of atmospheric escape in hot Jupiters and warm Neptunes. The paucity of cases for intermediate, Saturn-sized exoplanets at varying levels of irradiation precludes a detailed understanding of the underlying physics in atmospheric escape of hot gas giants. Our objectives here are to assess the high-energy environment of the warm ($T_\mathrm{eq} = 970$ K) Saturn WASP-29 b and search for signatures of atmospheric escape. We used far-ultraviolet (FUV) observations from the Hubble Space Telescope to analyze the flux time series of H I, C II, Si III, Si IV, and N V during the transit of WASP-29 b. At 3$\sigma$ confidence, we rule out any in-transit absorption of H Ilarger than 92% in the Lyman-$\alpha$ blue wing and 19% in the red wing. We found an in-transit flux decrease of $39\%^{+12\%}_{-11\%}$ in the ground-state C II emission line at 133.45 nm. But due to this signal being significantly present in only one visit, it is difficult to attribute a planetary or stellar origin for the ground-state C II signal. We place 3$\sigma$ absorption upper limits of 40%, 49% and 24% for Si III, Si IV, and for excited-state C II at 133.57 nm, respectively. Low activity levels and the faint X-ray luminosity suggest that WASP-29 is an old, inactive star. An energy-limited approximation combined with the reconstructed EUV spectrum of the host suggests that the planet is losing its atmosphere at a rate of $4 \times 10^9$ g s$^{-1}$. The non-detection at Lyman-$\alpha$ could be partly explained by a low fraction of escaping neutral hydrogen, or by the state of fast radiative blow-out we infer from the reconstructed stellar Lyman-$\alpha$ line., Comment: 10 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in Astronomy & Astrophysics. v2 with a few text changes for consistency

Published
2021
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13. Evidence of energy-, recombination-, and photon-limited escape regimes in giant planet H/He atmospheres

Author

Pedro J. Amado, Manuel López-Puertas, Luisa Lara, Jose A. Caballero, Enric Palle, M. Salz, Jorge Sanz-Forcada, Ignasi Ribas, Th. Henning, Ansgar Reiners, Lisa Nortmann, Andreas Quirrenbach, D. Montes, M. Lampón, S. Czesla, A. Sánchez-López, Karan Molaverdikhani, European Commission, European Research Council, Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Centro de Excelencia Científica Severo Ochoa Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía , SEV-2017-0709, Centro de Excelencia Científica Severo Ochoa Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, SEV-2015-0548, Lampón, M. [0000-0002-0183-7158], López Puertas, M. [0000-0003-2941-7734], Sánchez López, A. [0000-0002-0516-7956], Lara, L. M. [0000-0002-7184-920X], Sanz Forcada, J. [0000-0002-1600-7835], Molaverdikhani, K. [0000-0002-0502-0428], Caballero, J. A. [0000-0002-7349-1387], Nortmann, L. [0000-0001-8419-8760], Amado, P. J. [0000-0001-8012-3788], Montes, D. [0000-0002-7779-238X], Ribas, I. [0000-0002-6689-0312], Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Junta de Andalucía, European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (MINECO), Generalitat de Catalunya, and European Research Council (ERC)

Subjects
Astrofísica, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, 0103 physical sciences, Planets and satellites: atmospheres, Absorption (electromagnetic radiation), Planets and satellites: individual: GJ 3470 b, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Helium, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Hydrodynamic escape, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, Advection, individual: HD 209458 b [Planets and satellites], individual: HD 189733 b [Planets and satellites], Giant planet, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Planets and satellites: individual: HD 189733 b, Exoplanet, Planets and satellites: gaseous planets, Planets and satellites: individual: HD 209458 b, Astronomía, gaseous planets [Planets and satellites], chemistry, individual: GJ 3470 b [Planets and satellites], 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, atmospheres [Planets and satellites], Planetary mass, Recombination, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Hydrodynamic escape is the most efficient atmospheric mechanism of planetary mass loss and has a large impact on planetary evolution. Three hydrodynamic escape regimes have been identified theoretically: energy-limited, recombination-limited, and photon-limited. However, no evidence of these regimes had been reported until now. Here, we report evidence of these three regimes via an analysis of a helium I triplet at 10 830 Å and Lyα absorption involving a 1D hydrodynamic model that allows us to estimate hydrogen recombination and advection rates. In particular, we show that HD 209458 b is in the energy-limited regime, HD 189733 b is in the recombination-limited regime, and GJ 3470 b is in the photon-limited regime. These exoplanets can be considered as benchmark cases for their respective regimes. © ESO 2021., CARMENES is an instrument for the Centro Astronomico Hispano-Aleman (CAHA) at Calar Alto (Almeria, Spain), operated jointly by the Junta de Andalucia and the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (CSIC). CARMENES was funded by the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft (MPG), the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas (CSIC), the Ministerio de Economia y Competitividad (MINECO) and the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF) through projects FICTS-2011-02, ICTS-2017-07-CAHA-4, and CAHA16-CE-3978, and the members of the CARMENES Consortium (Max-Planck-Institut fur Astronomie, Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, Landessternwarte Konigstuhl, Institut de Ciencies de l'Espai, Institut fur Astrophysik Gottingen, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Thuringer Landessternwarte Tautenburg, Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias, Hamburger Sternwarte, Centro de Astrobiologia and Centro Astronomico Hispano-Aleman), with additional contributions by the MINECO, the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through the Major Research Instrumentation Programme and Research Unit FOR2544 "Blue Planets around Red Stars", the Klaus Tschira Stiftung, the states of Baden-Wurttemberg and Niedersachsen, and by the Junta de Andalucia. We acknowledge financial support from the Agencia Estatal de Investigacion of the Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovacion y Universidades and the ERDF through projects ESP2016-76076-R, ESP2017-87143-R, BES-2015-074542, PID2019-110689RB-I00/AEI/10.13039/501100011033, PGC2018-099425-B-I00, PID2019-109522GB-C51/2/3/4, PGC2018-098153-B-C33, AYA2016-79425-C3-1/2/3-P, ESP2016-80435-C2-1-R, and the Centre of Excellence "Severo Ochoa" and "Maria de Maeztu" awards to the Instituto de Astrofisica de Canarias (SEV-2015-0548), Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709), and Centro de Astrobiologia (MDM-2017-0737), and the Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA programme. T.H. acknowledges support from the European Research Council under the Horizon 2020 Framework Program via the ERC Advanced Grant Origins 832428. A.S.L. acknowledges funding from the European Research Council under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program under grant agreement No 694513.

