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The genus Pseudoboletus includes parasitic fungi and is well known in temperate zones. In this paper, we present the first Mexican collections of this genus. Two specimens were collected in a field expedition in a tropical montane cloud forest on the San Martín Tuxtla volcano, Veracruz, Mexico, resulting in a new species of Pseudoboletus, which grows on fruiting bodies of Scleroderma nitidum. Descriptions, illustrations, and photographs of P. silvaticus sp. nov. are provided. Also, its phylogenetic position in the Boletineae tree was inferred using nuclear 28S rDNA (28S) and translation elongation factor-1α (tef–1α) with Maximum Likelihood method and Bayesian Inference. Comparison between nuclear rDNA internal transcribed spacer region (ITS) sequences of P. parasiticus from North America and Europe and the new taxon were made. The original diagnosis of the genus Pseudoboletus is emended to include this new species.

During the routine survey for exploring the hidden macrofungal wealth of tropical Sal (Shorea robusta Roth) forests in West Bengal and Jharkhand (India), we found a specimen similar to Tylopilus plumbeoviolaceous (Snell & E.A.Dick) Snell & E.A.Dick. After careful morphological observations and phylogenetic analysis, the species was found to be conspecific with Tylopilus glutinosus Iqbal Hosen, a recently established taxon from Bangladesh. We report T. glutinosus for the first time from India and provide a detailed description, figures, a multigene phylogenetic analysis, and comprehensive comparisons with similar species. A distributional map is also provided.

Butyriboletus brunneoides sp. nov. and Bu. sinoregius sp. nov. are described from Shanxi Province of China based on morphology and molecular work. Butyriboletus brunneoides differs from Bu. brunneus by the small to medium basidiome, smooth pileus, and a thin stipe that develops reddish stains near the base. Butyriboletus sinoregius differs from the European B. regius by a basidiome bluing when bruised and a pileus covered with fine tomentum. Phylogenetic analyses based on ITS, nrLSU, tef1-α and rpb2 sequences support the taxonomic position of the two new species. Illustrated macro- and micro-descriptions are provided along with a key to the Butyriboletus species from China.

The present study describes Hemiaustroboletusgen. nov. in the subfamily Austroboletoideae (Boletaceae). Hemiaustroboletus is supported by morphological and molecular data using LSU and RPB2 regions. Additionally, its geographic distribution and intraspecific variation were inferred using ITS sequences. The genus is characterised by pileate-stipitate basidiomata; purple, brown, reddish-brown, orange-brown to dark brown vinaceous pileus; whitish or lilac to vinaceous context and a subclavate stipe. Microscopically, it is characterised by ornamented, slightly verrucose, cracked to perforated brown basidiospores. Two species are described within the genus, Hemiaustroboletus vinaceobrunneussp. nov. and H. vinaceussp. nov.Hemiaustroboletus vinaceussp. nov. is morphologically similar to Austroboletus gracilis, which suggests they may have been confused in the past. This study presents the phylogenetic placement, microscopic structures, detailed morphological descriptions and illustrations of both new species.

Xerocomellus perezmorenoi (Boletaceae, Boletales) is described as a new species from Mexico. This species was collected under Abies religiosa in mixed coniferous forest located in three localities (Puebla, Tlaxcala, and State of Mexico) in central Mexico. It is morphologically characterized by its small-sized basidiomata, pileus brown at the center and cream with pink to purple tones at the margin, almost blackish at the center when young, black-brown when mature, pores lilac, peach to salmon when young, yellow citrine at mature; violet or violet-brown color reaction of the context when cut; basidiospores (12–) 15–16 (–17) × 4–5 (–6) µm. Phylogenetic analyses (Maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference) based on multi-locus sequences confirmed X. perezmorenoi is a new species, with biocultural importance due to edibility. Detailed a description, photographs, analyses of phylogenetics, and taxonomic discussions are presented.

