42 results on '"Heinrich, Christoph"'
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2. Major and trace-element composition and pressure-temperature evolution of rock-buffered fluids in low-grade accretionary-wedge metasediments, Central Alps
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Miron, George D., Wagner, Thomas, Walle, Markus, and Heinrich, Christoph A.
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Raman spectroscopy -- Analysis ,Carbonates -- Analysis ,Metamorphism (Geology) -- Analysis ,Temperature measurements -- Analysis ,Tectonics (Geology) -- Analysis ,Rocks, Metamorphic -- Analysis ,Clay -- Analysis ,Boron nitride -- Analysis ,Earth sciences - Abstract
The chemical composition of fluid inclusions in quartz crystals from Alpine fissure veins was determined by combination of microthermometry, Raman spectroscopy, and LA-ICPMS analysis. The veins are hosted in carbonate-bearing, organic-rich, low-grade metamorphic metapelites of the Bundnerschiefer of the eastern Central Alps (Switzerland). This strongly deformed tectonic unit is interpreted as a partly subducted accretionary wedge, on the basis of widespread carpholite assemblages that were later overprinted by lower greenschist facies metamorphism. Veins and their host rocks from two locations were studied to compare several indicators for the conditions during metamorphism, including illite crystallinity, graphite thermometry, stability of mineral assemblages, chlorite thermometry, fluid inclusion solute thermometry, and fluid inclusion isochores. Fluid inclusions are aqueous two-phase with 3.7-4.0 wt% equivalent NaCl at Thusis and 1.6-1.7 wt% at Schiers. Reproducible concentrations of Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, B, Al, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, As, Sb, Cl, Br, and S could be determined for 97 fluid inclusion assemblages. Fluid and mineral geothermometry consistently indicate temperatures of 320 ± 20°C for the host rocks at Thusis and of 250 ± 30°C at Schiers. Combining fluid inclusion isochores with independent geothermometers results in pressure estimates of 2.8-3.8 kbar for Thusis, and of 3.3-3.4 kbar for Schiers. Pressure-temperature estimates are confirmed by pseudosection modeling. Fluid compositions and petrological modeling consistently demonstrate that chemical fluid-rock equilibrium was attained during vein formation, indicating that the fluids originated locally by metamorphic dehydration during near-isothermal decompression in a rock-buffered system. Keywords Fluid inclusions * LA-ICPMS * Low-grade metamorphism * Accretionary wedge * Veins * Fluid-rock equilibrium * Graphitic metasediments, Introduction The chemical composition of metamorphic fluids is of fundamental importance for predicting mineral stability, evaluating the pressure-temperature history of rocks, and assessing rates and scales of mass transfer during [...]
- Published
- 2013
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3. Mafic dikes displacing Witwatersrand gold reefs: evidence against metamorphic-hydrothermal ore formation
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Meier, Dimitri L., Heinrich, Christoph A., and Watts, Mark A.
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Witwatersrand -- Environmental aspects ,Metamorphism (Geology) -- Environmental aspects ,Reefs -- Environmental aspects ,Dikes (Geology) -- Environmental aspects ,Earth sciences - Abstract
The process responsible for the gold mineralization in the Witwatersrand Basin, South Africa, remains controversial; the debate is between a detrital placer enrichment in laterally extensive conglomerate layers, and hydrothermal introduction by metamorphic fluids long after sedimentation. While textural and geochronological data may be ambiguous, a first-order geological observation severely delimits the mechanism and timing of gold emplacement. The individual gold reefs are cut and displaced by numerous mafic dikes, which, based on geochemical data presented here, are feeders to flood basalts immediately overlying the Witwatersrand. The displacements preclude fracture-controlled fluid focusing over tens of kilometers along a single conglomerate horizon during or after regional metamorphism. Instead, basin-scale gold enrichment occurred during sedimentation or early diagenesis, well before local redistribution by metamorphic fluids.
- Published
- 2009
4. An evaluation of synthetic fluid inclusions for the purpose of trapping equilibrated, coexisting, immiscible fluid phases at magmatic conditions
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Simon, Adam C., Frank, Mark R., Pettke, Thomas, Candela, Philip A., Piccoli, Philip M., Heinrich, Christoph A., and Glascock, Michael
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Mass spectrometry -- Usage ,Petrology -- Research ,Saline waters -- Research ,Plasma dynamics -- Research ,Earth sciences - Abstract
We report data that allow us to evaluate the method of trapping immiscible, saline aqueous fluids (i.e., vapor and brine in the NaCl-KCl-HCl-Fe[Cl.sub.2]-AuH[Cl.sub.2]-[H.sub.2]O system) as synthetic fluid inclusions in pre-fractured quartz cores in order to quantify the concentrations of Au, Fe, K, and Na, among coexisting three-phase, immiscible fluids (i.e., haplogranite melt, brine, and vapor) at magmatic conditions. Coexisting vapor and brine were trapped experimentally at 800 [degrees]C and 100-110 MPa as synthetic fluid inclusions in both quartz microfractures and quenched silicate melt (i.e., glass), and also sampled indirectly using the recovered quenched aqueous fluid. Quartz-hosted and glass-hosted brine inclusions were analyzed by laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectrometry (LAICPMS) and instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA), respectively. Quenched aqueous fluid from each experiment containing a quartz core was recovered and analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (AAS). The composition of aqueous fluids trapped as quartz-hosted inclusions, glass-hosted inclusions, and those recovered after quench yield consistent and precise data, at the 2[sigma] uncertainty level, for the elements of interest. The overlapping Au, Fe, K, and Na concentrations in aqueous fluids trapped and analyzed via three entirely different instrumental techniques (i.e., LAICPMS, INAA, and AAS) suggest strongly that quartz microfractures heal on a slow enough time scale to permit entrapment of fully equilibrated aqueous fluids at our experimental PTX conditions. The data evince clearly that the chemical composition of fluids in quartz microfractures at the time of self-healing represents equilibrium conditions; hence, synthetic fluid inclusions in experiments with low thermal gradients across the charge provide a reasonable estimate of fluid composition at least at the experimental conditions examined in this study. Keywords: Analysis (chemical), fluid inclusions, experimental petrology, magmatic-hydrothermal fluids, element partitioning, immiscible fluids, igneous petrology, vapor, brine
- Published
- 2007
5. Magmatic vapor contraction and the transport of gold from the porphyry environment to epithermal ore deposits
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Heinrich, Christoph A., Driesner, Thomas, Stefansson, Andri, and Seward, Terry M.
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Atmospheric thermodynamics -- Environmental aspects ,Magma -- Environmental aspects ,Earth sciences - Abstract
Fluid-phase stability relations combined with thermodynamic modeling using fluid-inclusion analyses and new gold-solubility experiments lead to an integrated geological interpretation linking epithermal gold mineralization and porphyry-style ore formation to the cooling of hydrous magma chambers. The essential chemical requirement for gold transport to low temperatures is an initial excess of sulfide over Fe in the magmatic fluid, which is best achieved by condensing out Fe-rich brine from a buoyant, low- to medium-salinity vapor enriched in volatile S. This vapor can contract directly to an aqueous liquid, by cooling at elevated pressure above the critical curve of the salt-water fluid system. Physical and chemical conditions are matched when magmatic fluid is released through a gradually downward-retracting interface of crystallizing magma beneath a porphyry stock, predicting the consistent zoning and overprinting relations of alteration and mineralization observed in magmatic hydrothermal systems. Keywords: gold solubility, magmatic deposits, vapor; brine, epithetreal, porphyry, thermodynamic modeling.