Published
2021

14. A nearby transiting rocky exoplanet that is suitable for atmospheric investigation

Author

Carlos Cifuentes, J. P. de Leon, Richard P. Schwarz, Joshua N. Winn, Hannu Parviainen, Christopher E. Henze, Thomas Henning, M. Lafarga, Courtney D. Dressing, Martin Kürster, Jorge Sanz-Forcada, Roland Vanderspek, A. Kaminski, Andreas Schweitzer, David W. Latham, Don Pollacco, Guillem Anglada-Escudé, Benjamin T. Montet, Eric L. N. Jensen, P. J. Amado, Jacob L. Bean, Ignasi Ribas, A. Fukui, P. Bluhm, C. Rodríguez López, Sara Seager, Enric Palle, Stefan Dreizler, Víctor J. S. Béjar, E. Esparza-Borges, Andrew W. Mann, Michael Fausnaugh, Rafael Luque, M. Stangret, Jose A. Caballero, Andreas Seifahrt, S. Stock, M. Cortés-Contreras, Karan Molaverdikhani, D. Montes, Núria Casasayas-Barris, Juan Carlos Morales, George R. Ricker, Artie P. Hatzes, Karen A. Collins, Thiam-Guan Tan, Felipe Murgas, Kevin I. Collins, Joseph D. Twicken, Enrique Herrero, Norio Narita, Avi Shporer, Mathias Zechmeister, Trifon Trifonov, Thomas Barclay, P. Tenenbaum, Dennis L. Kasper, Ansgar Reiners, Mahmoudreza Oshagh, Jon M. Jenkins, Julian Stürmer, Coel Hellier, Andreas Quirrenbach, Diana Kossakowski, Néstor Espinoza, V. M. Passegger, Samuel N. Quinn, S. V. Jeffers, M. Azzaro, Centros de Excelencia Severo Ochoa, INSTITUTO DE ASTROFISICA DE ANDALUCIA (IAA), SEV-2017-0709, Centros de Excelencia Severo Ochoa, INSTITUTO DE ASTROFÍSICA DE CANARIAS (IAC), SEV-2015-0548, Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Trifonov, T. [0000-0002-0236-775X], Caballero, J. A. [0000-0002-7349-1387], Morales, J. C. [0000-0003-0061-518X], Seifahrt, A. [0000-0003-4526-3747], Ribas, I. [0000-0002-6689-0312], Bean, J. [0000-0003-4733-6532], Luque, R. [0000-0002-4671-2957], Parviainen, H. [0000-0001-5519-1391], Pallé, E. [0000-0003-0987-1593], Stock, S. [0000-0002-1166-9338], Zechmeister, M. [0000-0002-6532-4378], Amado, P. J. [0000-0002-8388-6040], Anglada Escudé, G. [0000-0002-3645-5977], Azzaro, M. [0000-0002-1317-0661], Barclay, T. [0000-0001-7139-2724], Béjar, V. J. S. [0000-0002-5086-4232], Bluhm, P. [0000-0002-0374-8466], Casasayas Barris, N. [0000-0002-2891-8222], Cifuentes, C. [0000-0003-1715-5087], Collins, K. A. [0000-0001-6588-9574], Collins, K. I. [0000-0003-2781-3207], Cortés Contreras, M. [0000-0003-3734-9866], Dreizler, S. [0000-0001-6187-5941], Dressing, C. D. [0000-0001-8189-0233], Esparza Borges, E. [0000-0002-2341-3233], Espinoza, N. [0000-0001-9513-1449], Fausnaugh, M. [0000-0002-9113-7162], Fukui, A. [0000-0002-4909-5763], Hatzes, A. P. [0000-0002-3404-8358], Hellier, C. [0000-0002-3439-1439], Henning, T. [0000-0002-1493-300X], Herrero, E. [0000-0001-8602-6639], Jeffers, S. V. [0000-0003-2490-4779], Jenkins, J. M. [0000-0002-4715-9460], Jensen, E. L. N. [0000-0002-4625-7333], Kaminski, A. [0000-0003-0203-8208], Kasper, D. [0000-0003-0534-6388], Kossakowski, D. [0000-0002-0436-7833], Lafarga, M. [0000-0002-8815-9416], Latham, D. W. [0000-0001-9911-7388], Mann, A. W. [0000-0003-3654-1602], Molaverdikhani, K. [0000-0002-0502-0428], Montes, D. [0000-0002-7779-238X], Montet, B. T. [0000-0001-7516-8308], Murgas, F. [0000-0001-9087-1245], Narita, N. [0000-0001-8511-2981], Oshagh, M. [0000-0002-0715-8789], Passegger, V. M. [0000-0002-8569-7243], Pollacco, D. [0000-0001-9850-9697], Quinn, S. N. [0000-0002-8964-8377], Rodríguez López, C. [0000-0001-5559-7850], Sanz Forcada, J. [0000-0002-1600-7835], Schwarz, R. P. [0000-0001-8227-1020], Schweitzer, A. [0000-0002-1624-0389], Seager, S. [0000-0002-6892-6948], Stangret, M. [0000-0002-1812-8024], Stürmer, J. [0000-0002-4410-4712], Tan, T. G. [0000-0001-5603-6895], Tenenbaum, P. [0000-0002-1949-4720], Twicken, J. D. [0000-0002-6778-7552], Vanderspek, R. [0000-0001-6763-6562], Winn, J. N. [0000-0002-4265-047X], Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI), National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), European Research Council (ERC), Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), La Caixa, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), German Research Foundation, Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (España), European Commission, National Aeronautics and Space Administration (US), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (España), Japan Science and Technology Agency, and Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (Japan)

Subjects
Astrofísica, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Red dwarf, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Q1, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Physics::Geophysics, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, QB460, Transit (astronomy), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, QB600, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, QB, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Multidisciplinary, Astronomy, Orbital period, Light curve, Exoplanet, Astronomía, Radial velocity, 13. Climate action, Terrestrial planet, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Spectroscopy of transiting exoplanets can be used to investigate their atmospheric properties and habitability. Combining radial velocity (RV) and transit data provides additional information on exoplanet physical properties. We detect a transiting rocky planet with an orbital period of 1.467 days around the nearby red dwarf star Gliese 486. The planet Gliese 486 b is 2.81 Earth masses and 1.31 Earth radii, with uncertainties of 5%, as determined from RV data and photometric light curves. The host star is at a distance of ~8.1 parsecs, has a J-band magnitude of ~7.2, and is observable from both hemispheres of Earth. On the basis of these properties and the planet's short orbital period and high equilibrium temperature, we show that this terrestrial planet is suitable for emission and transit spectroscopy. © 2021 American Association for the Advancement of Science. All rights reserved., Funding was provided by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through research unit FOR2544 "Blue Planets around Red Stars" and priority program SPP1992 "Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets"; Agencia Estatal de Investigacion of the Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovacion and the European Regional Development Fund through projects PID2019-109522GB-C51/2/3/4, PGC2018-098153-B-C33, SEV-2017-0709, MDM-2017-0737, AYA2016-79425-C3-1/2/3-P, ESP2016-80435-C2-1-R, and SEV-2015-0548; Klaus Tschira Stiftung; European Union's Horizon 2020 through Marie Sklodowska Curie grant 713673; "la Caixa" through INPhINT grant LCF/BQ/IN17/1162033; NASA through grants NNX17AG24G, 80NSSC19K0533, 80NSSC19K1721, and 80NSSC18K158 and the NASA Science Mission Directorate; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science KAKENHI through grants JP17H04574, JP18H01265, and JP18H05439; and Japan Science and Technology Agency PRESTO through grant JPMJPR1775.

