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Anthracoidea species are highly host-specific smut fungi. Their host range is restricted to a single sedge species or sedge species belonging to the same or closely related sections. The species on Carex obtusata was referred to as Anthracoidea caryophylleae. However, the hosts of A. caryophylleae were reduced to carices in Carex sect. Mitratae, in its traditional circumscription. In the most recently proposed classification of Carex, C. obtusata has been placed within the Capitata Clade of C. subgen. Euthyceras. In order to clarify the taxonomic status of the Anthracoidea species on C. obtusata, we conducted a molecular study of specimens on C. obtusata and C. caryophyllea, using LSU rDNA sequences. It was found that the Anthracoidea species on C. obtusata is distinct from A. caryophylleae. A new species, Anthracoidea obtusatae on C. obtusata, is described and illustrated from Russia, based on a specimen from the Altay Mts. Its phylogenetic placement and affinities in Anthracoidea are analyzed. Anthracoidea obtusatae is distributed in Central Asia—the Northern Tian Shan Range (Zailiysky Alatau Range and Ketmen Ridge) and the Russian and Mongolian Altay Mts. A morphological examination of a specimen of Anthracoidea on C. obtusata from Canada found that its spore morphology did not match that of A. obtusatae. Additional collections and molecular study are required to clarify the taxonomic status of the North American Anthracoidea species on C. obtusata.

A rare smut fungus, Anthracoidea kenaica on Carex micropoda, is reported for the first time from Russia and Asia, based on a specimen from Karaginsky Island (Kamchatka Territory). This species has been previously recorded only from three localities in the Pribilof Islands in the Bering Sea, the Kenai Peninsula (Alaska), and British Columbia. A description, illustrations, and a distribution map are provided. A list of the known Anthracoidea species in the Russian Far East is also given.

This article is the 13th contribution in the Fungal Diversity Notes series, wherein 125 taxa from four phyla, ten classes, 31 orders, 69 families, 92 genera and three genera incertae sedis are treated, demonstrating worldwide and geographic distribution. Fungal taxa described and illustrated in the present study include three new genera, 69 new species, one new combination, one reference specimen and 51 new records on new hosts and new geographical distributions. Three new genera, Cylindrotorula (Torulaceae), Scolecoleotia (Leotiales genus incertae sedis) and Xenovaginatispora (Lindomycetaceae) are introduced based on distinct phylogenetic lineages and unique morphologies. Newly described species are Aspergillus lannaensis, Cercophora dulciaquae, Cladophialophora aquatica, Coprinellus punjabensis, Cortinarius alutarius, C. mammillatus, C. quercoflocculosus, Coryneum fagi, Cruentomycena uttarakhandina, Cryptocoryneum rosae, Cyathus uniperidiolus, Cylindrotorula indica, Diaporthe chamaeropicola, Didymella azollae, Diplodia alanphillipsii, Dothiora coronicola, Efibula rodriguezarmasiae, Erysiphe salicicola, Fusarium queenslandicum, Geastrum gorgonicum, G. hansagiense, Helicosporium sexualis, Helminthosporium chiangraiensis, Hongkongmyces kokensis, Hydrophilomyces hydraenae, Hygrocybe boertmannii, Hyphoderma australosetigerum, Hyphodontia yunnanensis, Khaleijomyces umikazeana, Laboulbenia divisa, Laboulbenia triarthronis, Laccaria populina, Lactarius pallidozonarius, Lepidosphaeria strobelii, Longipedicellata megafusiformis, Lophiotrema lincangensis, Marasmius benghalensis, M. jinfoshanensis, M. subtropicus, Mariannaea camelliae, Melanographium smilaxii, Microbotryum polycnemoides, Mimeomyces digitatus, Minutisphaera thailandensis, Mortierella solitaria, Mucor harpali, Nigrograna jinghongensis, Odontia huanrenensis, O. parvispina, Paraconiothyrium ajrekarii, Parafuscosporella niloticus, Phaeocytostroma yomensis, Phaeoisaria synnematicus, Phanerochaete hainanensis, Pleopunctum thailandicum, Pleurotheciella dimorphospora, Pseudochaetosphaeronema chiangraiense, Pseudodactylaria albicolonia, Rhexoacrodictys nigrospora, Russula paravioleipes, Scolecoleotia eriocamporesi, Seriascoma honghense, Synandromyces makranczyi, Thyridaria aureobrunnea, Torula lancangjiangensis, Tubeufia longihelicospora, Wicklowia fusiformispora, Xenovaginatispora phichaiensis and Xylaria apiospora. One new combination, Pseudobactrodesmium stilboideus is proposed. A reference specimen of Comoclathris permunda is designated. New host or distribution records are provided for Acrocalymma fici, Aliquandostipite khaoyaiensis, Camarosporidiella laburni, Canalisporium caribense, Chaetoscutula juniperi, Chlorophyllum demangei, C. globosum, C. hortense, Cladophialophora abundans, Dendryphion hydei, Diaporthe foeniculina, D. pseudophoenicicola, D. pyracanthae, Dictyosporium pandanicola, Dyfrolomyces distoseptatus, Ernakulamia tanakae, Eutypa flavovirens, E. lata, Favolus septatus, Fusarium atrovinosum, F. clavum, Helicosporium luteosporum, Hermatomyces nabanheensis, Hermatomyces sphaericoides, Longipedicellata aquatica, Lophiostoma caudata, L. clematidis-vitalbae, Lophiotrema hydei, L. neoarundinaria, Marasmiellus palmivorus, Megacapitula villosa, Micropsalliota globocystis, M. gracilis, Montagnula thailandica, Neohelicosporium irregulare, N. parisporum, Paradictyoarthrinium diffractum, Phaeoisaria aquatica, Poaceascoma taiwanense, Saproamanita manicata, Spegazzinia camelliae, Submersispora variabilis, Thyronectria caudata, T. mackenziei, Tubeufia chiangmaiensis, T. roseohelicospora, Vaginatispora nypae, Wicklowia submersa, Xanthagaricus necopinatus and Xylaria haemorrhoidalis. The data presented herein are based on morphological examination of fresh specimens, coupled with analysis of phylogenetic sequence data to better integrate taxa into appropriate taxonomic ranks and infer their evolutionary relationships.