Species of Phylloporus (Boletaceae, Boletales) in China were investigated using morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from the nuclear 28S rDNA D1–D2 domains, rDNA internal transcribed spacer region, and translation elongation factor 1-α gene. Ten species are recognized from China in the present study. Among them, P. alboinfuscatus, P. grossus, P. microsquamus, P. nigrisquamus, P. nigrobrunneus, and P. tenuissimus are new to science; and P. bogoriensis, P. castanopsidis, P. luxiensis, and P. subrubeolus are previously described. Phylloporus megacystidiatus, originally described from southwestern China, is likely conspecific with P. yunnanensis. A key to the Chinese species of Phylloporus is provided. A preliminary biogeographical analysis showed that the affinities of Phylloporus species between subtropical/tropical China and Thailand were evident, both regions share seven common taxa; P. nigrisquamus and P. microsquamus are closely related to taxa from North/Central America.

Relationships between species of Retiboletus were inferred from morphology and nucleotide sequences of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef1-α), the second largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (rpb2), the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nrLSU), and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS), based on Maximum Likelihood and Bayesian analyses. Our analyses indicated that the genus Retiboletus is divided into two major clades, with at least 10 species-level lineages in China. Accordingly, we describe a new subgenus, i.e. R. subg. Nigroretiboletorum, and a new species R. cyanescens of this subgenus. The newly proposed subgenus accommodates R. griseus and its allied taxa characterized by grayish white, white, or grayish pink hymenophores and white to gray context in pileus. Color pictures of fresh basidiomata and line drawings of the new species are provided, with a discussion concerning its taxonomic and phylogenetic relationships within the genus. In addition, a key to the species of Retiboletus in China is provided.

Species of Aureoboletus (Boletaceae, Boletales) are diverse in China, and many taxa in the country have been described to date. Here, additional three new species, viz. A. guangdongensis, A. microcarpus, and A. rugosus are described based on morphology and molecular phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences. Detailed descriptions, color photographs of fresh basidiomata, and line drawings of the microscopic features of the three new taxa are presented.

Boletus littoreus (Boletaceae, Boletales) is described as a new species from tropical China based on morphological and molecular evidence from the nuclear ribosomal large subunit RNA (28S), the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1), and the RNA polymerase II second largest subunit gene (RPB2). It is morphologically characterized by white basidiomata, a stipe without reticulations, a pileipellis composed of elliptic-fusiform to subglobose, sometimes filamentous, chains of hyphae, and is associated with trees of Dipterocarpaceae. An illustrated morphological description is provided along with comparison to related and similar species.

Boletellus putuoensis (Boletaceae, Boletales) from Zhejiang Province, a subtropical region of eastern China, is described as a new species based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence. A detailed description, color photos of fresh basidiomes, and line-drawings of microstructures of the new species are presented as well as comparisons with related species.

Data on the diversity of boletoid fungi of the Bidoup – Nui Ba National Park are presented here and analyzed. An annotated list of 13 species are published for the first time for the National Park and 8 for the first time for Vietnam (Porphyrellus nigropurpureus, Phylloporus pachycystidiatus, Ph. rubiginosus, Pulveroboletus brunneopunctatus, Strobilomyces brunneolepidotus, S. calidus, Veloporphyrellus pseudovelatus, Xerocomus subparvus). Among plant communities of the National Park the mountain evergreen coniferous-broad-leaved forests dominated by Fagaceae, Lauraceae and Magnoliaceae and with the participation of representatives of Podocarpaceae and Pinaceae are characterized by the highest diversity of boletoid fungi. The species are illustrated with color photographs. The nucleotide sequences obtained during the study were deposited in NCBI GenBank.

Understanding diversity in the genus Xerocomellus in western North America has been obscured by morphological variability, widespread use of species epithets typified by specimens from Europe and eastern North America, misunderstood phylogenetic relationships, and species complexes. We collected extensively and used genetic and morphological data to establish the occurrence of ten Xerocomellus species in western North America. We generated ITS sequences from five type collections and from vouchered representative collections to clarify our understanding of existing species concepts. We describe three new species (Xerocomellus atropurpureus, X. diffractus, and X. salicicola) and propose two new combinations (X. amylosporus and X. mendocinensis), transfer Boletus coccyginus to Hortiboletus, and provide a dichotomous key to species of Xerocomellus in western North America.