Published
2021

15. HST PanCET Program: A Complete Near-UV to Infrared Transmission Spectrum for the Hot Jupiter WASP-79b

Author

Lars A. Buchhave, Jorge Sanz-Forcada, Munazza K. Alam, Jayesh M. Goyal, Joanna K. Barstow, David K. Sing, João M. Mendonça, Nikolay Nikolov, Katy L. Chubb, Alexander D. Rathcke, Jake Taylor, Mercedes Lopez-Morales, Gregory W. Henry, Nikole K. Lewis, Ryan J. MacDonald, University of St Andrews. School of Physics and Astronomy, Rathcke, A. D. [0000-0002-4227-4953], MacDonald, R. J. [0000-0003-4816-3469], Barstow, J. K. [0000-0003-3726-5419], Goyal, J. M. [0000-0002-8515-7204], López Morales, M. [0000-0003-3204-8183], Mendoça, J. M. [0000-0002-6907-4476], Sanz Forcada, J. [0000-0002-1600-7835], Henry, G. W. [0000-0003-4155-8513], Sing, D. K. [0000-0001-6050-7645], Alam, M. K. [0000-0003-4157-832X], Lewis, N. K. [0000-0002-8507-1304], Chubb, K. L. [0000-0002-4552-4559], Taylor, J. [0000-0003-4844-9838], Nikolov, N. [0000-0002-6500-3574], Buchhave, L. A. [0000-0003-1605-5666], and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)

Subjects
Opacity, Metallicity, Hot Jupiters, NDAS, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, Neptune-mass exoplanet, Absorption, Atmosphere, Observational astronomy, Hot Jupiter, Transmission spectroscopy, Giant planets, QB Astronomy, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Transit (astronomy), Gaussian process framework, Spectroscopy, QC, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, QB, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Photosphere, Retrieval, James Webb Space Telescope, Astronomy and Astrophysics, QC Physics, Space and Planetary Science, HD 189733B, Exoplanets atmospheric composition, Molecular line lists, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Hubble, Exoplanet atmospheres, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We present a new optical transmission spectrum of the hot Jupiter WASP-79b. We observed three transits with the STIS instrument mounted on HST, spanning 0.3 - 1.0 um. Combining these transits with previous observations, we construct a complete 0.3 - 5.0 um transmission spectrum of WASP-79b. Both HST and ground-based observations show decreasing transit depths towards blue wavelengths, contrary to expectations from Rayleigh scattering or hazes. We infer atmospheric and stellar properties from the full near-UV to infrared transmission spectrum of WASP-79b using three independent retrieval codes, all of which yield consistent results. Our retrievals confirm previous detections of H$_{2}$O (at 4.0$\sigma$ confidence), while providing moderate evidence of H$^{-}$ bound-free opacity (3.3$\sigma$) and strong evidence of stellar contamination from unocculted faculae (4.7$\sigma$). The retrieved H$_{2}$O abundance ($\sim$ 1$\%$) suggests a super-stellar atmospheric metallicity, though stellar or sub-stellar abundances remain consistent with present observations (O/H = 0.3 - 34$\times$ stellar). All three retrieval codes obtain a precise H$^{-}$ abundance constraint: log(X$_{\rm{H^{-}}}$) $\approx$ -8.0 $\pm$ 0.7. The potential presence of H$^{-}$ suggests that JWST observations may be sensitive to ionic chemistry in the atmosphere of WASP-79b. The inferred faculae are $\sim$ 500 K hotter than the stellar photosphere, covering $\sim$ 15$\%$ of the stellar surface. Our analysis underscores the importance of observing UV - optical transmission spectra in order to disentangle the influence of unocculted stellar heterogeneities from planetary transmission spectra., Comment: 27 pages, 10 figures. Resubmitted to AJ after referee report

Published
2021
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16. Evidence of a Clear Atmosphere for WASP-62b: the Only Known Transiting Gas Giant in the JWST Continuous Viewing Zone

Author

Drake Deming, Munazza K. Alam, Nikole K. Lewis, Ryan J. MacDonald, Mercedes Lopez-Morales, David K. Sing, Joanna K. Barstow, James Kirk, Hannah R. Wakeford, Jorge Sanz-Forcada, Jayesh M. Goyal, Lars A. Buchhave, Alexander D. Rathcke, Thomas Mikal-Evans, Nikolay Nikolov, Alam, M. K. [0000-0003-4157-832X], López Morales, M. [0000-0003-3204-8183], MacDonald, R. J. [0000-0003-4816-3469], Nikolov, N. [0000-0002-6500-3574], Kirk, J. [0000-0002-4207-6615], Goyal, J. M. [0000-0002-8515-7204], Sing, D. K. [0000-0001-6050-7645], Wakeford, H. R. [0000-0003-4328-3867], Rathcke, A. D. [0000-0002-4227-4953], Deming, D. L. [0000-0001-5727-4094], Sanz Forcada, J. [0000-0002-1600-7835], Lewis, N. K. [0000-0002-8507-1304], Barstow, J. K. [0000-0003-3726-5419], Mikal Evans, T. [0000-0001-5442-1300], Buchhave, L. A. [0000-0003-1605-5666], National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), National Science Foundation (NSF), and Agencia Estatal de Investigación (AEI)

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Infrared, Gas giant, FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, 0103 physical sciences, Hot Jupiter, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Emission spectrum, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), James Webb Space Telescope, Giant planet, Astrophysics::Instrumentation and Methods for Astrophysics, Astronomy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Exoplanet, Exoplanets atmospheres, Exoplanet atmospheric composition, Space and Planetary Science, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Planetary atmospheres, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Exoplanets with cloud-free, haze-free atmospheres at the pressures probed by transmission spectroscopy represent a valuable opportunity for detailed atmospheric characterization and precise chemical abundance constraints. We present the first optical to infrared (0.3-5 microns) transmission spectrum of the hot Jupiter WASP-62b, measured with Hubble/STIS and Spitzer/IRAC. The spectrum is characterized by a 5.1-sigma detection of Na I absorption at 0.59 microns, in which the pressure-broadened wings of the Na D-lines are observed from space for the first time. A spectral feature at 0.4 microns is tentatively attributed to SiH at 2.1-sigma confidence. Our retrieval analyses are consistent with a cloud-free atmosphere without significant contamination from stellar heterogeneities. We simulate James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) observations, for a combination of instrument modes, to assess the atmospheric characterization potential of WASP-62b. We demonstrate that JWST can conclusively detect Na, H2O, FeH, and SiH within the scope of its Early Release Science (ERS) program. As the only transiting giant planet currently known in the JWST Continuous Viewing Zone, WASP-62b could prove a benchmark giant exoplanet for detailed atmospheric characterization in the James Webb era., 14 pages, 5 figures, accepted for publication in ApJL

Published
2020
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17. The Hubble PanCET Program: A Metal-rich Atmosphere for the Inflated Hot Jupiter HAT-P-41b