Two smut fungi, Microbotryum bardanense and M. polygoni-alati, are reported for the first time from Nepal. Descriptions, illustrations, and taxonomic notes are provided for these taxa.

A new smut fungus, Entyloma eranthidis on Eranthis longistipitata from Uzbekistan, revealed by molecular, morphological, and ecological evidence, is described and illustrated. It differs from all other species of Entyloma by host specialization on Eranthis and by having longer (≤35(–38) μm) spores and thicker (≤10(–12) μm) spore walls. ITS rDNA sequence analysis indicates that the new species does not cluster with other species of Entyloma on Ranunculaceae.

The first taxonomic treatment of the smut fungi in Greenland is provided. A total of 43 species in 11 genera are treated and illustrated by photographs of sori, microphotographs of spores in LM and SEM, and distribution maps. Two species, Anthracoidea pseudofoetidae and Urocystis tothii, are recorded as new from North America. Thirteen species, Anthracoidea altera, A. capillaris, A. limosa, A. liroi, A. pseudofoetidae, A. scirpoideae, A. turfosa, Microbotryum lagerheimii, M. stellariae, Schizonella elynae, Stegocintractia luzulae, Urocystis fischeri, and U. tothii, are reported for the first time from Greenland. Three new fungus-host combinations, Anthracoidea capillaris on Carex boecheriana, Anthracoidea pseudofoetidae on Carex maritima, and Urocystis tothii on Juncus biglumis, are given. Five plant species are reported as new hosts of smut fungi in Greenland, namely, Carex nigra for Anthracoidea heterospora, C. canescens for Anthracoidea karii, C. fuliginosa subsp. misandra for Anthracoidea misandrae, C. maritima for Orphanomyces arcticus, and C. fuliginosa subsp. misandra for Schizonella melanogramma. Three species, Microbotryum violaceum s. str. (recorded as ‘Ustilago violacea’), Urocystis anemones, and U. junci, which were previously reported from Greenland, are considered wrongly identified. Additional distribution records are given for 12 species from Greenland: Anthracoidea bigelowii, A. caricis, A. elynae, A. lindebergiae, A. misandrae, A. nardinae, A. rupestris, A. scirpi, Schizonella melanogramma, Stegocintractia hyperborea, Urocystis agropyri, and U. sorosporioides. The most numerous distribution groups are the following: circumpolar–alpine and Arctic–alpine species – 14; circumboreal–polar species – 10; and circumpolar and Arctic species – 6. The most widely distributed smut fungi in Greenland were Anthracoidea bigelowii, A. elynae, Microbotryum bistortarum, and M. vinosum. Most species were found in the High Arctic zone (29 species), while from the Low Arctic zone and the Subarctic zone, 26 and 19 species were known, respectively. Ten species, Anthracoidea bigelowii, A. capillaris, A. elynae, Microbotryum bistortarum, M. koenigiae, M. pustulatum, M. silenes-acaulis, M. vinosum, Schizonella elynae, and Urocystis sorosporioides, were recorded from all three zones. Only plants belonging to six families, Cyperaceae, Poaceae, Juncaceae, Ranunculaceae, Caryophyllaceae, and Polygonaceae, out of a total of 55 in the flora of Greenland, hosted smut fungi. Cyperaceae was the plant family with most host species (23). Carex was the genus with the highest number of host species (22). The total number of the host plants (45 species) was 8.5 % out of a total of 532 vascular plants in the flora of Greenland. A new combination in Carex, C. macroprophylla subsp. subfilifolia, is proposed for Kobresia filifolia subsp. subfilifolia.