- Published
- 2004
6. Laser-ablation ICP-MS analysis of silicate and sulfide melt inclusions in an andesitic complex II: evidence for magma mixing and magma chamber evolution
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Halter, Werner E., Heinrich, Christoph A., and Pettke, Thomas
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Mineralogy -- Research ,Earth sciences - Abstract
Laser-ablation microanalysis of a large suite of silicate and sulfide melt inclusions from the deeply eroded, Cu-Au-mineralizing Farallon Negro Volcanic Complex (NW Argentina) shows that most phenocrysts in a given rock sample were not formed in equilibrium with each other. Phenocrysts in the andesitic volcano were brought together in dominantly andesitic--dacitic extrusive and intrusive rocks by intense magma mixing. This hybridization process is not apparent from macroscopic mingling textures, but is clearly recorded by systematically contrasting melt inclusions in different minerals from a given sample. Amphibole (and rare pyroxene) phenocrysts consistently contain inclusions of a mafic melt from which they crystallized before and during magma mixing. Most plagioclase and quartz phenocrysts contain melt inclusions of more felsic composition than the host rock. The endmember components of this mixing process are a rhyodacite magma with a likely crustal component, and a very mafic mantle-derived magma similar in composition to lamprophyre dykes emplaced early in the evolution of the complex. The resulting magmas are dominantly andesitic, in sharp contrast to the prominently bimodal distribution of mafic and felsic melts recorded by the inclusions. These results severely limit the use of mineral assemblages to derive information on the conditions of magma formation. Observed mineral associations are primarily the result of the mixing of partially crystallized magmas. The most mafic melt is trapped only in amphibole, suggesting pressures exceeding 350 MPa, temperatures of around 1,000 [degrees]C and water contents in excess on 6 wt%. Upon mixing, amphibole crystallized with plagioclase from andesitic magma in the source region of porphyry intrusions at 250 MPa, 950 [degrees]C and water contents of 5.5 wt%. During ascent of the extrusive magmas, pyroxene and plagioclase crystallized together, as a result of magma degassing at low pressures (150 MPa). Protracted extrusive activity built a large stratovolcano over the total lifetime of the magmatic complex (> 3 m.y.). The mixing process probably triggered eruptions as a result of volatile exsolution.
- Published
- 2004
7. Laser-ablation ICP-MS analysis of silicate and sulfide melt inclusions in an andesitic complex I: analytical approach and data evaluation
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Halter, Werner E., Pettke, Thomas, and Heinrich, Christoph A.
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Mineralogy -- Research ,Lasers ,Laser ,Earth sciences - Abstract
Quantitative microanalysis of entire silicate and sulfide melt inclusions by Excimer Laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometry (LA-ICPMS) has been applied to extrusive and shallow intrusive rocks from the andesitic Farallon Negro Volcanic Complex (northwestern Argentina). Silicate melts are trapped in pyroxene, amphibole, plagioclase and quartz, and sulfide melts are trapped in amphibole. Details of the analytical approach and the quantification procedure are given and the results are evaluated to test the accuracy of the technique and the validity of the interpretation of analytical signals. Similar compositions of silicate melt inclusions trapped in truly co-precipitating minerals show that the quantification approach of melt inclusion compositions from LA-ICPMS signals through an internal standard is valid. This correspondence also shows that melt inclusions investigated in this study are not significantly influenced by the boundary layer around a growing crystal or by post-entrapment modifications. Post-entrapment diffusive re-equilibration only affected the Fe and Mg content of melt inclusions in mafic phases. Thus, melt inclusions are representative samples of the melt from which the host mineral crystallized, with regard to most major and trace elements. Sulfide melt inclusions (present as pyrrhotite with exsolution of Au and Cu in phases separated during cooling) were analyzed for their bulk Fe, Cu and Au content, and the abundance of these elements was quantified using a silicate glass as external standard. The validity of this calibration was tested by comparing electron microprobe analyses of Fe, Cu, Ni and Co in homogeneous sulfide minerals with LA-ICPMS results. Identical results within calculated uncertainty (one standard deviation of five to nine analyses, mostly between 1 and 5 wt% RSD) demonstrate that for these elements, measured element ratios are independent of the matrix using our analytical setup.
- Published
- 2004
8. Experimental determination of Au solubility in rhyolite melt and magnetite: constraints on magmatic Au budgets
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Simon, Adam C., Pettke, Thomas, Candela, Philip A., Piccoli, Philip M., and Heinrich, Christoph A.
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Mineralogy -- Research ,Earth sciences - Abstract
The solubility of Au metal in rhyolite melt and coexisting magnetite has been determined at 800 [degrees]C, 140 MPa, and [f.sub.o2] [approximately equal to] NNO in a Au-metal saturated, sulfur-free, vapor-brine-silicate melt system. Whole crystals of magnetite suspended within quenched rhyolite glass were analyzed by LA-ICP-MS. These data yield a solubility of Au in magnetite on the order of 2 [micro]/g. The solubility of Au metal in rhyolite melt hosting the magnetite crystals is on the order of 500 ng/g. These data indicate a partition coefficient for Au between magnetite and melt, [D.sup.Mt/melt.sub.Au] [approximately equal to]4. Using reasonable estimates of the mass fraction of magnetite that crystallizes in crustal magmatic systems, we modeled the proportion of Au sequestered by magnetite during fractional crystallization. We considered fractionation in two steps: the idealized derivation of a rhyolite by fractionation of basalt at depth, and the closed-system crystallization of the rhyolite in a magma chamber below the site of ore deposition. Magnetite sequesters 14-54% Au from basaltic parent melt that produces a rhyolite melt via crystal fractionation, at modal abundances of 1-5%. Less then 4% Au is sequestered from a crystallizing rhyolite melt because of low modal abundances of magnetite (
- Published
- 2003
9. Ore Deposits and Mining in Ireland: A field trip guidebook for Pb-Zn, Au, Cu and halite mineralization in Ireland, Run by the Society of Economic Geologists Student Chapter, Zürich, 9-18 Aug, 2016
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Sliwinski, Jakub, Fiedrich, Alina, Schlöglova, Katerina, Heinrich, Christoph A., Sliwinski, Jakub, Fiedrich, Alina, Schlöglova, Katerina, Heinrich, Christoph A., and SEG Student Chapter Zurich
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IRELAND (WESTERN EUROPE). REPUBLIC OF IRELAND ,ORE DEPOSITS (OTHER THAN IRON AND MANGANESE, MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,ORE FORMATION + MINERAL FORMATION (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,ROCK-FLUID INTERACTION (PETROGRAPHIE) ,Earth sciences ,ROCK-FLUID INTERACTION (PETROGRAPHY) ,ddc:550 ,GEOLOGISCHER FÜHRER (DOKUMENTENTYP) ,IRLAND (WESTEUROPA). REPUBLIK IRLAND ,GEOLOGICAL GUIDES (DOCUMENT TYPE) ,ERZBILDUNG + MINERALBILDUNG (LAGERSTÄTTEN) ,LEAD-ZINC ORE DEPOSITS (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,BLEI-ZINK-ERZLAGERSTÄTTEN ,ERZLAGERSTÄTTEN (AUSSER EISEN- UND MANGANERZEN) - Abstract
ISBN:978-3-906327-52-5
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- 2016
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10. BodenSchätzeWerte. Unser Umgang mit Rohstoffen: Publikation zur Sonderausstellung von focusTerra
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Kastrup, Ulrike, Fischer, Roland, Guzzella, Lino, Heinrich, Christoph A., Robertsson, Johan O.A., Wehrli, Bernhard, Mazzotti, Marco, Hellweg, Stefanie, Hebel, Dirk, Egli, Therese, Pieth, Mark, Haller, Lea, Wettstein, Florian, Stahel, Walter, Wick, Peter, Rist, Stephan, Good, Christoph, Kastrup, Ulrike, and Fischer, Roland
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Earth sciences ,PUBLICATIONS ON TEMPORARY EXHIBITIONS ,ddc:550 ,Erdwissenschaftliches Forschungs- und Informationszentrum der ETH Zürich ,GEOLOGY + REGIONAL GEOLOGY + EARTH SCIENCES ,PUBLIKATIONEN ZU TEMPORÄREN AUSSTELLUNGEN ,ORE AND OTHER MINERAL DEPOSITS + NATURAL DEPOSITS (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,LAGERSTÄTTEN VON ERZEN, NUTZBAREN MINERALEN UND GESTEINEN UND BODENSCHÄTZEN (LAGERSTÄTTEN) ,GEOLOGIE + REGIONAL GEOLOGIE + ERDWISSENSCHAFTEN - Abstract
ISBN:978-3-906327-00-6
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- 2015
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11. Ore deposits, magmatism and precambrian geology of Finland: Field trip guidebook
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Schlöglova, Katerina, Lecumberri-Sanchez, Pilar, and Heinrich, Christoph A.