A novel bolete species, Heimioporus subcostatus, is described from northern and northeastern Thailand. It can be distinguished from the other Heimioporus species by its reddish brown to brownish red basidiomata when young becoming dull red to pale red at maturity, with raised and prominent reticulation on stipe, yellow pores, basidiospores with incomplete reticulation, and occurrence in dipterocarp forest dominated by Dipterocarpus spp. and Shorea spp. In a phylogenetic tree based on a three-gene (atp6, tef1, rpb2) data set, the new species formed a clade sister to H. sinensis within the supported Heimioporus clade in the Xerocomoideae (Boletaceae). Macroscopic and microscopic descriptions, as well as illustrations of the new species are presented.

The morphology and phylogenetic relationships of species of Hourangia (Boletaceae, Boletales) from China were investigated. Five phylogenetic species are recognized in the country; two of them, H. densisquamata and H. dilatata, are described as new; two of them, H. cheoi and H. nigropunctata, are previously described taxa, and the remaining one is not described due to the paucity of material. Besides specimens of Hourangia, collections of Aureoboletus were also made during field trips in China. The morphological and molecular data indicated that some collections labeled as A. cf. venustus or identified as A. venustus in previous studies represented a new species, therefore the new species A. erythraeus is described, and A. venustus is redescribed. A key to all known taxa of Hourangia is also provided.

Two new species of Hortiboletus (Boletaceae, Boletales), viz. H. arduinus and H. napaeus, are described based on morphological and molecular data. Detailed descriptions, color photographs of fresh basidiomata, and line drawings of microscopic features of the two new taxa are presented. In addition, a key to all known species of Hortiboletus in the world is provided.

Tylopilus yangzhuliangii (Boletaceae, Boletales) is described as a new species, based on morphological and phylogenetic evidence, from Hainan Province, a tropical region of southern China. A detailed description, color photos of fresh basidiomes, and line-drawings of microstructures of the new species are presented as well as comparisons with related species.

Tylocinum Y.C. Li & Zhu L. Yang 2016 is a Boletaceae genus belonging in subfamily Leccinoideae. It was described in 2016 from China and, prior to this study, it contained only one species, T. griseolum Y.C. Li & Zhu L. Yang 2016. During our survey of Boletaceae from Thailand, we collected some specimens that could be identified as a Tylocinum species, different from T. griseolum. The bolete specimens, collected in forests dominated by Dipterocarpaceae and Fagaceae in northern Thailand, are described as Tylocinum brevisporum Raghoonundon & Raspé sp. nov. Macroscopic and microscopic descriptions with illustrations are provided, as well as a 3-gene phylogeny, which confirms the new taxon’s position in Tylocinum. Tylocinum brevisporum differs from the only other known Tylocinum species (T. griseolum) by its brownish-grey colour, greyish-orange to brownish-orange colour change in the hymenophore when bruised, smaller pores (≤ 0.5 mm), longer tubes (up to 6 mm long), shorter and narrower basidiospores, longer and broader basidia and longer pleurocystidia relative to cheilocystidia. T. brevisporum is the second species from the genus Tylocinum and the only one to be found outside China thus far.