Author

Avi Mandell, Jorge Sanz-Forcada, Gregory W. Henry, Antonio García Muñoz, Nikku Madhusudhan, Kyle Sheppard, Mercedes Lopez-Morales, Leonardo A. dos Santos, Gilda E. Ballester, Jegug Ih, Luis Welbanks, Nikolay Nikolov, David K. Sing, Drake Deming, Panayotis Lavvas, Michael H. Williamson, Thomas M. Evans, Groupe de spectrométrie moléculaire et atmosphérique (GSMA), Université de Reims Champagne-Ardenne (URCA)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches sur les lois Fondamentales de l'Univers (IRFU), Commissariat à l'énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA)-Université Paris-Saclay, Sheppard, K. B. [0000-0003-4552-9541], Welbanks, L. [0000-0003-0156-4564], Mandell, A. M. [0000-0002-8119-3355], Madhusudhan, M. [0000-0002-4869-000X], Nikolov, N. [0000-0002-6500-3574], Deming, D. [0000-0001-5727-4094], Sing, D. K. [0000-0001-6050-7645], Henry, G. W. [0000-0003-4155-8513], López Morales, M. [0000-0003-3204-8183], Ih, J. [0000-0003-2775-653X], Sanz Forcada, J. [0000-0002-1600-7835], Lavvas, P. [0000-0002-5360-3660], Evans, T. M. [0000-0001-5442-1300], García Muñoz, A. [0000-0003-1756-4825], Dos Santos, L. A. [0000-0002-2248-3838], and National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA)

Subjects
Haze, 010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Metallicity, Terminator (solar), FOS: Physical sciences, Astrophysics, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 01 natural sciences, Atmosphere, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Hot Jupiter, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, Transit (astronomy), 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Physics, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Astronomy and Astrophysics, Exoplanet, Exoplanets atmospheres, 13. Climate action, Space and Planetary Science, [SDU]Sciences of the Universe [physics], Exoplanets atmospheric composition, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

We present a comprehensive analysis of the 0.3--5\,$\mu$m transit spectrum for the inflated hot Jupiter HAT-P-41b. The planet was observed in transit with Hubble STIS and WFC3 as part of the Hubble Panchromatic Comparative Exoplanet Treasury (PanCET) program, and we combine those data with warm \textit{Spitzer} transit observations. We extract transit depths from each of the data sets, presenting the STIS transit spectrum (0.29--0.93\,$\mu$m) for the first time. We retrieve the transit spectrum both with a free-chemistry retrieval suite (AURA) and a complementary chemical equilibrium retrieval suite (PLATON) to constrain the atmospheric properties at the day-night terminator. Both methods provide an excellent fit to the observed spectrum. Both AURA and PLATON retrieve a metal-rich atmosphere for almost all model assumptions (most likely O/H ratio of $\log_{10}{Z/Z_{\odot}} = 1.46^{+0.53}_{-0.68}$ and $\log_{10}{Z/Z_{\odot}} = 2.33^{+0.23}_{-0.25}$, respectively); this is driven by a 4.9-$\sigma$ detection of H$_2$O as well as evidence of gas absorption in the optical ($>$2.7-$\sigma$ detection) due to Na, AlO and/or VO/TiO, though no individual species is strongly detected. Both retrievals determine the transit spectrum to be consistent with a clear atmosphere, with no evidence of haze or high-altitude clouds. Interior modeling constraints on the maximum atmospheric metallicity ($\log_{10}{Z/Z_{\odot}} < 1.7$) favor the AURA results. The inferred elemental oxygen abundance suggests that HAT-P-41b has one of the most metal-rich atmospheres of any hot Jupiters known to date. Overall, the inferred high metallicity and high inflation make HAT-P-41b an interesting test case for planet formation theories., Comment: Resubmitted to AAS Journals after revisions

Published
2020
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18. The EChO science case