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FINLAND (NORTHERN EUROPE). REPUBLIC OF FINLAND ,PRÄKAMBRIUM (STRATIGRAPHIE) ,ORE DEPOSITS (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,PRECAMBRIAN (STRATIGRAPHY) ,ERZLAGERSTÄTTEN ,GEOLOGIE + REGIONAL GEOLOGIE + ERDWISSENSCHAFTEN ,Earth sciences ,GEOLOGISCHER FÜHRER (DOKUMENTENTYP) ,FENNOSCANDIAN SHIELD (GEOLOGY) ,GEOLOGY + REGIONAL GEOLOGY + EARTH SCIENCES ,FENNOSCANDIAN SHIELD (GEOLOGIE) ,GEOLOGICAL GUIDES (DOCUMENT TYPE) ,FINNLAND (NORDEUROPA). REPUBLIK FINNLAND - Abstract
ISBN:978-3-906031-69-9
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- 2014
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12. Die regionale Hochdruckmetamorphose der Aduladecke, Zentralalpen, Schweiz
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Heinrich, Christoph A., Trommsdorff, Volkmar, and Thompson, Alan B.
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MINERAL ASSOCIATIONS (PETROGRAPHY) ,RODINGITE (PETROGRAPHY) ,MINERALE/ZUSAMMENSETZUNG DER MINERALE (MINERALOGIE) ,MINERALS/COMPOSITION OF MINERALS (MINERALOGY) ,ADULA-ALPEN (WESTALPEN) ,METAMORPHOSE (PETROGRAPHIE) ,STRUKTUR + TEXTUR + GEFÜGE (PETROGRAPHIE) ,STRUCTURE + TEXTURE + FABRICS (PETROGRAPHY) ,Earth sciences ,METAMORPHISM (PETROGRAPHY) ,ADULA ALPS (WESTERN ALPS) ,EKLOGIT + AMPHIBOLIT (PETROGRAPHIE) ,LEPONTINE ALPS ,ddc:550 ,ZENTRAL-ALPEN (WESTALPEN) ,CENTRAL ALPS (WESTERN ALPS) ,RODINGIT (PETROGRAPHIE) ,MINERALVERGESELLSCHAFTUNGEN (PETROGRAPHIE) ,LEPONTINISCHE ALPEN ,ECLOGITE + AMPHIBOLITE (PETROGRAPHY) - Published
- 1983
13. Die regionale Hochdruckmetamorphose der Aduladecke, Zentralalpen, Schweiz
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Heinrich, Christoph A.; id_orcid 0000-0001-5838-4607
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- METAMORPHOSE (PETROGRAPHIE), STRUKTUR + TEXTUR + GEFÜGE (PETROGRAPHIE), MINERALE/ZUSAMMENSETZUNG DER MINERALE (MINERALOGIE), EKLOGIT + AMPHIBOLIT (PETROGRAPHIE), RODINGIT (PETROGRAPHIE), MINERALVERGESELLSCHAFTUNGEN (PETROGRAPHIE), LEPONTINISCHE ALPEN, ADULA-ALPEN (WESTALPEN), ZENTRAL-ALPEN (WESTALPEN), METAMORPHISM (PETROGRAPHY), STRUCTURE + TEXTURE + FABRICS (PETROGRAPHY), MINERALS/COMPOSITION OF MINERALS (MINERALOGY), ECLOGITE + AMPHIBOLITE (PETROGRAPHY), RODINGITE (PETROGRAPHY), MINERAL ASSOCIATIONS (PETROGRAPHY), LEPONTINE ALPS, ADULA ALPS (WESTERN ALPS), CENTRAL ALPS (WESTERN ALPS), Earth sciences
- Published
- 1983
14. Porphyry Cu – epithermal – massive sulfide ore system of Bor (Serbia): mass balance and geochronological perspective
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Klimentyeva, Dina, Driesner, Thomas, von Quadt, Albrecht, Kouzmanov, Kalin, Bachmann, Oliver, and Heinrich, Christoph A.
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Earth sciences ,ddc:550 - Published
- 2022
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15. Thermo-Hydro-Mechanical Controls on Natural Convection in Faults and Fractures
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Patterson, James W., Driesner, Thomas, Heinrich, Christoph A., Geiger, Sebastian, and Valley, Benoît
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Earth sciences ,Numerical modeling ,ddc:550 - Abstract
Natural convection of water plays a key role in shaping the thermal structure of the subsurface. As a consequence of water density decreasing with temperature and temperature increasing with depth in the Earth’s crust, an unstable situation develops: cold, dense fluid overlies hot, less dense fluid. Given a sufficiently permeable and vertically extensive host, hot water will buoyantly rise towards the surface as cold water sinks to replace it, forming a convective circulation cell. Rock units with permeability far too low to facilitate convection may, however, contain high- permeability faults or fractures capable of sustaining convective fluid flow. We investigate the effects and emergent behavior of fracture convection by means of numerical simulation using the Complex Systems Modeling Platform (CSMP++). Despite being confined to a narrow, planar feature, natural convection in a fault or fracture significantly impacts the thermal structure of the subsurface via conduction heat exchange with the host rock and enhances fluid mixing. We compare convection in wide, filled fault zones and narrow, open slots and show that convection patterns within the fracture and the strength of this subsequent thermal perturbation are a function of transmissivity – permeability times thickness – rather than either permeability or thickness alone. Fluid circulation may lead to temperature changes of several tens of degrees in the host up to a distance roughly equal to half the height of the fracture, significantly changing the local geothermal gradient. Above the fracture, these thermal perturbations influence conductive heat flow and take on a diffuse pattern, appearing much wider than the originating fracture or fault. By varying host rock permeability, we show that fluid exchange between fracture and host varies with transmissivity, but has little effect on convection patterns. Conversely, Rayleigh convection within the host rock dominates and overprints convection within the fracture. We build on these results by investigating convection in five elliptic fractures in an en echelon array. Thermal perturbations arising from convection in each fracture eventually connect and align, thereby imposing mutual feedback of convection in neighboring fractures, despite a lack of hydraulic connectivity between them. This interaction leads to a self-organizing pattern of convection cells, with regions of upflow and downflow aligning with the upflows and downflows in their neighbors, inducing a regular pattern of alternating cooled and heated host rock regions between the fractures that is aligned (sub-) perpendicular to the en echelon fracture array. By varying fracture spacing, we determine that this “synchronization” effect may occur iii when fracture spacing is less than convection cell width. Even in fractures with heterogeneous permeability, convection cells continue to self-organize despite zones of low-transmissivity. Fractures which alone cannot facilitate convection may nevertheless host weaker fluid circulation cells in response to the thermal perturbation caused by convection in a neighboring fracture. Linear elasticity is then introduced to our fracture convection model. Using the Barton- Bandis relationship, we vary fracture transmissivity within the fracture as a function of effective normal stress and depth and show that convection strength and vertical extent depend on fracture stiffness, with convection becoming increasingly confined to shallow depths as stiffness decreases. We then include thermo-elastic strain, allowing temperature changes due to convection to induce thermal strains and alter effective normal stress and transmissivity, resulting in high-transmissivity channels which facilitate downward flow of cold water. Using a simplified fracture propagation model, we show that these channels may induce contractive thermal strains sufficient to induce tensile failure in the host rock below, propagating and deepening the fracture and allowing further infiltration of cold water. We then model injection and production of cold water into a single fracture, focusing on thermo-elastic strains and their associated stresses. Injection of cold water into a fracture induces contractive thermal strains behind the thermal front, generally resulting in decreased normal stress and enhanced transmissivity. We identify a zone of increased normal stress in a ring around this thermal front, decreasing fracture transmissivity. This “stress-ring” is shown to be responsible for a significant portion of the difference between models with and without thermo- elasticity, with a particularly important role in fractures where flow channeling is minimal. Thermo-elastic effects become stronger with increasing host rock bulk modulus, but the relative effect of the stress-ring remains the same. The work presented here chiefly investigates the thermal impact of natural convection in a fracture (chapter 2), the interactions between multiple convecting fractures (chapter 3), the effect of thermo-elasticity on convection patterns (chapter 4), and the impact of thermal strains on fracture flow patterns between a well doublet (chapter 5). We then conclude by summarizing our key findings and look forward to the ways future studies may build upon the work presented here (Chapter 6).