The article continues the series of publications devoted to the boletoid fungi of Vietnam. It summarizes the results of the observation of their diversity in three nature protected areas of the Central Highlands (Tây Nguyên) – Kon Ka Kinh National Park, Kon Chu Rang (Kon Chư Răng) Nature Reserve and Kon Plong Protected Forest, where middle-mountain evergreen broad-leaved and coniferous-deciduous forests prevail at altitudes of 900–1500 m. An annotated list of 22 revealed species is presented. Of these, two species (Fistulinella aurantioflava and Tylopilus subotsuensis) have been recently described from this territory as new to science. Hortiboletus rupicapreus is reported “ad interim”. Information on eight species (Aureoboletus sinobadius, Hourangia nigropunctata, Ionosporus longipes, Neoboletus multipunctatus, Phylloporus luxiensis, Pulveroboletus subrufus, Tylopilus atripurpureus, T. atroviolaceobrunneus) is published for the first time for Vietnam. Strobilomyces aff. echinocephalus, S. aff.glabriceps, and Tylopilus aff. balloui (two different lines) are close to known species but genetically not identical. Six more specimens are identified only to the genus, and they probably represent species new to science. The color photographs of new to Vietnam and noteworthy species are presented. The nucleotide sequences obtained during the study were deposited in NCBI GenBank., Статья продолжает серию работ, посвященных болетовым грибам Вьетнама. Здесь обобщены результаты изучения разнообразия этой группы грибов трех охраняемых природных территорий Центрального нагорья (Тэйнгуэн) – национального парка Конкакинь, природного заповедника Контьыранг и охраняемого лесного массива Конплонг, где на высотах 900–1500 м преобладают среднегорные широколиственные и хвойно-широколиственные леса. Приводится аннотированный список 22 идентифицированных видов. Из них два недавно описаны с этой территории как новые для науки виды (Fistulinella aurantioflava и Tylopilus subotsuensis). Hortiboletus rupicapreusприводится “ad interim”. Информация о восьми видах (Aureoboletus sinobadius, Hourangia nigropunctata, Ionosporus longipes, Neoboletusmultipunctatus, Phylloporus luxiensis, Pulveroboletus subrufus, Tylopilus atripurpureus, T.atroviolaceobrunneus) публикуется впервые для Вьетнама. Strobilomyces aff. echinocephalus, S. aff. glabriceps и Tylopilus aff. balloui незначительно отличаются генетически от соответствующих известных видов. Еще шесть образцов определены только до рода и, вероятно, представляют новые для науки виды. Приводятся цветные фотографии новых для Вьетнама и редких видов. Нуклеотидные последовательности, полученные в ходе исследования, депонированы в GenBank NCBI.

Imleria is a small genus of Boletaceae found primarily in the Northern Hemisphere characterized by the light to dark brown hymenophore that stains blue. In Florida, specimens of Imleria were collected that resembled I. badia, a species known primarily from northeastern North America and Europe. Five nuclear loci of these Florida specimens were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. A nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer ITS1-5.8S-ITS2 (ITS) phylogeny of Imleria was generated using primarily uncultured environmental sequences to confirm ectomycorrhizal associations. Based on morphological and molecular data, we describe a new species, Imleria floridana. Results from these analyses also support the new combination Imleria pallida. A lectotype of I. pallida is also established from Charles H. Peck's original material. We discuss the distinguishing characters and species of Imleria found in North America and provide a key to the known worldwide species of Imleria.

In this study, species relationships of the genus Aureoboletus were studied, based on both morphological characteristics and a four-gene (nrLSU, tef1-a, rpb1 and rpb2) phylogenetic inference. Thirty-five species of the genus have been revealed worldwide, forming eight major clades in the phylogenetic tree, of which twenty-four species have been found in China, including six new species: A. glutinosus, A. griseorufescens, A. raphanaceus, A. sinobadius, A. solus, A. velutipes and a new combination A. miniatoaurantiacus (Bi & Loh) Ming Zhang, N.K. Zeng & T.H. Li proposed here. A key to 24 known Chinese species has been provided.

Strobilomyces is broadly distributed geographically and serves an important ecological function. However, it has been difficult to delimit species within the genus, primarily due to developmental variations and phenotypic plasticity. To elucidate phylogenetic relationships among species within the genus and to understand its species diversity, especially in Asia, materials of the genus collected from five continents (Africa, Asia, Australia, Europe, and North/Central America) were investigated. The phylogeny of Strobilomyces was reconstructed based on nucleotide sequences of four genes coding for: the largest and the second largest subunits of the RNA polymerase II (RPB1 and RPB2); the translation elongation factor subunit 1-α (TEF1); and the mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit 3 (COX3). The combined results based on molecular phylogenetics, morphological characters, host tree associations, and geographical distribution patterns support a new classification consisting of two sections, sect. Strobilomyces and sect. Echinati. Using the genealogical concordance phylogenetic species recognition (GCPSR) approach, at least 33 phylogenetic species in Asia can be delimited, all of which are supported by morphological features, and five phylogenetic species remain to be described. The mountainous region of Southwest China is especially special, containing at least 21 species and likely represents a centre of diversification. We further compared our specimens with the type specimens of 25 species of Strobilomyces. Our comparisons suggest that, there are a total of 31 distinct species, while S. sanmingensis, S. verruculosus, S. subnigricans, and S. zangii/S. areolatus, are synonyms of S. mirandus, S. giganteus, S. alpinus and S. seminudus, respectively. Eight new species, namely, S. albidus, S. anthracinus, S. calidus, S. cingulatus, S. densisquamosus, S. douformis, S. microreticulatus and S. pinophilus, are described. A dichotomous key to the Asian Strobilomyces species is provided.