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Tinetti, G., Drossart, P., Eccleston, P., Hartogh, P., Isaak, K., Linder, M., Lovis, C., Micela, G., Olliver, M., Puig, L., Ribas, I., De Sio, A., Frith, J., Justtanot, K., Showman, A., Alard, C., Yurchenko, S. N., Parviainen, H., Fouqué, P., Oliva, E., Bordé, P., Balado, A., Varley, R., Di Giorgio, A., Griffin, M., Maillard, J. P., Maggio, A., Lellouch, E., Strazzulla, G., Villaver, E., Griffith, C., Stamper, R., Amado, P. J., Rezac, L., Laken, B., Hargrave, P., Orton, G., Thompson, S., Morales, J. C., Wright, G., Massi, F., Lundgaard Rasmussen, I., Altieri, F., Covino, E., Coustenis, A., Moses, J., Lithgow Bertelloni, C., Demangeon, O., Fletcher, L., Morales Calderón, M., Lo Cicero, U., López Puertas, M., Capria, M. T., Danielski, C., Luntzer, A., Bulgarelli, A., González Hernández, J., Jacquemoud, S., MacTavish, C., Mall, U., Christian Jessen, N., Sanromá, E., Femenía Castella, B., Rocchetto, M., Miles Paez, P., Allard, F., Aylward, A., Leconte, J., Palla, F., White, G., Malaguti, G., Cavarroc, C., Lammer, H., Leto, G., Batista, V., Adybekian, V., Readorn, K., Polichtchouk, I., Petrov, R., García Piquer, A., Pancrazzi, M., Gómez Leal, I., Israelian, G., Rebolo López, R., Peralta, J., Giro, E., Tecsa, M., Haigh, J., Moro Martín, A., Pezzuto, S., Piskunov, N., Agnor, C., Hollis, M., Radioti, A., De Kok, R., Gear, W., Eymet, V., Achilleos, N., Koskinen, T., Maurin, A. S., Rank Lüftinger, T., Barlow, M., Figueira, P., Affer, L., Viti, S., Machado, P., Vakili, F., Burston, R., González Merino, B., Dominic, C., Dorfi, E., Smith, A., Sitek, P., Sánchez Lavega, A., Kerschbaum, F., Hoogeeven, R., Ballerini, P., Filacchione, G., Rodler, F., Stixrude, L., Parmentier, V., Del Val Borro, M., Vandenbussche, B., Tingley, B. W., Deeg, H. J., Tabernero, H. M., Shore, S., Fossey, S., Alonso Floriano, F. J., Santos, N., Tozzi, A., Kipping, D., Maruquette, J. B., Trifoglio, M., Scandaratio, G., Scuderi, S., Hébrard, E., Lodieu, N., Forget, F., Gustin, J., Poretti, E., Murgas Alcaino, F., Sicardy, B., Stiepen, A., Hubert, B., Grodent, D., Magnes, W., Tennyson, J., Temple, J., Galand, M., Barton, E. J., Winter, B., Valdivieso, M. L., Cordier, D., Heredero, R. L., Barrado, D., Mueller Wodarg, I., Giani, E., Correira, A., Widemann, T., Ward Thompson, D., Montañés Rodríguez, P., Moya Bedon, A., Venot, O., Prinja, R., Pinfield, D., Waldmann, I., Morello, G., Lim, T., Pallé, E., Waters, R., Wawer, P., Lognonné, P., Pietrzak, R., Fernández Hernández, Maite, Winek, W., Andersen, A., Monteiro, M., Liu, S. J., Rengel, M., Tanga, P., Yelle, R., Barstow, J. K., Maldonado, J., Irshad, R., Nelson, R., Colomé, J., De Witt, J., Lanza, N., Glasse, A., Coudé du Foresto, V., Branduardi Raymont, G., Beaulieu, J. P., Claudi, R., García López, Ramón, Eales, S., López Valverde, M. A., Turrini, D., Vinatier, S., Crook, J., Damasso, M., Ramos Zapata, G., Kovács, G., Banaszkiewicz, M., Focardi, M., Mauskopf, P., Guedel, M., Rebordao, J., Stolarski, M., Adriani, A., Norgaard Nielsen, H. U., Selig, A., Peña Ramírez, K. Y., Schmider, F. X., Baffa, C., Piccioni, G., Pantin, E., Bowles, N., Hornstrup, A., Pilat Lohinger, E., Buchhave, L. A., Soret, L., Börne, P., López Morales, M., Medvedev, A., Gesa, L., Jones, H., Pérez Hoyos, S., Gerard, J. C., Bellucci, G., Morais, H., Álvarez Iglesias, C. A., Abe, L., Pinsard, F., Tessenyi, M., Blecka, M., Wawrzaszk, A., Middleton, K., Martín Torres, J., Cho, J., Berry, D., Rataj, M., Schrader, J. R., Scholz, A., Watkins, C., Abreu, M., Testi, L., Decin, L., Sánz Forcada, J., Sozzetti, A., Lagage, P. O., Ade, P., Alcala, J., Sousa, S., Espinoza Contreras, M., Swinyard, B., Dobrijévic, M., Sánchez Béjar, V. J., Krupp, N., Bakos, G., Chamberlain, S., Chadney, J., Brown, L., Iro, N., Montalto, M., Sethenadh, J., Bouy, H., Ottensamer, R., Kehoe, T., Doel, P., Delgado Mena, E., Read, P., Coates, A., Cecchi Pestellini, C., Guillot, T., Budaj, J., Selsis, F., Jarchow, C., Del Vecchio, C., Cassan, A., Burleigh, M. R., Pagano, I., Ray, T., Gambicorti, L., Biondi, D., Cerulli, R., Ciaravella, A., Watson, D., Deroo, P., Collura, A., Graczyk, R., North, C., Ramos, A. A., Waltham, D., Montes, D., Gianotti, F., Thrastarson, H., Cockell, C., Pace, E., Bryson, I., Gómez, H., Esposito, M., Azzollini, R., Allende Prieto, C., Gillon, M., Fabrizio, N., Rickman, H., Rees, J. M., Pascale, E., Luzzi, D., Bonford, B., Cole, R., Gizon, L., Licandro Goldaracena, J., Agundez, M., Lahav, O., Zapatero Osorio, M. R., Gaulme, P., Encrenaz, T., Heyrovsky, D., Guàrdia, J., Prisinzano, L., Terenzi, L., Swain, M., Grassi, D., Eiroa, C., Maxted, P., Kerins, E., Yung, Y., Irwin, P., Herrero, E., Guio, P., Boisse, I., Claret, A., Kervella, P., Heiter, U., Bézard, B., Cabral, A., Michaut, C., Giuranna, M., Hersant, F., Hueso, R., Savini, G., Snellen, I. A., Charnoz, S., Jones, G., Belmonte Avilés, J. A., Barber, R. 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CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Observatoire aquitain des sciences de l'univers (OASU), Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux 1-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Bordeaux [Pessac] (LAB), Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Künstliche Intelligenz GmbH (DFKI), Universidade do Porto [Porto], Università degli Studi di Firenze [Firenze], Université de Rennes 1 (UR1), Université de Rennes (UNIV-RENNES), Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Université Côte d'Azur (UCA)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-Observatoire de la Côte d'Azur, Department of Earth Sciences, University College London, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris 6 (UPMC)-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS)-IPG PARIS-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas [Spain] (CSIC), Centre interdisciplinaire de recherche, culture, éducation, formation, travail (CIRCEFT), Université Paris 8 Vincennes-Saint-Denis (UP8)-Université Paris-Est Créteil Val-de-Marne - Paris 12 (UPEC UP12), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de La Réunion (UR)-Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7 (UPD7)-IPG PARIS-Institut national des sciences de l'Univers (INSU - CNRS), Station biologique, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Dipartimento di Informatica [Verona], Università degli Studi di Verona, Departamento de Física e Astronomia [Porto], UMR5116, Centre Émile Durkheim (CED), Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université de Bordeaux (UB)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Clinica Neurologica, Università degli Studi di Perugia (UNIPG), Rebordao, J. [0000-0002-7418-0345], Kerschbaum, F. [0000-0001-6320-0980], Abreu, M. [0000-0002-0716-9568], Tabernero, H. [0000-0002-8087-4298], López Puertas, M. [0000-0003-2941-7734], Jacquemoud, S. [0000-0002-1500-5256], Tennyson, J. [0000-0002-4994-5238], Focardi, M. [0000-0002-3806-4283], Leto, G. [0000-0002-0040-5011], Lodieu, N. [0000-0002-3612-8968], Tinetti, G. [0000-0001-6058-6654], Sanroma, E. [0000-0001-8859-7937], Poretti, E. [0000-0003-1200-0473], Deeg, H. [0000-0003-0047-4241], Grassi, D. [0000-0003-1653-3066], Piccioni, G. [0000-0002-7893-6808], Ribas, I. [0000-0002-6689-0312], Coates, A. [0000-0002-6185-3125], García Ramón, J. [0000-0002-8204-6832], Bouy, H. [0000-0002-7084-487X[, Lognonne, P. [0000-0002-1014-920X], Demangeon, O. [0000-0001-7918-0355], Morales, J. C. [0000-0003-0061-518X], Ray, T. [0000-0002-2110-1068], Guio, P. [0000-0002-1607-5862], Tanga, P. [0000-0002-2718-997X], Prisinzano, L. [0000-0002-8893-2210], Barstow, J. [0000-0003-3726-5419], Balado, A. [0000-0003-4268-2516], Lithgow Bertelloni, C. [0000-0003-0924-6587], Barton, E. [0000-0001-5945-9244], Delgado, M. E. [0000-0003-4434-2195], Affer, L. [0000-0001-5600-3778], Ciaravella, A. [0000-0002-3127-8078], Barrado Navascues, D. [0000-0002-5971-9242], Figueira, P. [0000-0001-8504-283X], Covino, E. [0000-0002-6187-6685], Venot, O. [0000-0003-2854-765X], Cabral, A. [0000-0002-9433-871X], Watson, D. [0000-0002-4465-8264], Morales Calderon, M. [0000-0001-9526-9499], Ward Thompson, D. [0000-0003-1140-2761], Rebolo, R. [0000-0003-3767-7085], López Valverde, M. A. [0000-0002-7989-4267], Gillon, M. [0000-0003-1462-7739], Morgante, G. [0000-0001-9234-7412], Zapatero Osorio, M. R. [0000-0001-5664-2852], Bulgarelli, A. [0000-0001-6347-0649], Pena Ramírez, K. [0000-0002-5855-401X], Galand, M. [0000-0001-5797-914X], Pancrazzi, M. [0000-0002-3789-2482], Malaguti, G. [0000-0001-9872-3378], Sánchez Lavega, A. [0000-0001-7234-7634], Waldmann, I. [0000-0002-4205-5267], Kovacs, G. 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[0000-0002-6772-384X], Bezard, B. [0000-0002-5433-5661], López Heredero, R. [0000-0002-2197-8388], Sanz Forcada, J. [0000-0002-1600-7835], Danielski, C. [0000-0002-3729-2663], Sousa, S. [0000-0001-9047-2965], Medved, A. [0000-0003-2713-8977], Bakos, G. [0000-0001-7204-6727], Ade, P. [0000-0002-5127-0401], Vandenbussche, B. [0000-0002-1368-3109], Martín Torres, J. [0000-0001-6479-2236], Correira, A. [0000-0002-8946-8579], Haigh, J. [0000-0001-5504-4754], Scandariato, G. [0000-0003-2029-0626], Guedel, M. [0000-0001-9818-0588], Sánchez Bejar, V. [0000-0002-5086-4232], Rodríguez, P. [0000-0002-6855-9682], Piskunov, N. [0000-0001-5742-7767], Adibekyan, V. [0000-0002-0601-6199], Pérez Hoyos, S. [0000-0001-9797-4917], Kervella, P. [0000-0003-0626-1749], Pascale, E. [0000-0002-3242-8154], Claudi, R. [0000-0001-7707-5105], Filacchione, G. [0000-0001-9567-0055], Rickman, H. [0000-0002-9603-6619], Amado, P. J. [0000-0002-8388-6040], Maggio, A. [0000-0001-5154-6108], Agundez, M. [0000-0003-3248-3564], Montes, D. [0000-0002-7779-238X], Fletcher, L. [0000-0001-5834-9588], Stixrude, L. [0000-0003-3778-2432], Morais, M. H. [0000-0001-5333-2736], Hueso, R. [0000-0003-0169-123X], Yurchenko, S. [0000-0001-9286-9501], Rataj, M. [0000-0002-2978-9629], Pérez Hoyos, S. [0000-0002-2587-4682], Santos, N. [0000-0003-4422-2919], Peralta, J. [0000-0002-6823-1695], Budaj, J. [0000-0002-9125-7340], Barlow, M. 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Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania ( OACT ), Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques [Castelldefels] ( ICFO ), Università di Perugia, Royal Holloway [University of London] ( RHUL ), and Low Energy Astrophysics (API, FNWI)