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- 2019
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16. The Magmatic to Hydrothermal Evolution of Porphyry Cu-Au Deposits – A Zircon Perspective
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Large, Simon J.E., Heinrich, Christoph A., von Quadt, Albrecht, and Richard, Sillitoe
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Earth sciences ,ddc:550 - Published
- 2018
17. Fluid Inclusion Analysis of other Host Minerals besides Quartz: Application to Granite-Related Quartz-Topaz Veins and Garnet Skarns in Porphyry Copper-Gold Ore Systems
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Schlöglova, Katerina, Heinrich, Christoph A., Wälle, Markus, Laurent, Oscar, and Frezzotti, Maria Luce
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Earth sciences ,fluid inclusions ,LA-ICP-MS ,skarn ,Sn-W-mineralization ,Porphyry Cu deposit ,ddc:550 ,technology, industry, and agriculture - Abstract
Fluid inclusions are the only available samples of paleo-fluids responsible for crystallization of hydrothermal minerals including ore phases. Analysis of fluid inclusions implicitly assumes that the inclusions have preserved their chemical composition since the time of their entrapment. There is, however, an increasing evidence from experimental work and analytical studies of natural samples showing that inclusions hosted in quartz – a ubiquitous host in many ore-forming systems – can experience post-entrapment modification. The contents of small monovalent cations, e.g. Cu, can be enhanced up to several orders of magnitude in vapor-dominated fluid inclusions by diffusional exchange for hydrogen. In this study, I focus on chemical analysis of fluid inclusions hosted by various minerals that co-precipitated with quartz and host the same fluid, in order to compare their compositional consistency and address existence and extent of post-entrapment modification. The fluid inclusions were analyzed by laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and I explore analytical possibilities and challenges when applied to analysis of ultra-trace quantities of elements in small amounts of fluid, such as Au contents of magmatic vapor. I use representative samples from mineralization settings at convergent plate boundaries, namely granite-related Sn-W deposit (Mole Granite, Eastern Australia) and porphyry Cu deposit (Bingham Canyon, Utah, USA). In these systems, highly saline brines are important carriers of chloride-complexed metals and coexist with sulfur-rich vapors containing sulfide-complexing metals, e.g. As, Au, and, arguably, to various degree Cu. In the Mole Granite Sn-W deposit in Eastern Australia brine and vapor coexist in hydrothermal quartz, topaz, and beryl. Fluid inclusions in these three minerals show consistent salinities of 28–39 wt. % NaCleq in brine and 1–6 wt. % NaCleq in vapor at formation temperatures above 380 °C. These two fluid types have nearly identical concentrations of trace elements such as B, Na, K, S, and Cs, but reveal significant discrepancies in Cu abundances. The Cu concentrations in the quartz-hosted vapor inclusions are in the range of 5–50 000 ppm, in contrast to 20–2000 ppm Cu found in topaz- and beryl-hosted vapor inclusions. Partition coefficients of Cu between brine and vapor recorded by the topaz- and beryl-hosted fluids are in agreement with experimental results for magmatic-hydrothermal conditions, and in favor of the brine. The quartz-hosted fluids, however, show partitioning coefficients of Cu that exceed those found in all available experiments in sulfur-bearing systems. The vapor inclusions preserved in quartz are thus interpreted to have undergone significant post-entrapment modification, facilitated by their initially high sulfur content. By contrast, Au in the brine and vapor inclusions has been detected as erratic values only, despite that the detection limits of Au achieved by the LA-ICP-MS analysis were as low as single ppb. This extreme depletion in Au has been addressed by thermodynamic modeling indicating that saturation of the fluid with liquid bismuth can cause effective and essentially complete removal of Au from the fluid, and precipitates both metals as Bi-Au alloy. In the Bingham Canyon Cu-Mo-Au deposit (Utah, USA), garnet, pyroxene and quartz coexist in carbonate-replacement skarns that trapped brine, vapor as well as initial single-phase fluid prior to its separation. The single-phase intermediate-density fluid with an average salinity of 15 wt. NaCleq was trapped above approx. 550 °C and 800 bar. Salinities of brine and vapor inclusions are 32–42 and 2–7 wt. % NaCleq, respectively, and they formed at 420–380 °C and approx. 200 bar. The characteristics of corresponding fluid types in garnet, quartz, and to some degree in pyroxene remain nearly identical including their metal and other trace element contents. With improved analytical configuration, reliable Au signals were obtained from the fluid inclusions. Both Cu and Au have approximately equal content relative to Na in vapor and brine. This contrasts with previous fluid analyses from the porphyry quartz stockwork suggesting that majority of Cu and Au was transported by vapor. The new data suggest that the Cu concentrations in the vapor from the quartz stockwork were likely enhanced after inclusion entrapment, while the Au concentrations in the vapor phase require verification using lower instrumental detection limits. The Cu, Au and S concentration in the fluids from the porphyry quartz stockwork are consistently higher (0.2–5 ppm Au, 0.05–3 wt. % Cu) than those from the skarn minerals (0.02–0.4 ppm Au, 0.006–0.3 wt. % Cu), in contrast to ore grades that vary in an opposite manner (Au/Cu of 10-5 in the porphyry vs. 5∙10-5 in the skarn). This dichotomy was likely caused by chemical reactivity of carbonate precursor to the skarns and fluid focusing promoted by porosity and permeability enhancement during its decarbonation. In broader context, post-entrapment modification of vapor inclusions appears to be related to acidic and sulfur-rich fluids such as those preserved in granite- or porphyry-hosted pathways. By contrast, skarn-forming reactions appear to effectively neutralize acidity and together with low sulfur concentrations, the skarn-hosted fluids lack the principal driving forces that allow chemical-potential coupling and metal diffusion between fluid and host mineral, hence control the extent of post-entrapment modification. This study illustrates novel approaches to analysis of ultra-low metal concentrations in small volumes of fluids and analysis of fluid inclusions in non-traditional silicate minerals. I have identified and addressed several outstanding challenges of the LA-ICP-MS analytics, specifically effects of contamination on reliable analysis of elements close to their detection limits, strategies for reduction of the analytical data, and estimation of average concentrations for fluid inclusion populations.
- Published
- 2018
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18. Solid-Melt-Liquid-Vapor Equilibria in Crustal Magmatic and Hydrothermal Systems: An Experimental Study
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Hsu, Ying-Jui, Heinrich, Christoph A., Ulmer, Peter, Zajacz, Zoltán, and Audétat, Andreas
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Earth sciences ,ddc:550 - Published
- 2017
19. The thermo-hydraulic structure of high-enthalpy geothermal systems
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Scott, Samuel Warren, Driesner, Thomas, and Heinrich, Christoph A.