Aureoboletus rubellus is described as a new species based on morphological characters and molecular evidence. It is characterized by a brownish red pileal surface, yellowish context, ovoid to nephroid spores, cystidia covered with a pale yellow refractive substance, and a trichodermal pileipellis. Multi-gene analyses based on nrLSU, rpb1 and rpb2 also confirmed it belongs to the genus Aureoboletus. Morphological illustrations and descriptions are provided herein.

Fungi historically placed in the iconic genera of Boletus, Leccinum and Xerocomus have been the subject of major taxonomic revisions in recent years. Yet, despite all advancements in systematics, boletoid fungi in insular ecosystems remain little explored and our knowledge of their diversity, distribution and abundance in Mediterranean ecoregions is far from complete. To shed light on this blind spot, the findings of a ten-year study from the island of Cyprus were analysed, integrating phylogenetic, ecological, morphological, phenological and chorological data. An unexpected diversity of Boletaceae fungi is unveiled, with twenty-five species phylogenetically confirmed to be present on the island, thirteen of them previously unreported. Sequencing of the ITS rDNA region, reveals crypticism within the Butyriboletus fechtneri, Caloboletus radicans, Rubroboletus lupinus and Rheubarbariboletus armeniacus species-complexes and infrageneric relationships are discussed. A strong link between boletoid fungi and Mediterranean oaks of the ilicoid group (Quercus alnifolia, Quercus coccifera subsp. calliprinos) is illustrated, with nineteen species (76%) overall found to be strictly or broadly associated with evergreen oaks. In stark contrast, the semi-deciduous Quercus infectoria subsp. veneris appears to be an unfavorable host for boletoid fungi, with just a single associated species so far. Phenological and chorological records indicate that most species on the island are rare, highly localized and fruit during very brief spells several years apart, mainly in response to increased annual, late summer or early autumn precipitation. The conservation status of these high-profile fungi is hence discussed, particularly in view of alarming climate changes, forecasted to have a dramatic impact on Mediterranean ecosystems in the years to come.

The morphology, ecology, and phylogenetic relationships of species of Crocinoboletus (Boletaceae, Boletales) were investigated. One species, C. pinetorum, new to science, is characterized by a pileus yellowish orange to pale orange in color, surface of pileus and stipe usually unchanging in color when bruised, shorter basidiospores measuring 9.5–11.5 × 4–5 (–5.5) μm, and its association with pine trees. Information on C. laetissimus and C. rufoaureus is updated. A key to all known taxa of Crocinoboletus is also provided.

Heimioporus sinensis, collected from tropical and subtropical areas of China, is introduced as a new species based on both morphological characters and molecular data. The species is characterized by the purplish red to deep magenta pileus, the reticulated stipe, the irregularly reticulate to reticulate-alveolate basidiospores 11.5–13.5 × 8–9.5 μm, and a trichodermal to intricately trichodermal pileipellis. Phylogenetic analyses based on the nuc 28S rDNA D1-D2 domains (28S) and the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (tef1-α) showed that H. sinensis is a distinct member of the genus Heimioporus in the subfamily Xerocomoideae.

In this paper, Aureoboletus auriflammeus (Berk. & M.A. Curtis) G. Wu & Zhu L. Yang, A. innixus (Frost) Halling, A.R. Bessette & Bessette and A. roxanae (Frost) Klofac are described as new records from Mexico. These species are distributed in temperate montane cloud forest and mixed forests and may grow associated forming mycorrhizas with Fagus grandifolia Ehrh. subsp. mexicana (Martínez) E. Murray, Quercus laurina Humb et Bonpl., Q. sartorii Liebm. and Q. scytophylla Liebm. Descriptions, distribution, photographs and a key for the species of Aureoboletus from Mexico are presented.