Kálmán Vánky (15th of June 1930–18th of October 2021) was arguably the most prolific researcher of smut fungi so far. He published more than 1000 taxonomic novelties, and crowned his outstanding oeuvre with the most comprehensive monograph of the smut fungi (Smut Fungi of the World) written to date.

The species of Anthracoidea on Carex are host-specific smut fungi restricted to sedges belonging to the same or closely related sections. They are characterized by sori that form black, hard bodies around aborted nuts of their hosts. In Carex sect. Hallerianae, only one species, C. halleriana, is known as a host of Anthracoidea. The taxonomic status of this smut fungus was problematic due to a lack of molecular data. It has been reported under different names, mainly as “A. caricis” or “A. irregularis”. A comparative morphological study and molecular phylogenetic analysis, using LSU (large subunit) nuclear rDNA sequences, supported the recognition of a distinct species, A. hallerianae. The new species is described and illustrated based on material from Central Europe, the Iberian Peninsula, the Balkan Peninsula, the Mediterranean area and Transcaucasia. Citation: Denchev T. T., Denchev C. M., Koopman J., Begerow D. & Kemler M. 2021: Host specialization and molecular evidence support a distinct species of smut fungus, Anthracoidea hallerianae (Anthracoideaceae), on Carex halleriana (Cyperaceae). – Willdenowia 51: 57–67. Version of record first published online on 9 March 2021 ahead of inclusion in April 2021 issue.