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NUMERICAL SIMULATION AND MATHEMATICAL MODELING ,PHYSICAL ROCK PROPERTIES (PETROGRAPHY) ,NUMERISCHE SIMULATION UND MATHEMATISCHE MODELLRECHNUNG ,INTRUSIONEN/FORMEN DER TIEFEN- UND ERGUSSGESTEINSMASSEN (GEOLOGIE) ,PHYSIKALISCHE GESTEINSEIGENSCHAFTEN (PETROGRAPHIE) ,HYDROTHERMALE PROZESSE (PETROGRAPHIE) ,ROCK-FLUID INTERACTION (PETROGRAPHIE) ,WÄRMETRANSPORT (WÄRMELEHRE) ,INTRUSIONS/FORMS OF INTRUSIVE AND VOLCANIC BODIES (GEOLOGY) ,HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES (PETROGRAPHY) ,ROCK-FLUID INTERACTION (PETROGRAPHY) ,HEAT TRANSPORT (THERMOPHYSICS) ,Earth sciences ,ddc:550 - Published
- 2017
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Timing and Duration of Mineralisation at the Bajo de la Alumbrera Porphyry Copper Deposit and the Petrogenetic Link to Explosive Volcanism
- Author
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Buret, Yannick, Heinrich, Christoph A., von Quadt, Albrecht, and Blundy, Jon
- Subjects
Zircon ,U-Pb zircon geochronology ,Earth sciences ,Bajo de la Alumbrera ,Plutonic-volcanic connection ,ddc:550 ,Porphyry Cu deposit - Abstract
This thesis comprises three papers describing the formation of the world class Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry copper deposit in NW Argentina. Combining high precision zircon geochronology with geochemistry we have constrained the timescales of porphyry copper deposit formation and established a temporal and genetic link to nearby explosive volcanism. Finally, this link to explosive volcanism provides a unique opportunity to study the volcanic deposits to reveal key insights into the formation of a world class porphyry copper deposit. Chapter 1 provides a introduction and overview to the objectives of the thesis and details of the current state of research in both geochronology and the genesis of porphyry copper deposits. Chapter 2: From a long-lived upper-crustal magma chamber to rapid porphyry copper emplacement: Reading the geochemistry of zircon crystals at Bajo de la Alumbrera (NW Argentina), presents new high precision zircon U-Pb geochonological data in order to constrain the timing and duration of porphyry copper deposit formation. We calculate the duration of ore-formation by dating zircons from pre-, syn- and post-mineralisation porphyries based on intersection relations between successive intrusion and vein generations, using high precision chemical-abrasion isotope-dilution thermal ionisation mass spectrometry (CA-ID-TIMS). Based on the youngest assemblages of zircon grains, which overlap within analytical error, all four intrusions were emplaced within 29 ka, which places an upper limit on the total duration of hydrothermal mineralisation. Re/Os dating of hydrothermal molybdenite fully overlaps with this high-precision age bracket. By examining the geochemistry of zircon antecrysts, which record ~200 ka of magmatic evolution, we show that that the four porphyry intrusions record a common geochemical and thermal history, and that they were derived from the same upper-crustal magma reservoir. During this upper crustal magmatic evolution, the presence of low cathodoluminescent zones ("dark-zones") in some zircon crystals record zircon crystallisation during a transient event of rapid growth. This rapid growth resulted from mafic magma injection into the base of the magma chamber, releasing a CO2-rich vapour phase into the dacitic crystal mush. This vapour phase then migrated upwards to the apical part of the magma chamber from where it was expelled, together with successive batches of magma, to form the porphyry copper deposit within a short time-span of less than a few 10,000 years. The short duration of host rock emplacement, hydrothermal alteration and mineralisation presented in this study provides critical constraints on fluid storage in magma chambers and the genesis of large porphyry copper deposits. This chapter is published in Earth and Planetary Science Letters. Chapter 3: Zircon petrochronological evidence for a plutonic-volcanic connection in porphyry copper deposits, presents new high-precision U-Pb zircon geochronological evidence linking the formation of the Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry copper deposit to nearby explosive volcanism. The results indicate that the magmatic-hydrothermal deposit and 245 m of explosive volcanism were derived from a common magma reservoir that evolved over a minimum duration of 217 ± 25 ka before the fi nal eruption. A time-gap of 19 ± 12 k.y. between porphyry mineralization and the onset of explosive volcanism indicate that these distinct events occurred as the result of a common magmatic process. We propose that deposit formation and volcanic eruption were both triggered by the same injection of a volatile-saturated primitive magma into the base of the magma chamber. Catastrophic loss of volatiles by explosive volcanism terminated the ore forming capacity of the upper crustal magma chamber, as evidenced by the intrusion of a syn-eruptive barren quartz-feldspar porphyry. Our results demonstrate that porphyry copper deposits provide critical information to understand how volatiles control the fate of hydrous magmas, between pluton formation and explosive volcanism. This chapter is published in Geology. Chapter 4: Magmatic petrogeneseis leading to the formation of the Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry copper deposit: Insights from cogenetic explosive volcanism, builds on the findings of Chapter 3 by examining the magmatic petrogenesis of the explosive volcanism that terminated the ore formation at the Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry copper deposit. We examined amphibole and apatite crystals from the entire volcanic sequence to track the magmatic evolution during the time preceding ore formation. The presence of two distinct generations of amphibole crystals from the same volcanic rocks reveals records both a deep (15 - 25 km) and shallow (~10 km) crustal evolution of porphyry forming magmas. The upper crustal evolution is revealed from amphibole and apatite crystals, which indicate the co-crystallisation of plagioclase, amphibole, biotite, apatite, titanite and zircon in an upper crustal magma reservoir, which evolved over ~200 ka. During the upper crustal evolution, the magma was H2O saturated and exsolving a magmatic fl uid. The melt compositions in equilibrium with apatite reveal the upper crustal magma was not enriched in S, relative to other arc magmas. Conversely, amphibole compositions reveal low Cu concentrations (~10 ppm) in the melt at the time of eruption, which suggest either the upper crustal magma reservoir had inherently low Cu concentrations or the formation of the Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry copper deposit (~19 ka prior to explosive volcanism) effectively stripped the upper crustal magma reservoir of Cu. The lower crustal record is preserved in mafic crystal clots that appear towards the upper parts of the 7 Ma volcanic sequence. The presence of olivine pseudomorphs, which are replaced by clinopyroxene and amphiboles, together with the absence of plagioclase corroborates their crystallisation in the lower crust under hydrous conditions. High fO2 (ΔNNO > 3), revealed from the amphibole and Cr-rich spinel compositions, likely resulted from extended olivine crystallisation. Injection of this oxidised, hydrous, magma into the upper crustal magma reservoir at a late stage is recorded by abundant dissolution and reverse zoning in the major phenocryst phases towards the upper parts of the 7 Ma volcanic sequence. Our results demonstrate that the interplay between the injection of oxidised magmas from the lower crust and high Cl contents in the upper crustal magma chamber, promoted the efficient extraction of Cu and S from the melt to form the world class Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry copper deposit. Chapter 5 presents the general conclusions of this thesis including the potential for future work.
- Published
- 2017
21. The Physical and Chemical Interplay between Magmatic and Meteoric Fluids in Hydrothermal Systems: In-Situ Oxygen Isotope Measurements and Numerical Simulations
- Author
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Fekete, Szandra, Driesner, Thomas, Heinrich, Christoph A., Weis, Philipp, and Hedenquist, Jeffrey
- Subjects
Earth sciences ,ddc:550 - Published
- 2017
22. Internally consistent thermodynamic database for fluid-rock interaction: Tools, methods and optimization
- Author
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Miron, George D., Wagner, Thomas, and Heinrich, Christoph A.