The genus Tylopilus s. str. in the Dominican Republic is investigated. Tylopilus griseiolivaceus is introduced as a novel species based on material recorded in a neotropical montane pine woodland but also known to occur in temperate coniferous forests in southeastern USA. The Central American species T. leucomycelinus is also re-evaluated and its geographical range expanded. A detailed morphological description is provided for both species and accompanied by colour images of fresh basidiomes in habitat, line drawings of the main anatomical features and molecular support relying on a multilocus phylogenetic inference (nrITS, nrLSU (28S), rpb2 datasets). In addition, DNA was successfully isolated from the type material of T. leucomycelinus and compared with the genetic material obtained from additional neotropical samples. The taxonomic placement, ecological requirements and distribution patterns of T. griseiolivaceus and T. leucomycelinus are investigated/reviewed and their relationships with closely allied taxa in Tylopilus s. str. are elucidated and discussed. Epitypification of T. leucomycelinus is proposed herein.

Two new species of Leccinellum, viz. L. alborufescens and L. fujianense are described based on morphological and molecular evidence. Both species have a rugulose or pitted brown pileus, a red color change of hymenophore and context, and a pileipellis and stipitipellis composed of chains of subglobose to pyriform cells. The differences between them are the width of the hyphae in the pileipellis and the range of distribution as well as the molecular data. Leccinellum alborufescens has hyphae in the pileipellis up to 13 μm in width, and a distribution in tropical China, whereas L. fujianense has pileipellis hyphae up to 20 μm in width, and a distribution in subtropical China. Detailed descriptions, color photos of fresh basidiomata and line drawings of the microstructures of the two new species are presented.

Erythrophylloporus is a lamellate genus in the family Boletaceae that has been recently described from China based on E.cinnabarinus, the only known species. Typical characters of Erythrophylloporus are reddish-orange to yellowish-red basidiomata, including lamellae, bright yellow basal mycelium and smooth, broadly ellipsoid, ellipsoid to nearly ovoid basidiospores. During our survey on diversity of Boletaceae in Thailand, several yellowish-orange to reddish- or brownish-orange lamellate boletes were collected. Based on both morphological evidence and molecular analyses of a four-gene dataset (atp6, tef1, rpb2 and cox3), they were recognised as belonging in Erythrophylloporus and different from the already known species. Two new species, E.paucicarpus and E.suthepensis are therefore introduced from Thailand with detailed descriptions and illustrations. Moreover, two previously described Phylloporus species, P.aurantiacus and P.fagicola, were also revised and recombined in Erythrophylloporus. A key to all known Erythrophylloporus species is provided.

We introduce a new genus, Cacaoporus, characterised by chocolate brown to dark brown basidiomata and hymenophore, tubes not separable from the pileus context, white to off-white basal mycelium, reddening when bruised, amygdaliform to ovoid spores and dark brown spore deposit. Phylogenetic analyses of a four-gene dataset (atp6, tef1, rpb2 and cox3) with a wide selection of Boletaceae showed that the new genus is monophyletic and sister to the genera Cupreoboletus and Cyanoboletus in the Pulveroboletus group. Two new species in the genus, C.pallidicarneus and C.tenebrosus are described from northern Thailand. Full descriptions and illustrations of the new genus and species are presented. The phylogeny also confirmed the reciprocal monophyly of Neoboletus and Sutorius, which further support the separation of these two genera.

Baorangia duplicatopora is described as a new species from Hainan Province, a tropical region of China. It is morphologically characterized by large to very large basidiomata with a dull rose red, rose pink to purplish red pileus, compound pores, pileus context near hymenophore and stipe context staining blue when injured, a red stipe, and cheilocystidia wider than those of other Baorangia species. Phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences from part of the 28S gene, the nuc rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, and part of the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1) also confirmed that B. duplicatopora forms an independent lineage within Baorangia. Detailed descriptions, color photographs of fresh basidiomata, and line drawings of microscopic features of the new species are presented. A key to species of Baorangia in the world is also provided.