Subjects
Astrofísica, Solar System, Computer science, [SDU.ASTR.EP]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], HOT-JUPITER ATMOSPHERES, 7. Clean energy, Space missions, law.invention, Astronomi, astrofysik och kosmologi, Planet, law, Observatory, Astronomy, Astrophysics and Cosmology, Transit (astronomy), Atmospheric science, Exoplanets, IR astronomy, Spectroscopy, Astronomy and Astrophysics, Space and Planetary Science, QC, QB, Eclipse, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), education.field_of_study, [SDU.ASTR]Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], [ SDU.ASTR.EP ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph]/Earth and Planetary Astrophysics [astro-ph.EP], Exoplanet, GIANT PLANETS, Physical Sciences, ENERGY-BALANCE, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Population, MU-M, FOS: Physical sciences, F500, Astronomy & Astrophysics, Telescope, INFRARED-EMISSION-SPECTRUM, education, [ SDU.ASTR ] Sciences of the Universe [physics]/Astrophysics [astro-ph], EXTRASOLAR PLANET ATMOSPHERE, Science & Technology, Astronomy, EXOPLANET HD 189733B, HUBBLE-SPACE-TELESCOPE, Astronomía, TRANSMISSION SPECTROSCOPY, 0201 Astronomical And Space Sciences, 13. Climate action, WATER-VAPOR, astro-ph.EP, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

The discovery of almost 2000 exoplanets has revealed an unexpectedly diverse planet population. Observations to date have shown that our Solar System is certainly not representative of the general population of planets in our Milky Way. The key science questions that urgently need addressing are therefore: What are exoplanets made of? Why are planets as they are? What causes the exceptional diversity observed as compared to the Solar System? EChO (Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory) has been designed as a dedicated survey mission for transit and eclipse spectroscopy capable of observing a large and diverse planet sample within its four-year mission lifetime. EChO can target the atmospheres of super-Earths, Neptune-like, and Jupiter-like planets, in the very hot to temperate zones (planet temperatures of 300K-3000K) of F to M-type host stars. Over the next ten years, several new ground- and space-based transit surveys will come on-line (e.g. NGTS, CHEOPS, TESS, PLATO), which will specifically focus on finding bright, nearby systems. The current rapid rate of discovery would allow the target list to be further optimised in the years prior to EChO's launch and enable the atmospheric characterisation of hundreds of planets. Placing the satellite at L2 provides a cold and stable thermal environment, as well as a large field of regard to allow efficient time-critical observation of targets randomly distributed over the sky. A 1m class telescope is sufficiently large to achieve the necessary spectro-photometric precision. The spectral coverage (0.5-11 micron, goal 16 micron) and SNR to be achieved by EChO, thanks to its high stability and dedicated design, would enable a very accurate measurement of the atmospheric composition and structure of hundreds of exoplanets., Comment: 50 pages, 30 figures. Experimental Astronomy

Published
2015
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19. A giant exoplanet orbiting a very-low-mass star challenges planet formation models