- Subjects
THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS AND CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS ,THERMODYNAMISCHE EIGENSCHAFTEN CHEMISCHER ELEMENTE UND VERBINDUNGEN ,DATABASES FOR SPECIAL SUBJECTS (LIBRARIANSHIP) ,EXPERIMENTAL GEOLOGY (EARTH SCIENCES) ,MIGRATION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS (GEOCHEMISTRY) ,EXPERIMENTALGEOLOGIE (ERDWISSENSCHAFTEN) ,Earth sciences ,FLUIDE IN ERDKRUSTENPROZESSEN (PETROGRAPHIE) ,HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES (PETROGRAPHY) ,ddc:550 ,HYDROTHERMALE PROZESSE (PETROGRAPHIE) ,MIGRATION VON CHEMISCHEN ELEMENTEN (GEOCHEMIE) ,FLUIDS IN CRUSTAL PROCESSES (PETROGRAPHY) ,INFORMATIONSDATENBANKEN + FACHSPEZIFISCHE DATENBANKEN (BIBLIOTHEKSWESEN) - Published
- 2016
23. Magmatic geochemistry and geochronology in relation to the geodynamic and metallogenic evolution of the Banat Region and the Apuseni Mountains of Romania
- Author
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Gallhofer, Daniela, Heinrich, Christoph A., and Quadt Wykradt-Hüchtenbruck, Albrecht
- Subjects
OPHIOLITE (PETROGRAPHY) ,SÜDOSTEUROPA ,ERZLAGERSTÄTTEN ,METALLOGENY + ORE DEPOSITS MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE ,GEOTEKTONIK + TEKTONISCHE STRUKTUREN UND IHRE ELEMENTE (GEOLOGIE) ,ENDOGENE PROZESSE (GEOLOGIE) ,SOUTHEASTERN EUROPE ,OPHIOLIT (PETROGRAPHIE) ,ddc:550 ,BANAT (ROMANIA) ,APUSENI (MOUNTAINS OF ROMANIA) ,GEOTECTONICS + TECTONIC STRUCTURES AND THEIR ELEMENTS (GEOLOGY) ,ENDOGENOUS PROCESSES (GEOLOGY) ,APUSENI (GEBIRGE RUMÄNIENS) ,GEOLOGY + REGIONAL GEOLOGY + EARTH SCIENCES ,ORE DEPOSITS (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,ABSOLUTE GEOLOGICAL AGE DETERMINATION (GEOLOGY) ,METALLOGENESE + MORPHOLOGIE UND STRUKTUR DER ERZLAGERSTÄTTEN ,ABSOLUTE GEOLOGISCHE ALTERSBESTIMMUNG (GEOLOGIE) ,GEOLOGIE + REGIONAL GEOLOGIE + ERDWISSENSCHAFTEN ,KALKALKALIGESTEINE (PETROGRAPHIE) ,CALC-ALKALINE ROCKS (PETROGRAPHY) ,BANAT (RUMÄNIEN) ,Natural resources, energy and environment ,Earth sciences ,ddc:333.7 - Published
- 2015
24. The Prominent Hill iron oxide – Cu – Au deposit in South Australia: A deposit formation model based on geology, geochemistry, stable isotopes and fluid inclusions
- Author
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Schlegel, Tobias U., Heinrich, Christoph A., Wagner, Thomas, and Barton, Mark
- Subjects
020209 energy ,IRON OXIDES (MINERALOGY) ,02 engineering and technology ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,MIGRATION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS (GEOCHEMISTRY) ,LAGERSTÄTTENBILDUNG, URSACHEN VON LAGERSTÄTTENBILDUNG ,GAWLER CRATON (MOUNTAINS OF SOUTHERN AUSTRALIA) ,COPPER (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES (PETROGRAPHY) ,EISENOXIDE (MINERALOGIE) ,GAWLER CRATON (GEBIRGE SÜDAUSTRALIENS) ,ddc:550 ,0202 electrical engineering, electronic engineering, information engineering ,HYDROTHERMALE PROZESSE (PETROGRAPHIE) ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences ,KUPFERERZE (LAGERSTÄTTEN) ,MINERAL DEPOSITS + ECONOMIC GEOLOGY ,WIRTSCHAFTSGEOLOGIE + MINERALLAGERSTÄTTEN ,ORIGIN OF DEPOSITS, FACTORS LEADING TO THEIR FORMATION ,GOLD DEPOSITS (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,HYDROTHERMALE LAGERSTÄTTEN ,SOUTH AUSTRALIA, BUNDESSTAAT (AUSTRALIEN) ,SOUTH AUSTRALIA, STATE (AUSTRALIA) ,MIGRATION VON CHEMISCHEN ELEMENTEN (GEOCHEMIE) ,GOLDERZE (LAGERSTÄTTEN) ,HYDROTHERMAL DEPOSITS (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,Earth sciences - Published
- 2015
- Full Text
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25. The Serra Pelada Au - Pd - Pt Deposit (Carajás, Amazon Craton, Brazil): Geology, Minralogy, and Hydrothermal Geochemistry of Ore Formation
- Author
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Berni, Gabriel V., Heinrich, Christoph A., Lehmann, Bernard, and Wall, Victor J.
- Subjects
AMAZONAS REGION (BRAZIL) ,FLUIDS IN CRUSTAL PROCESSES (PETROGRAPHY) ,GOLD DEPOSITS (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,ERZBILDUNG + MINERALBILDUNG (LAGERSTÄTTEN) ,FLUIDE IN ERDKRUSTENPROZESSEN (PETROGRAPHIE) ,HYDROTHERMALE ALTERATION (LAGERSTÄTTEN) ,HYDROTHERMALE PROZESSE (PETROGRAPHIE) ,CARAJAS (BRAZIL) ,ORE FORMATION + MINERAL FORMATION (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,GOLDERZE (LAGERSTÄTTEN) ,METALLOGENY + ORE DEPOSITS MORPHOLOGY AND STRUCTURE ,CARAJAS (BRASILIEN) ,HYDROTHERMAL ALTERATION (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES (PETROGRAPHY) ,METALLOGENESE + MORPHOLOGIE UND STRUKTUR DER ERZLAGERSTÄTTEN ,AMAZONASGEBIET (BRASILIEN) ,Earth sciences ,ddc:550 - Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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26. Metamorphic fluid history along a cross section through the central Alps: constraints from LA-ICPMS analysis of fluid inclusions and Ar-Ar geochronology
- Author
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Rauchenstein-Martinek, Klara, Wagner, Thomas, and Heinrich, Christoph A.
- Subjects
ABSOLUTE GEOLOGICAL AGE DETERMINATION (GEOLOGY) ,UPLIFT, GEOTECTONIC UPLIFT, EXHUMATION (GEOLOGY) ,GEOTEKTONISCHE HEBUNGEN (GEOLOGIE) ,METAMORPHOSE (PETROGRAPHIE) ,ARGON-40 ISOTOPE ,FLUIDS IN CRUSTAL PROCESSES (PETROGRAPHY) ,ROCK-FLUID INTERACTION (PETROGRAPHY) ,FLUIDE IN ERDKRUSTENPROZESSEN (PETROGRAPHIE) ,METAMORPHISM (PETROGRAPHY) ,ROCK-FLUID INTERACTION (PETROGRAPHIE) ,LEPONTINE ALPS ,CENTRAL ALPS (WESTERN ALPS) ,LEPONTINISCHE ALPEN ,ABSOLUTE GEOLOGISCHE ALTERSBESTIMMUNG (GEOLOGIE) ,ARGON-40-ISOTOP ,ZENTRAL-ALPEN (WESTALPEN) ,Earth sciences ,ddc:550 - Published
- 2014
- Full Text
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27. Fluid composition and mass transfer processes related to the formation of metamorphic quartz vein systems, Rhenish Massif (Germany)
- Author
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Marsala, Achille, Wagner, Thomas, and Heinrich, Christoph A.
- Subjects
RHEINISCHES SCHIEFERGEBIRGE (MITTELEUROPÄISCHE GEBIRGE) ,GEOBAROMETRY + GEOTHERMOMETRY (PETROGRAPHY) ,GEOBAROMETRIE + GEOTHERMOMETRIE (PETROGRAPHIE) ,RHINE SCHIST MOUNTAINS (MOUNTAINS OF CENTRAL EUROPE) ,QUARZ (MINERALOGIE) ,FLUIDS IN CRUSTAL PROCESSES (PETROGRAPHY) ,GANG + SILL + LAGERGANG (GEOLOGIE) ,ROCK-FLUID INTERACTION (PETROGRAPHY) ,FLUIDE IN ERDKRUSTENPROZESSEN (PETROGRAPHIE) ,ROCK-FLUID INTERACTION (PETROGRAPHIE) ,QUARTZ (MINERALOGY) ,VEINS + DYKES + SILLS (GEOLOGY) ,Earth sciences ,ddc:550 - Published
- 2013
- Full Text
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28. Geochronology and isotope geochemistry of magmatic rocks from Western Srednogorie (Bulgaria) and Timok magmatic complex (East Serbia)
- Author
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Kolb, Melanie, Heinrich, Christoph A., and Quadt Wykradt-Hüchtenbruck, Albrecht
- Subjects
MAGMATIC ROCKS + IGNEOUS ROCKS (PETROGRAPHY) ,SREDNA GORA (GEBIRGE BULGARIENS) ,010504 meteorology & atmospheric sciences ,SREDNA GORA (MOUNTAINS OF BULGARIA) ,ABSOLUTE GEOLOGICAL AGE DETERMINATION (GEOLOGY) ,ABSOLUTE GEOLOGISCHE ALTERSBESTIMMUNG (GEOLOGIE) ,ISOTOPENGEOCHEMIE ,MAGMATISCHE GESTEINE + ERUPTIVGESTEINE (PETROGRAPHIE) ,OSTSERBIEN ,ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY ,EASTERN SERBIA ,010502 geochemistry & geophysics ,01 natural sciences ,Earth sciences ,ddc:550 ,0105 earth and related environmental sciences - Published
- 2011
29. Sulfur and halogen analysis of fluid inclusions in magmatic-hydrothermal ore deposits
- Author
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Seo, Jung Hun, Heinrich, Christoph A., Guillong, Marcel, and Pokrovski, Gleb S.