Among many convergently evolved sequestrate fungal genera in Boletaceae (Boletales, Basidiomycota), the genus Octaviania is the most diverse. We recently collected many specimens of Octaviania subg. Octaviania, including several undescribed taxa, from Japan and the Americas. Here we describe two new species in subgenus Octaviania, O. tenuipes and O. tomentosa, from temperate to subtropical evergreen Fagaceae forests in Japan based on morphological observation and robust multilocus phylogenetic analyses (nrDNA ITS and partial large subunit [LSU], translation elongation factor 1-α gene [TEF1] and the largest subunit of RNA polymerase II gene [RPB1]). Based on specimens from the Americas as well as studies of the holotype, we also taxonomically re-evaluate O. asterosperma var. potteri. Our analysis suggests that O. asterosperma var. potteri is a distinct taxon within the subgenus Octaviania so we recognize this as O. potteri stat. nov. We unexpectedly collected O. potteri specimens from geographically widespread sites in the USA, Japan and Colombia. This is the first verified report of Octaviania from the South American continent. Our molecular analyses also revealed that the RPB1 sequence of one O. tenuipes specimen was identical to that of a closely related species, O. japonimontana, and that one O. potteri specimen from Minnesota had an RPB1 sequence of an unknown species of O. subg. Octaviania. Additionally, one O. japonimontana specimen had an unusually divergent TEF1 sequence. Gene-tree comparison and phylogenetic network analysis of the multilocus dataset suggest that these heterogenous sequences are most likely the result of previous inter- and intra-specific hybridization. We hypothesize that frequent hybridization events in Octaviania may have promoted the high genetic and species diversity found within the genus.

Two new species of Chalciporus (Boletaceae, Boletales), viz. C. nigrofuscus and C. vulparius, are described based on morphological and molecular data. Detailed descriptions, color photographs of fresh basidiomata, and line drawings of microscopic features of the two new taxa are presented. In addition, a key to all known species of Chalciporus in China is provided.

The type of Rossbeeverabispora and additional collections from the type location and adjacent areas were studied. Molecular data for R.bispora derived from the new collections are provided. In addition, R.griseobrunnea, a new species of Rossbeevera, is described from Xiangtoushan National Nature Reserve, Guangdong Province of China. The new species is characterized by its globose to subglobose sequestrate basidiomata with grayish white to grayish brown pileus, pale bluish discoloration in some parts of the hymenophore when injured becoming rusty brown to dark brown after being exposed to the air, fusoid (star-shaped in cross section) basidiospores 17–20 × 9–12 μm, and subcutis elements in the pileus. Based on multi-locus (ITS+nrLSU+tef1-α+rpb2) molecular phylogenetic analyses, both species appear as sister to R.paracyanea. We present color photos, macro- and micro-description, SEM basidiospores, molecular affinities of the species and compare them with morphologically similar taxa within the genus. A key to the species known from northern and southern hemispheres is provided.

Boletus longipes was described in 1909 by George Massee from a specimen collected in Singapore. The species was not mentioned again until E.J.H. Corner’s book in 1972 on Malaysian boletes. Corner had collected it many times during his tenure in Singapore, and he synonymized Boletus tristis with B. longipes described nine years after B. longipes by Patouillard and Baker from the same site. Among the distinguishing characters of B. longipes were deep vinous red spore deposit, red oxidation reaction of the hymenophore when bruised, and spores that displayed a strong violet color reaction in contact with KOH. C.B. Wolfe ultimately moved both species to a new genus Austroboletus. During recent efforts to circumscribe Austroboletus in Australasia using morphological and molecular phylogenetic inferences, it became clear that B. longipes was neither in harmony with Boletus, Porphyrellus, nor Austroboletus. Rather, it is a new genus, which we describe here as Ionosporus, allied to Borofutus, Spongiforma, and Rhodactina of subfamily Leccinoideae. In addition, recent collections from Queensland and New South Wales, Australia, that are morphologically similar to I. longipes, are inferred to be a separate new species, I. australis.

Neoboletusantillanussp. nov. appears to be the only red-pored bolete known from the Dominican Republic to date. It is reported as a novel species to science based on collections gathered in a neotropical lowland mixed broadleaved woodland. A detailed morphological description, color images of fresh basidiomes in habitat and line drawings of the main anatomical features are provided and relationships with phylogenetically and phenotypically similar taxa are discussed. Three genomic regions (nrITS, nrLSU/28S and rpb2) have been sequenced in order to reinforce the recognition of the new species and to elucidate its taxonomic affiliation within Neoboletus.