Author

Jesus M. Carro, A. Guijarro, F. Hernández Otero, Javier López-Santiago, E. Mirabet, Eduardo L. Martín, Hugo M. Tabernero, H. Martínez-Rodríguez, Antonio Claret, Martin Kürster, Florian Rodler, Birgit Fuhrmeister, M. Llamas, Z. M. Berdiñas, Thomas Henning, A. Rosich, Otmar Stahl, Guillem Anglada-Escudé, Luigi Mancini, E. W. Guenther, P. Huke, L. González-Cuesta, Ralf Launhardt, F. F. Bauer, Ignasi Ribas, D. Baroch, E. N. Johnson, M. Lafarga, Grzegorz Nowak, Priyanka Chaturvedi, M. Ammler-von Eiff, M. R. Zapatero Osorio, V. Wolthoff, E. Rodriguez, L. F. Sarmiento, E. Sánchez-Blanco, Luisa Lara, C. del Burgo, M. López del Fresno, Artie P. Hatzes, S. Lalitha, M. Kehr, Simon Tulloch, F. J. Lázaro, D. Montes, J. Klüter, Melvyn B. Davies, F. J. Aceituno, S. Martin-Ruiz, R. González-Peinado, Juan Luis Cano, Francesc Vilardell, Aviv Ofir, F. J. Abellán, J. Colomé, C. Cardona Guillén, Mathias Zechmeister, Urs Mall, D. Hintz, Richard P. Nelson, I. M. Ferro, V. M. Passegger, M. Cortés-Contreras, P. Martín-Fernández, M. Brinkmöller, Evangelos Nagel, Michael Perryman, Ovidio Rabaza, Jose Antonio Pascual, A. Kaminski, M. Perger, Gilles Bergond, D. Pérez Medialdea, Remo Burn, J. I. González Hernández, B. Arroyo-Torres, Rafael Luque, Martin Schlecker, Armin Huber, A. Fernández-Martín, M. J. López-González, S. Sabotta, G. Veredas, A. Ramón Ballesta, E. González-Álvarez, Fei Yan, Holger Mandel, J. Kemmer, J. I. Vico-Linares, S. Becerril-Jarque, Jorge Sanz-Forcada, Paula Sarkis, R. P. Hedrosa, Rafael Rebolo, J. Stürmer, A. Sánchez-López, Trifon Trifonov, F. Labarga, Jürgen H. M. M. Schmitt, Núria Casasayas-Barris, Alexandre Emsenhuber, Sebastian Schafer, J. A. Marín Molina, Alexander J. Mustill, Anders Johansen, H. Magán Madinabeitia, Hubert Klahr, F. J. Alonso-Floriano, S. V. Jeffers, I. Gallardo Cava, E. de Juan, Andreas Schweitzer, Peter H. Hauschildt, Ricardo Dorda, P. Redondo, M. Azzaro, M. Salz, M. Abril, Juan Carlos Suárez, Hans-Walter Rix, Carlos Cifuentes, Walter Seifert, M. L. García Vargas, Pedro J. Amado, J. Winkler, R. Hernández Arabí, S. Sadegi, I. Hermelo, A. Rodríguez Trinidad, G. Holgado, Karl Wagner, Vianak Naranjo, S. Czesla, M. Kim, D. Benítez, Sabine Reffert, A. Pavlov, Lluis Gesa, Nicolas Lodieu, Lisa Nortmann, D. Galadí-Enríquez, A. Moya, Andreas Quirrenbach, Jose A. Caballero, J. Aceituno, Enrique Herrero, Juan Carlos Morales, E. Casal, Emilio Marfil, Enrique Solano, Diana Kossakowski, E. Díez-Alonso, J.-L. Lizon, J. F. López Salas, M. Lampón, M. C. Cárdenas, P. Schöfer, Ansgar Reiners, R. Calvo-Ortega, T. Stuber, R. Antona, A. Garcia-Piquer, Lev Tal-Or, N. Labiche, Alfredo Sota, Ana Pérez-Calpena, David Barrado, Enric Palle, Stefan Dreizler, Cristina Rodríguez-López, Víctor J. S. Béjar, S. Stock, M. Fernandez, Chris Mordasini, E. de Guindos, S. Pedraz, H.-J. Hagen, Jaime Guardia, A. Klutsch, M. A. Sánchez Carrasco, Christopher Marvin, V. Casanova, Unidad de Excelencia Científica María de Maeztu Centro de Astrobiología del Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial y CSIC, MDM-2017-0737, Centros de Excelencia Severo Ochoa, INSTITUTO DE ASTROFISICA DE ANDALUCIA (IAA), SEV-2017-0709, Morales, J. C. [0000-0003-0061-518X], Mustill, A. J. [0000-0002-2086-3642], Ribas, I. [0000-0002-6689-0312], Davies, M. B. [0000-0001-6080-1190], Bauer, F. F. [0000-0003-1212-5225], Herrrero, E. [0000-0001-8602-6639], Rodríguez, E. [0000-0001-6827-9077], López González, M. J. [0000-0001-8104-5128], Rodríguez López, C. [0000-0001-5559-7850], Guenther, E. W. [0000-0002-9130-6747], López Santiago, J. [0000-0003-2402-8166], Kaminski, A. [0000-0003-0203-8208], Montes, D. [0000-0002-7779-238X], Baroch, D. [0000-0001-7568-5161], Alonso Floriano, F. J. [0000-0003-1202-5734], Ammler-von Eiff, M. [0000-0001-9565-1698], Anglada Escudé, G. [0000-0002-3645-5977], Barrado, D. [0000-0002-5971-9242], Becerril Jarque, S. [0000-0001-9009-1150], Díez Alonso, E. [0000-0002-5826-9892], Passegger, V. M. [0000-0002-8569-7243], Bergond, G. [0000-0003-3132-9215], Burn, R. [0000-0002-9020-7309], García Vargas, M. L. [0000-0002-2058-3528], Amado, P. J. [0000-0002-8388-6040], Cano, J. [0000-0003-1984-5401], Cardona Guillén, C. [0000-0002-2198-4200], Carro, J. [0000-0002-0838-3603], Abellán, F. J. [0000-0002-5724-1636], Chaturvedi, P. [0000-0002-1887-1192], Sabotta, S. [0000-0001-9078-5574], Cifuentes, C. [0000-0003-1715-5087], Colomé, J. [0000-0002-1678-2241], Arroyo Torres, B. [0000-0002-3392-4694], Emsenhuber, A. [0000-0002-8811-1914], Fuhrmeister, B. [0000-0001-8321-5514], Berdiñas, Z. M. [0000-0002-6057-6461], González Álvarez, E. [0000-0002-4820-2053], González Hernández, J. I. [0000-0002-0264-7356], Calvo Ortega, R. [0000-0003-3693-6030], Guàrdia, J. [0000-0002-7191-9001], Guijarro, A. [0000-0001-5518-1759], Lara, L. M. [0000-0002-7184-920X], Casasayas Barris, N. [0000-0002-2891-8222], Hermelo, I. [0000-0001-9178-694X], Hintz, D. [0000-0002-5274-2589], López del Fresno, M. [0000-0002-9479-7780], Czesla, S. [0000-0002-4203-4773], Johnson, E. [0000-0003-2260-5134], De Juan Fernández, E. [0000-0002-9382-4505], Kehr, M. [0000-0002-7420-7368], Galadí Enríquez, D. [0000-0003-4946-5653], Klüter, J. [0000-0002-3469-5133], González Cuesta, L. [0000-0002-1241-5508], Klutsch, A. [0000-0001-7869-3888], Labarga, F. [0000-0002-7143-0206], González Peinado, R. [0000-0002-6658-8930], Launhardt, R. [0000-0002-8298-2663], Lizon, J. L. [0000-0001-8928-2566], De Guindos, E. [0000-0002-8124-9101], Magan Madinabeitia, H. [0000-0003-1243-4597], Manici, L. [0000-0002-9428-8732], Huke, P. [0000-0001-5913-2743], Marín Molina, J. A. [0000-0002-3525-0806], Martín, E. [0000-0002-1208-4833], Rabaza, O. [0000-0003-2766-2103], Kim, M. [0000-0001-6218-2004], Martínez Rodríguez, H. [0000-0002-1919-228X], Marvin, C. J. [0000-0002-2249-2611], Rodríguez Trinidad, A. [0000-0002-3356-8634], Lampón, M. [0000-0002-0183-7158], Naranjo, V. [0000-0003-0097-1061], Nelson, R. [0000-0002-9687-8779], Nortmann, L. [0000-0001-8419-8760], Lodieu, N. [0000-0002-3612-8968], Ofir, A. [0000-0002-9152-5042], Aceituno, F. J. [0000-0001-8074-4760], Pascual Granado, J. [0000-0003-0139-6951], Pedraz, S. [0000-0003-1346-208X], Marfil, E. [0000-0001-8907-4775], Ramón Ballesta, A. [0000-0002-4323-0610], Redondo, P. G. [0000-0001-5992-5778], Martín Ruiz, S. [0000-0002-9006-7182], Sadegi, S. [0000-0001-9897-6121], Sánchez Carrasco, M. A. [0000-0001-5533-3660], Moya, A. [0000-0003-1665-5389], Sanz Forcada, J. [0000-0002-1600-7835], Sarkis, P. [0000-0001-8128-3126], Vilardell, F. [0000-0003-0441-1504], Nowak, G. [0000-0002-7031-7754], Schäfer, S. [0000-0001-8597-8048], Schlecker, M. [0000-0001-8355-2107], Béjar, V. J. S. [0000-0002-5086-4232], Pérez Calpena, A. [0000-0001-7361-9240], Schöfer, P. [0000-0002-5969-3708], Solano, E. [0000-0003-1885-5130], Sota, A. [https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9404-6952], Rodler, F. [0000-0003-0650-5723], Stuber, T. [0000-0003-2185-0525], García Piquer, A. [0000-0002-6872-4262], Suárez, J. C. [0000-0003-3649-8384], Tabernero, H. [0000-0002-8087-4298], Sánchez López, A. [0000-0002-0516-7956], Winkler, J. [0000-0003-0568-8820], Yan, F. [0000-0001-9585-9034], Sarmiento, L. F. [0000-0002-8475-9705], Luque, R. [0000-0002-4671-2957], Perger, M. [0000-0001-7098-0372], Schmitt, J. H. M. M. [0000-0003-2554-9916], Klahr, H. [0000-0002-8227-5467], Mordasini, C. [0000-0002-1013-2811], Aceituno, J. [0000-0003-0487-1105], Stock, S. [0000-0002-1166-9338], Cortés Contreras, M. [0000-0003-3734-9866], Lafarga, M. [0000-0002-8815-9416], Nagel, E. [0000-0002-4019-3631], Tulloch, S. [0000-0003-0840-8521], Reffert, S. [0000-0002-0460-8289], Rosich, A. [0000-0002-9141-3067], Trifonov, T. [0000-0002-0236-775X], Zapatero Osorio, M. R. [0000-0001-5664-2852], Israel Science Foundation (ISF), Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (FONDECYT), Swiss National Science Foundation (SNSF), Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), Ministero dell'Istruzione, dell'Università e della Ricerca (MIUR), European Research Council (ERC), Generalitat de Catalunya, Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG), Queen Mary University of London, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACYT), Ministerio de Ciencia, Innovación y Universidades (España), European Commission, Israel Science Foundation, Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (México), German Centre for Air and Space Travel, European Research Council, German Research Foundation, National Science Foundation (US), Swiss National Science Foundation, Science and Technology Facilities Council (UK), Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation, Spanish Ministry for Science, Ramón y Cajal programa, Israel Science Foundation grant, CONICYT-FONDECYT/Chile Postdoctorado, Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft-un Raumfahrt (DLR), Italian Minister of Instruction, Mexican national council for science and technology, Centro de Excelencia Científica Severo Ochoa Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía CSIC, German Science Foundation (DFG) Research Unit, Priority Programs SPP, Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets, Swiss National Science Foundation under grant, Queen Mary University of London Scholarship and STFC, Spanish MCIU FPI-SO predoctoral contract, and European Research Council under the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program