- Subjects
Earth sciences ,HYDROTHERMAL DEPOSITS (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,FLUIDE IN ERDKRUSTENPROZESSEN (PETROGRAPHIE) ,FLUIDS IN CRUSTAL PROCESSES (PETROGRAPHY) ,MIGRATION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS (GEOCHEMISTRY) ,BINGHAM, UTAH (USA) ,HYDROTHERMALE LAGERSTÄTTEN ,MIGRATION VON CHEMISCHEN ELEMENTEN (GEOCHEMIE) ,ddc:550 - Published
- 2011
30. The hafnium and neodymium isotopic composition of seawater and rivers
- Author
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Rickli, Jörg Dominik, Halliday, Alexander N., and Heinrich, Christoph A.
- Subjects
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF SEAWATER (OCEANOGRAPHY) ,ATLANTIC OCEAN ,CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF RIVER WATER (HYDROLOGY) ,CHEMISCHE EIGENSCHAFTEN/MEERWASSER (OZEANOGRAPHIE) ,HAFNIUM-ISOTOPE ,SCHWEIZ (MITTELEUROPA). SCHWEIZERISCHE EIDGENOSSENSCHAFT ,HAFNIUM ISOTOPES ,CHEMISCHE EIGENSCHAFTEN DES FLUSSWASSERS (HYDROLOGIE) ,ATLANTISCHER OZEAN ,Earth sciences ,NEODYMIUM ISOTOPES ,EROSION + CORROSION + WEATHERING (SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT) ,SWITZERLAND (CENTRAL EUROPE). SWISS CONFEDERATION ,NEODYM-ISOTOPE ,EROSION + KORROSION + VERWITTERUNG (ABLAGERUNGSMILIEU) ,ddc:550 - Published
- 2009
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Numerical simulation of fluid flow in mid-ocean ridge hydrothernal systems
- Author
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Coumou, Dingeman, Heinrich, Christoph A., and Driesner, Thomas
- Subjects
BLACK SMOKERS, HYDROTHERMAL VENTS ,HYDROLOGISCHE MODELLE + HYDROLOGISCHE MODELLRECHNUNG ,SOLE (PETROGRAPHIE) ,BLACK SMOKERS, HYDROTHERMALE SCHLOTE ,Earth sciences ,FLUIDE IN ERDKRUSTENPROZESSEN (PETROGRAPHIE) ,HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES (PETROGRAPHY) ,ddc:550 ,FLUIDS IN CRUSTAL PROCESSES (PETROGRAPHY) ,MID-OCEAN RIDGE (OCEANOGRAPHY) ,HYDROTHERMALE PROZESSE (PETROGRAPHIE) ,BRINE (PETROGRAPHY) ,HYDROLOGICAL MODELS + MATHEMATICAL MODELLING IN HYDROLOGY ,MITTELOZEANISCHER RÜCKEN (OZEANOGRAPHIE) - Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Sources and evolution of Late Cretaceous magmatism in Eastern Srednogorie, Bulgaria: Constraints from petrology, isotope geochemistry and geochronology
- Author
-
Georgiev, Svetoslav, Heinrich, Christoph A., von Quadt, Albrecht, Kay, Suzanne Mahlburg, and Marchev, Peter
- Subjects
MAGMATIC ROCKS + IGNEOUS ROCKS (PETROGRAPHY) ,DIFFERENTIATION UND KRISTALLISATION VON MAGMEN (LAGERSTÄTTEN) ,SEQUENCE OF SEPARATION FROM THE MAGMA (PETROGRAPHY) ,GESTEINSDIFFERENTIATION (PETROGRAPHIE) ,OSTBULGARIEN ,ISOTOPENGEOCHEMIE/INSTABILE ISOTOPE ,UPPER CRETACEOUS (STRATIGRAPHY) ,OBERE KREIDE (STRATIGRAPHIE) ,MAGMATISCHE GESTEINE + ERUPTIVGESTEINE (PETROGRAPHIE) ,DIFFERENTIATION AND CRYSTALLIZATION OF MAGMA (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,ROCKS DIFFERENTIATION (PETROGRAPHY) ,AUSSCHEIDUNGSFOLGE DES MAGMAS (PETROGRAPHIE) ,EASTERN BULGARIA ,ABSOLUTE GEOLOGICAL AGE DETERMINATION (GEOLOGY) ,ABSOLUTE GEOLOGISCHE ALTERSBESTIMMUNG (GEOLOGIE) ,ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY/UNSTABLE ISOTOPES ,Earth sciences ,ddc:550 - Published
- 2008
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Evolution of ore-forming fluids at the porphyry to epithermal transition: The Famatina Cu-Mo-Au district (NW Argentina)
- Author
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Pudack, Claudia, Heinrich, Christoph A., Halter, Werner, Pettke, Thomas, and Wilkinson, Jamie
- Subjects
DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS + METALLOGENY (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,FLUIDS IN CRUSTAL PROCESSES (PETROGRAPHY) ,COPPER PORPHYRY (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,SIERRA DE FAMATINA (PATAGONISCHE ANDEN) ,KUPFER-PORPHYR (LAGERSTÄTTEN) ,HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES (PETROGRAPHY) ,FLUIDE IN ERDKRUSTENPROZESSEN (PETROGRAPHIE) ,LAGERSTÄTTENVERTEILUNG + METALLOGENESE (LAGERSTÄTTEN) ,HYDROTHERMALE PROZESSE (PETROGRAPHIE) ,SIERRA DE FAMATINA (PATAGONIAN CORDILLERA) ,Earth sciences ,ddc:550 - Published
- 2007
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Cu-Mo-Au ratios in porphyry-type ore deposits: constraints from fluid inclusion microanalysis
- Author
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Klemm, Leonhard Martin, Heinrich, Christoph A., Pettke, Thomas, and Cline, Jean S.
- Subjects
GEOBAROMETRY + GEOTHERMOMETRY (PETROGRAPHY) ,GEOBAROMETRIE + GEOTHERMOMETRIE (PETROGRAPHIE) ,MIGRATION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS (GEOCHEMISTRY) ,Earth sciences ,KUPFER-PORPHYR (LAGERSTÄTTEN) ,FLUIDE IN ERDKRUSTENPROZESSEN (PETROGRAPHIE) ,MIGRATION VON CHEMISCHEN ELEMENTEN (GEOCHEMIE) ,HYDROTHERMALE PROZESSE (PETROGRAPHIE) ,COPPER PORPHYRY (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,FLUIDS IN CRUSTAL PROCESSES (PETROGRAPHY) ,HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES (PETROGRAPHY) ,ddc:550 - Published
- 2006
35. Lithium isotopes in the Earth and terrestrial planets
- Author
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Magna, Tomáš, Halliday, Alexander N., Heinrich, Christoph A., and Wiechert, Uwe
- Subjects
LITHIUM-7-ISOTOP ,NORTH CASCADES (NORTH AMERICAN MOUNTAINS) ,LITHIUM-7 ISOTOPE ,CHEMISCHE ZUSAMMENSETZUNG DES MONDES (ASTRONOMIE) ,ICELAND (NORTHWESTERN EUROPE). REPUBLIC OF ICELAND ,ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY ,TEKTONOSPHÄRE + ERDSCHICHT, IN DER SICH TEKTONISCHE BEWEGUNGEN ABSPIELEN, IHRE DICKE UND STRUKTUR (GEOLOGIE) ,ISLAND (NORDWESTEUROPA). REPUBLIK ISLAND ,JAN MAYEN, INSEL (EUROPÄISCHE ARKTIS) ,Earth sciences ,JAN MAYEN ISLAND (EUROPEAN ARCTIC) ,ddc:550 ,BASALT + MELAPHYR + DIABAS + THOLEIIT (PETROGRAPHIE) ,NÖRDLICHE KASKADEN-KETTE, NORTH CASCADES (NORDAMERIKANISCHE GEBIRGE) ,ISOTOPENGEOCHEMIE ,TECTOSPHERE + EARTH CRUST, TECTONIC MOVEMENT LAYERS, THICKNESS AND STRUCTURE (GEOLOGY) ,BASALT + MELAPHYRE + DIABASE + THOLEIITE (PETROGRAPHY) ,CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF THE MOON (ASTRONOMY) ,INNERE PLANETEN DES SONNENSYSTEMS (ASTRONOMIE) ,INTERIOR PLANETS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM (ASTRONOMY) - Published
- 2006
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Geochemistry of stable silicon isotopes measured by high-resolution multi-collector inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometry (HR-MC-ICP-MS)
- Author
-
Georg, Rudolf Bastian, Halliday, Alexander N., and Heinrich, Christoph A.