After examination of specimens, mainly from the herbarium (MA) and the mycological collection (MA-Fungi) of the Royal Botanic Garden of Madrid, we report several novelties on smut fungi within Europe. Two species of smut fungi, Sporisorium egyptiacum and Tilletia viennotii, are reported for the first time from Europe. A finding of Sphacelotheca polygoni-serrulati represents a second record for Europe. Six species of smut fungi, Moreaua kochiana, Schizonella elynae, Sporisorium egyptiacum, Thecaphora thlaspeos, Tilletia viennotii, and Ustanciosporium majus, are recorded for the first time from the Iberian Peninsula. Five species of smut fungi, Moreaua kochiana, Schizonella elynae, Sporisorium egyptiacum, Thecaphora thlaspeos, and Ustanciosporium majus, are newly recorded from Spain. Three species, Moreaua kochiana, Sphacelotheca polygoni-serrulati, and Tilletia viennotii, are new for Portugal. A specimen of Moreaua kochiana represents a new record for France. Arabis serpillifolia is reported as a new host of The-caphora thlaspeos. New distribution records from the Iberian Peninsula are given for Anthracoidea arenariae, Microbotryum minuartiae, M. silenes-saxifragae, and Tranzscheliella sparti. We also include a phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequences of Moreaua kochiana, generated in this study, to understand this species’ relationships within its genus., Tras examinar especímenes principalmente del herbario (MA) y de la colección de hongos (MA-Fungi) del Real Jardín Botánico de Madrid reportamos varias novedades de carboneros dentro de Europa.Dos especies de carbones, Sporisorium egyptiacum y Tilletia viennotii, se citan por primera vez para Europa. Reportamos también la segunda cita de Sphacelotheca polygoni-serrulati para Europa. Seis especies, Moreaua kochiana, Schizonella elynae, Sporisorium egyptiacum, Thecaphora thlaspeos, Tilletia viennotii, y Ustanciosporium majus, se citan por primera vez para la Península Ibérica; cinco especies, Moreaua kochiana, Schizonella elynae, Sporisorium egyptiacum, Thecaphora thlaspeos, y Ustanciosporium majus, son nuevas citas para España; tres especies, Moreaua kochiana, Sphacelotheca polygoni-serrulati, y Tilletia viennotii, son nuevas citas para Portugal. Una colección de Moreaua kochiana representa una nueva cita para Francia. Arabis serpillifolia se menciona por primera vez como un hospedante para Thecaphora thlaspeos. Se registran nuevas localidades en la Península Ibérica para Anthracoidea arenariae, Microbotryum minuartiae, M. silenes-saxifragae y Tranzscheliella sparti. Incluimos también un análisis filogenético de secuencias de ADN de dos especímenes de Moreaua kochiana, generadas en este estudio, para entender las relaciones filogenéticas de esta especie dentro su género.

Temperature preferences and small-scale distribution patterns of fourDermatocarpontaxa in the catchment areas of two Bulgarian rivers were analyzed. Taxa with an overall alpine or arctic-alpine distribution were restricted to microhabitats with the lowest water and rock surface temperatures. A trend for increasingDermatocarpon rivulorumthallus diameter and colony size (aggregates of thalli) with decreasing temperature was identified. Data on pH and conductivity of the water for the study sites are provided for all taxa.Dermatocarpon arnoldianumis reported for the first time from Bulgaria, confirmed by ITS sequence data, and its known range extends to South-East Europe. All previous records ofD. rivulorumfrom Bulgaria were based on misidentified specimens ofD. arnoldianum. Freshwater taxa ofDermatocarponare proposed as a tool for monitoring the biological effects of temperature changes due to global climate change. Thallus and colony size are recommended as additional features for monitoring populations of threatenedDermatocarponspecies.

After examination of specimens in the herbarium of the Botanic Garden and Botanical Museum Berlin, eight species of smut fungi are reported for the first time from Greece: Microbotryum dianthorum on Dianthus viscidus, Sporisorium pulverulentum on Saccharum strictum, Tilletia fusca on Vulpia ciliata, T. lolii on Lolium temulentum, Urocystis dactylidina on Dactylis glomerata subsp. hackelii, U. johansonii on Juncus bufonius, U. ornithogali on Ornithogalum sp. and U. ulei on Festuca jeanpertii. Four species of smut fungi are recorded on new host plants making new fungus-host combinations: Microbotryum dianthorum on Dianthus viscidus, Tranzscheliella williamsii on Stipa isoldeae, Urocystis dactylidina on Dactylis glomerata subsp. hackelii and U. ulei on Festuca jeanpertii. Two plant species are reported as new hosts of smut fungi already known from Greece: Stipa isoldeae for Tranzscheliella williamsii, and Lygeum spartum for T. hypodytes. All ten species of smut fungi are illustrated. A description ...

The group of the anthericolous Microbotryum species on Silene consists of narrowly host-specialized fungi. Despite intensive taxonomic and phylogenetic studies in this group over the past two decades, the actual species richness has not yet been fully uncovered. Thirteen of these species cause typical anther infection, with soral development restricted to the anthers. Three other species cause atypical infection, with soral development resulting in swollen and deformed flowers (completely filled with spores) and affecting both the anthers and the filaments. A comparative morphological study and molecular phylogenetic analyses, using ITS and LSU rDNA sequences, revealed a new species, Microbotryum arcticum, causing anther infection of Silene uralensis subsp. arctica. Microbotryum arcticum is described and illustrated on the basis of material from Greenland and the eastern Canadian Arctic. An emended description of M. savilei, which causes atypical infection of the same host plant in the eastern Canadian Arctic, is also given. Morphological characters of healthy flowers of S. uralensis subsp. arctica are compared with those of flowers with anther infection and with those of flowers with atypical infection.