Subjects
010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences, Gas giant, 530 Physics, FOS: Physical sciences, Minimum mass, Astrophysics::Cosmology and Extragalactic Astrophysics, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Settore FIS/05 - Astronomia e Astrofisica, Planet, 0103 physical sciences, Astrophysics::Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 010303 astronomy & astrophysics, Solar and Stellar Astrophysics (astro-ph.SR), Astrophysics::Galaxy Astrophysics, 0105 earth and related environmental sciences, Earth and Planetary Astrophysics (astro-ph.EP), Physics, Multidisciplinary, 520 Astronomy, Giant planet, Astronomy, Planetary system, 620 Engineering, Accretion (astrophysics), Exoplanet, Orbit, Astrophysics - Solar and Stellar Astrophysics, 13. Climate action, Astrophysics::Earth and Planetary Astrophysics, Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
Abstract

Surveys have shown that super-Earth and Neptune-mass exoplanets are more frequent than gas giants around low-mass stars, as predicted by the core accretion theory of planet formation. We report the discovery of a giant planet around the very-low-mass star GJ 3512, as determined by optical and near-infrared radial-velocity observations. The planet has a minimum mass of 0.46 Jupiter masses, very high for such a small host star, and an eccentric 204-day orbit. Dynamical models show that the high eccentricity is most likely due to planet-planet interactions. We use simulations to demonstrate that the GJ 3512 planetary system challenges generally accepted formation theories, and that it puts constraints on the planet accretion and migration rates. Disk instabilities may be more efficient in forming planets than previously thought.Copyright © 2019 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science, This research was supported by the following programs, grants, and fellowships: Spanish Ministry for Science, Innovation and Universities (MCIU) ESP2014-54062-R, ESP2014-54362P, AYA2015-69350-C3-2-P, BES-2015-074542, AYA2016-79425-C3-1/2/3-P, ESP2016-76076-R, ESP2016-80435-C2-1-R, ESP2016-80435-C2-2-R, ESP2017-87143-R, ESP2017-87676-C05-02-R, ESP-2017-87676-2-2, RYC-2012-09913 (>Ramon y Cajal> program), and FPU15/01476; Israel Science Foundation grant 848/16, CONICYT-FONDECYT/Chile Postdoctorado 3180405; Deutsches Zentrum fur Luft-un Raumfahrt (DLR) 50OW0204 and 50OO1501; Italian Minister of Instruction, University and Research (MIUR), FFABR 2017; University of Rome Tor Vergata, >Mission: Sustainability 2016> fund; European Research Council under the European Union Horizon 2020 research and innovation program 694513; Mexican national council for science and technology CONACYT, CVU 448248; the >Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa> award for the Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia (SEV-2017-0709); Generalitat de Catalunya/CERCA program; Fondo Europeo de Desarollo Regional (FEDER); German Science Foundation (DFG) Research Unit FOR2544 >Blue Planets around Red Stars> and Priority Programs SPP 1833, >Building a Habitable Earth> and SPP 1992, >Exploring the Diversity of Extrasolar Planets> NSF grants PHY17-48958 and PHY-1607761; Swiss National Science Foundation under grant BSGIO_155816 >PlaneltsInTime' and within the framework of the NCCR PlanetS; Queen Mary University of London Scholarship and STFC Consolidated Grant ST/P000592/1; Spanish MCIU FPI-SO predoctoral contract BES-2017-082610 and the Knut and Alice Wallenberg Foundation.

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