- Subjects
EXOGENOUS PROCESSES (GEOLOGY) ,GEOLOGISCHE TÄTIGKEIT FLIESSENDEN WASSERS + FLUSSFACIES + FLUSSSEDIMENTE (ABLAGERUNGSMILIEU) ,Paleontology, paleozoology ,GEOLOGICAL ACTION OF FLOWING WATER + FLUVIATILE FACIES (SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT) ,MIGRATION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS (GEOCHEMISTRY) ,SILICON ISOTOPES ,STABLE ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY ,GEOCHEMICAL CYCLE (GEOCHEMISTRY) ,Earth sciences ,SILICIUMISOTOPE ,EXOGENE PROZESSE (GEOLOGIE) ,EROSION + CORROSION + WEATHERING (SEDIMENTARY ENVIRONMENT) ,ddc:560 ,EROSION + KORROSION + VERWITTERUNG (ABLAGERUNGSMILIEU) ,ddc:550 ,MIGRATION VON CHEMISCHEN ELEMENTEN (GEOCHEMIE) ,GEOCHEMISCHER KREISLAUF (GEOCHEMIE) ,STABILE ISOTOPENGEOCHEMIE - Published
- 2006
37. Fluid evolution and ore mineral precipitation at the Bingham porphyry Cu-Au-Mo deposit, Utah, deduced from cathodoluminescence imaging and LA-ICPMS microanalysis of fluid inclusions
- Author
-
Landtwing, Marianne Regula, Heinrich, Christoph A., Pettke, Thomas, Halter, W. E., and Kesler, S. E.
- Subjects
DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS + METALLOGENY (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,LAGERSTÄTTENVERTEILUNG + METALLOGENESE (LAGERSTÄTTEN) ,ROCK-FLUID INTERACTION (PETROGRAPHIE) ,Earth sciences ,MINERALENTSTEHUNG + NATÜRLICHES VORKOMMEN + MINERALVARIETÄT (MINERALOGIE) ,FLUIDE IN ERDKRUSTENPROZESSEN (PETROGRAPHIE) ,UTAH, BUNDESSTAAT (USA) ,ROCK-FLUID INTERACTION (PETROGRAPHY) ,BINGHAM, UTAH (USA) ,FLUIDS IN CRUSTAL PROCESSES (PETROGRAPHY) ,MINERAL ORIGIN + NATURAL OCCURENCE + MINERAL VARIETIES (MINERALOGY) ,UTAH, STATE (USA) ,ddc:550 - Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Numerical simulations of the hydrodynamics and thermodynamics of NaCl-H₂O fluids
- Author
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Geiger Boschung, Sebastian, Driesner, Thomas, and Heinrich, Christoph A.
- Subjects
HYDROSPHÄRE + HYDROLOGIE + WASSER ,MEHRPHASENSTRÖMUNG (FLUIDDYNAMIK) ,MANTELKONVEKTION (GEOLOGIE) ,HALIT (MINERALOGIE) ,ROCK-FLUID INTERACTION (PETROGRAPHIE) ,Earth sciences ,HALITE (MINERALOGY) ,FLUIDE IN ERDKRUSTENPROZESSEN (PETROGRAPHIE) ,MANTLE CONVECTION (GEOLOGY) ,ROCK-FLUID INTERACTION (PETROGRAPHY) ,HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES (PETROGRAPHY) ,ddc:550 ,HYDROSPHERE + HYDROLOGY + WATER ,HYDROTHERMALE PROZESSE (PETROGRAPHIE) ,FLUIDS IN CRUSTAL PROCESSES (PETROGRAPHY) ,MULTIPHASE FLOW (FLUID DYNAMICS) - Published
- 2004
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Gold precipitation and hydrothermal alteration during fluid flow through the vein network of the mesothermal gold deposit of Sigma, (Abitibi belt, Canada)
- Author
-
Garofalo, Paolo Stefano and Heinrich, Christoph A.
- Subjects
ABITIBI-TÉMISCAMINGUE REGION (KANADA) ,Earth sciences ,ABITIBI GREENSTONE BELT (CANADA) ,GOLDERZE (LAGERSTÄTTEN) ,LAGERSTÄTTENVERTEILUNG + METALLOGENESE (LAGERSTÄTTEN) ,ABITIBI GREENSTONE BELT (KANADA) ,GOLD DEPOSITS (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS + METALLOGENY (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,ABITIBI-TÉMISCAMINGUE REGION (CANADA) ,ddc:550 - Published
- 2000
40. Some aspects of the geochemistry of tin in hydrothermal solutions
- Author
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Müller, Barbara, Heinrich, Christoph A., and Seward, Terry M.
- Subjects
TIN (CHEMICAL ELEMENTS) ,ZINNERZE (LAGERSTÄTTEN) ,Earth sciences ,HYDROTHERMAL PROCESSES (PETROGRAPHY) ,ddc:550 ,MIGRATION VON CHEMISCHEN ELEMENTEN (GEOCHEMIE) ,TIN DEPOSITS (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,MIGRATION OF CHEMICAL ELEMENTS (GEOCHEMISTRY) ,ZINN (CHEMISCHE ELEMENTE) ,HYDROTHERMALE PROZESSE (PETROGRAPHIE) - Published
- 1999
41. The magmatic-hydrothermal evolution of the Sn/W-mineralized Mole Granite (Eastern Australia)
- Author
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Audétat, Andreas, Günther, Detlef, and Heinrich, Christoph A.
- Subjects
SEQUENCE OF SEPARATION FROM THE MAGMA (PETROGRAPHY) ,DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS + METALLOGENY (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,GRANITE (PETROGRAPHY) ,LAGERSTÄTTENVERTEILUNG + METALLOGENESE (LAGERSTÄTTEN) ,HYDROTHERMALE LAGERSTÄTTEN ,GRANIT (PETROGRAPHIE) ,OSTAUSTRALIEN ,Earth sciences ,HYDROTHERMAL DEPOSITS (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,FLUIDE IN ERDKRUSTENPROZESSEN (PETROGRAPHIE) ,FLUIDS IN CRUSTAL PROCESSES (PETROGRAPHY) ,EASTERN AUSTRALIA ,AUSSCHEIDUNGSFOLGE DES MAGMAS (PETROGRAPHIE) ,ddc:550 - Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Genesis of the Bajo de la Alumbrera porphyry Cu-Au deposit, Argentina: Geological, fluid geochemical, and isotopic implications
- Author
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Ulrich, Thomas, Heinrich, Christoph A., Köppel, Viktor, and Clark, Alan H.
- Subjects
ARGENTINA (SOUTH AMERICA). ARGENTINE REPUBLIC ,KUPFERERZE (LAGERSTÄTTEN) ,LAGERSTÄTTENVERTEILUNG + METALLOGENESE (LAGERSTÄTTEN) ,GOLD DEPOSITS (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,COPPER (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,FLUIDS IN CRUSTAL PROCESSES (PETROGRAPHY) ,ISOTOPENGEOCHEMIE ,ARGENTINIEN (SÜDAMERIKA). ARGENTINISCHE REPUBLIK ,DISTRIBUTION OF MINERAL DEPOSITS + METALLOGENY (MINERAL DEPOSITS) ,GOLDERZE (LAGERSTÄTTEN) ,FLUIDE IN ERDKRUSTENPROZESSEN (PETROGRAPHIE) ,ISOTOPE GEOCHEMISTRY ,Earth sciences ,ddc:550 - Published
- 1999
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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