This paper attempts to compile available and unpublished data on the macromycetes of the Pirin Mts. The total number of currently known species is 350, including 34 ascomycetes and 316 basidiomycetes. Among them, 60 species are reported for the first time for the Pirin Mts, including Inocybe pisciodora which is a new record for Bulgaria. The species composition, ecological-trophic structure, and economically important edible fungi are briefly discussed. A list of 25 macroscopic fungi of conservation significance for the mycota of this mountain, evaluated with the recent IUCN criteria, is given, including 4 Critically Endangered, 9 Endangered, 7 Vulnerable, and 5 Near Threatened species.

Two new smut fungi, Anthracoidea blepharicarpae on Carex blepharicarpa and A. dispalatae on Carex dispalata, are described and illustrated from Japan.

A new smut fungus from Namibia, Tilletia triraphidis (Tilletiaceae) on Triraphis purpurea (Poaceae: Triraphideae), is described and illustrated. It differs from all other species of Tilletia by specialization on Triraphis . Tilletia triraphidis is distinguished from the known smut fungi on host plants in the tribe Triraphideae ( Ustilago neyraudiae , U. latzii , and U. triraphidis ) by having sterile cells and reticulate spores . A key to the smut fungi that infect Neyraudia and Triraphis is also provided.

Two new smut fungi on Ventenata (Poaceae), Tilletia elizabethae (Tilletiaceae) on V. dubia from Slovakia, and T. ventenatae on V. subenervis from Turkey, are described and illustrated. They differ from all other Tilletia species by specialization on Ventenata. Tilletia elizabethae is distinguished from T. ventenatae by having larger spores and a dark cinnamon spore mass, while the spore mass of T. ventenatae is very dark reddish brown.Citation: Denchev T. T. & Denchev C. M. 2018: Two new smut fungi on Ventenata (Poaceae): Tilletia elizabethae from Slovakia and T. ventenatae from Turkey. — Willdenowia 48: 177-183. doi: https://doi.org/10.3372/wi.48.48201Version of record first published online on 2 July 2018 ahead of inclusion in August 2018 issue.

A comprehensive checklist of the species of larger basidiomycetes in Bulgaria does not exist. The checklist provided herein is the first attempt to fill that gap. It provides a compilation of the available data on the larger basidiomycetes reported from, or known to occur in Bulgaria. An alphabetical list of accepted names of fungi, recognized as occurring in Bulgaria, is given. For each taxon, the distribution in Bulgaria is presented. Unpublished records about the distribution of some species are also added. The total number of the correct names of species is 1537. An index of synonyms based on literature records from Bulgaria is appended. It includes 1020 species and infraspecific taxa. A list of excluded records of 157 species, with reasons for their exclusion, is also given.

A new combination, Clinoconidium onumae, is proposed to accommodate Ustilago onumae (syn. Melanopsichium onumae) from Japan, producing galls on shoot buds of Cinnamomum tenuifolium (Lauraceae). This taxonomic treatment is based on observations of gastroid sporulation in peripheral lacunae of the host galls and basidiospore morphology. This species is morphologically and phylogenetically similar to Cl. cinnamomi producing galls on fruits of Ci. burmannii, reported from Taiwan, but differs by having larger basidiospores and different morphology of the gall structures, and by affecting different plant organs.

A new combination, Laurobasidium hachijoense, is proposed to accommodate Exobasidium hachijoense from Japan, producing aerialroot-like galls on stems of Cinnamomum japonicum. This combination is based on the presence of a gastroid-like sporulation on the surface of the galls, and is supported also by the host-plant specialization and molecular data.

A new name, Clinoconidium globosum, is proposed to accommodate Sphacelotheca cinnamomi from Japan, producing galls on fruits of Cinnamomum daphnoides (Lauraceae). This decision is based on observations of gastroid sporulation in peripheral lacunae of the host galls and basidiospore morphology. This species is characterized by small, globose basidiospores. Its morphological features are described based on newly collected specimens. Results of recently published phylogenetic analyses also support this new name.