Species of the genus Retiboletus in China were investigated based on morphology and phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences from the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nrLSU) and the translation elongation factor 1-α gene (TEF1-α). Nine species were recovered from China, including two new and seven known species. The new species, namely Retiboletus ater and R. sinogriseus, from southwestern and northeastern China respectively, are documented and illustrated in this paper. Retiboletus ater is morphologically characterized by its black to grayish black pileus, white to grayish hymenophore, black to blackish stipe and white to grayish white context. Retiboletus sinogriseus is morphologically characterized by its brown to grayish-brown pileus, yellow to grayish-yellow hymenophore, pale yellow to brownish stipe and yellow to brownish-yellow context. Descriptions and line drawings of these two novel species and their comparisons with allied taxa are presented.

This paper sorts out the taxonomy of species affiliated withPulveroboletusraveneliiin the Guineo-soudanian and Zambezian woodlands of Africa. Morphological and genetic characters of AfricanPulveroboletuscollections were studied and compared to those of North American and Asian species. A phylogenetic analysis showed that the African specimens form a subclade, sister to the Asian and American taxa. Although clamp connections have previously never been reported fromPulveroboletus, all specimens of the African subclade show very small clamp connections. Two new African species,Pulveroboletusafricanussp. nov.andP.sokponianussp. nov., are described and illustrated. Comments concerning morphology and identification, as well as distribution and ecology, are given for both species.

The monotypic genus Phylloporopsis is described as new to science based on Phylloporus boletinoides. This species occurs widely in eastern North America and Central America. It is reported for the first time from a neotropical montane pine woodland in the Dominican Republic. The confirmation of this newly recognised monophyletic genus is supported and molecularly confirmed by phylogenetic inference based on multiple loci (ITS, 28S, TEF1-α, and RPB1). A detailed morphological description of P. boletinoides from the Dominican Republic and Florida (USA) is provided along with colour images of fresh basidiomata in habitat, line drawings of the main anatomical features, transmitted light microscopic images of anatomical features and scanning electron microscope images of basidiospores. The taxonomic placement, ecological requirements and distribution patterns of P. boletinoides are reviewed and the relationships with phylogenetically related or morphologically similar lamellate and boletoid taxa such as Phylloporus, Phylloboletellus, Phyllobolites and Bothia are discussed.

Tylopilushimalayanus and T.pseudoballoui are described as new species from two Himalayan states (Sikkim and Uttarakhand) in India. Tylopilushimalayanus is characterised by a unique combination of features: reddish- or brownish-grey to purplish-grey then brown to reddish-brown or darker pileus, absence of olive or violet tinges on stipe surface, angular pores, stipe without reticulum or rarely with a faint reticulum restricted to the very apex, bitter taste of the context and positive macrochemical colour reaction of the stipe context with KOH (dark orange) and FeSO4 (dark green), medium sized (10.9–14.4 × 3.9–4.9 µm) basidiospores and occurrence under coniferous trees; T.pseudoballoui is distinguished by orange-yellow to brown-yellow sticky pileus, pale yellow pore surface with pinkish hues that turns pale to greyish-orange on bruising; angular pores, stipe concolorous to pileus with pruinose but never reticulate surface, ixocutis pattern of pileipellis and occurrence under broadleaf trees. Another species, T.neofelleus, which was reported earlier from China and Japan, was also collected from Sikkim and reported for the first time from India. All three species are described with morphological details and two-locus based (nrLSU and nrITS) phylogenetic data.

Rhodactina is a small sequestrate genus in Boletaceae with two described species, R. himalayensis and R. incarnata. Phylogenetic analyses of a three-gene dataset including atp6, tef1 and rpb2 of Rhodactina species along with selected Boletaceae species showed that all Rhodactina species formed a monophyletic clade, sister to the genera Spongiforma and Borofutus in subfamily Leccinoideae with high support. All of the taxa in the clade have a similar chemical reaction in which basidiospores turn purplish, purplish red to violet or violet grey when in contact with potassium hydroxide. The molecular analyses also showed that all Rhodactina specimens collected from Ubon Ratchathani province, northeastern Thailand, belong to a new species. Morphologically, the new species is different from others by having a markedly prominent hilar appendage and a terminal hilum on its basidiospores. Thus, the new species, Rhodactina rostratispora, is introduced with detailed macroscopic and microscopic descriptions and illustrations.