Three species ofUrocystis onAnemone (Ranunculaceae) are reported based on comparative morphology with specimens collected in Japan.Urocystis anemones, U. japonica, andU. pseudoanemones sp. nov. are separated by the number of ustilospores and sterile cells surrounding the ustilospores in the spore balls. Morphological characteristics, host plants and geographical distribution of these three species are also reported.

A study of the type specimen ofUstilago jehudana resulted in the correction of the diagnosis. The sori are localized in the host gynoecium but not in the anthers. Morphological characters of the sori and ustospores of the later describedU. moenchiae-manticae are identical with these ofU. jehudana. Ustilago moenchiae-manticae is reduced here to a synonym ofU. jehudana. The smut is reported as new to Bulgaria on a new host, viz.,Moenchia erecta. A new combination,Bauhinus jehudanus, is proposed.

A Liberian collection of the smut fungus Sporisorium rhytachnes-rottboellioidis on Rhytachne rottboellioides , hitherto known only from the type collection from Uganda, has been discovered. The type specimen of S. rhytachnes-rottboellioidis was re-studied. A new combination, Anthracocystis rhytachnes-rottboellioidis , is proposed to accommodate this fungus. The new record extends the geographical range of A. rhytachnes-rottboellioidis from Central East Africa to West Africa. A new combination, Anthracocystis urelytri , is introduced to accommodate Sorosporium urelytri . A key to the smut fungi of Anthracocystis on Rhytachne and Urelytrum is provided.

A new smut fungus, Sporisorium capillipedii-alpini (Ustilaginales), and a new species of grass, Capillipedium alpinum (Poaceae), on which it is growing, are described and illustrated. The collections were made in western Sichuan, China. Capillipedium alpinum differs from other species of Capillipedium by its diminutive size and short, slender inflorescence. Sporisorium capillipedii-alpini is compared with the species of Sporisorium with similar symptoms (destroying all spikelets of an inflorescence) that infect Capillipedium , Botriochloa , and Dichanthium . The new smut fungus differs from these species as follows: from Sporisorium taianum by having larger spores with minutely echinulate spore walls, from S. dichanthicola by having larger spores, from S. sahayae by having lower spore wall ornamentation and thinner spore walls, from S. andropogonis-annulati by having larger spores, and smaller sterile cells with thinner walls, and from S. mysorense by possessing minutely echinulate spore walls and differently colored spores and sterile cells. The types of S. andropogonis-annulati , S. mysorense, and S. sahayae were re-examined and detailed descriptions of these species are given. A key to the smut fungi of Sporisorium , that infect Capillipedium , Botriochloa , and Dichanthium and destroy all spikelets of the inflorescence of an infected plant, is also provided.

Two new smut fungi on Anadelphia trichaeta , namely Jamesdicksonia anadelphiae-trichaetae and Sporisorium anadelphiae-trichaetae , are described and illustrated from Guinea. Jamesdicksonia anadelphiae-trichaetae differs from J. anadelphiae , infecting Anadelphia pumila in Guinea, by having larger spores (up to 26.5 μm long), thicker spore walls (up to 9.0 μm thick), and erumpent sori. Sporisorium anadelphiae-trichaetae differs from S. monocymbii , infecting Monocymbium ceresiiforme in Sierra Leone, by having spore walls with more prominent ornamentation (spines up to 0.7 μm high) and larger spores. A key to the smut fungi on Anadelphia and related genera is provided.

A new ovariicolous smut fungus, Anthracoidea caricis-reznicekii on Carex reznicekii ( C. sect. Acrocystis ), is described and illustrated from the USA. The new species is compared with the known Anthracoidea species on sedges in Carex sect. Acrocystis and other closely related sections. Anthracoidea caricis-reznicekii is characterized by a complex of characters: medium-sized spores (15–24.5 μm long), thick spore wall (up to 6.0 μm thick), with conspicuous, often numerous (up to 8) protuberances, and warts 0.2–0.5 μm high. A key to the four known Anthracoidea species on sedges in section Acrocystis is provided. Anthracoidea eburneae , previously known only from Canada, is reported for the first time from the USA, on Carex eburnea .