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The taxonomic status of millipedes of the genus Spirobolus Brandt, 1833, referred to as “Yaeyama-maruyasude” from the Yaeyama Islands, Ryukyu Islands, Japan, was unresolved. We assess the taxonomic status of these Yaeyama Spirobolus sp. using an integrated morphological and molecular approach, and describe them as a new species, S. akamma sp. nov., for which partial sequences of the nuclear 28S ribosomal RNA, mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I, and 16S ribosomal RNA markers are provided. This new species differs from continental China and Taiwan endemic congeners in anterior gonopod morphology (in having an elongate and subtriangular coxa, and a pentagonal mesal sternal process), posterior gonopod morphology (in having a coronoid prefemoral endite with rounded distal end, and an elongate telopodite), and in having four serrations on the cyphopod lateral flange., 八重山諸島（石垣島と西表島）に生息する日本最大のヤスデであるヤエヤママルヤスデを新種記載. 京都大学プレスリリース. 2023-01-19.

Thereuonema tuberculata (Wood, 1862) is an anthropophilic centipede originating from Asia. Introduced populations were recently reported from inside buildings in the United Kingdom and the USA; however, this centipede has not been reported from outdoor habitats where it is an introduced species. We report established populations of T. tuberculata in two forested and lakeside habitats in Nebraska, USA, which indicates this species has a widely dispersed, established population in the continental USA.

Symphylella macrochaetasp. nov. and Symphylella longispinasp. nov. from China are described and illustrated. Symphylella macrochaetasp. nov. is characterized by 10 extremely long macrosetae arranged as 4/4/2 on the frons, tergites with broad triangular processes, and 4+4 setae on the first tergite. Symphylella longispinasp. nov. is characterized by a thick and prominent labrum, distinctly long proximal spines on the mandible, eight macrosetae arranged as 4/2/2 on frons, 3+3 setae on first tergite, and narrow triangular processes on the tergites. Detailed comparisons of the new species with similar species are presented. In addition, the frons chaetotaxy of Symphylella is illustrated and discussed for the first time and proposed as a significant diagnostic character for the taxonomic study of the genus.

Scutigerella sinensis Jin & Bu, sp. nov. from China is described and illustrated. It is characterized by a deeply emarginated posterior margin of tergite 2, less differentiated marginal setae on all tergites, absence of seta a3 around the antennal base, and 6–8 setae on the first tergite. The complete mitochondrial genome of the new species is also analyzed and compared with the mitogenome of Scutigerella causeyae. In the reconstructed Neighbor-Joining tree based on COI gene sequences, S. sinensissp. nov. clusters with S. causeyae, however, with big distances. The genetic divergence among S. sinensissp. nov. and congeners, species of Hanseniella and Scutigerella, and both families of Symphyla was analyzed using COI gene sequences.

Two new species of the genus Glyphiulus Gervais, 1847 are described and illustrated. The first species, G. longussp. nov., is the second species of the javanicus-group to be found in Thailand. It resembles G. guangnanensis Jiang, Guo, Chen & Xie, 2018, from southern China, but is distinguished by a smaller size and the carinotaxic formula of the collum, combined with ♂ legs 1 bearing very strongly reduced telopodites, the anterior gonopods showing a pair of very long and slender apicomesal processes, and the denser plumose and stout flagella of the posterior gonopods. The second species, G. promdamisp. nov., the fifth member of the granulatus-group in Thailand, seems to be particularly similar to G. subbedosae Likhitrakarn, Golovatch & Panha, 2017, from Laos. However, it can be distinguished from the latter species mainly by showing a uniformly yellow collum and the posterior gonopod coxite bearing several strong setae in median and lateral views, coupled with the anterior gonopod coxosternum being microsetose in the anterior and medial parts in caudal view. An identification key to, and a distribution map of, all seven Glyphiulus species currently known to occur in Thailand are also provided.

We analyzed 769 242 occurrence records for 115 424 species of terrestrial arthropods, from three biodiversity repositories (Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF), Natural History Museum, London, and "Sistema de Informação Distribuído para Coleções Biológicas" (SpeciesLink)), to test the use of global-scale data points for quantitative assessments of areas of endemism. The data include Insecta (105,941 species), Arachnida (7984 species), Myriapoda (1229) and terrestrial crustaceans (270 Branchiopoda). The species were assigned to 14 543 higher taxonomic groups because such groups often characterize larger areas of endemism. Putative areas of endemism were visualized as sets of cells displaying unique groups of species without the assumption of hierarchical relationships. Yet, the use of 10° grid cells recovered many large areas broadly corresponding to biogeographic Regions (Nearctic, Neotropical, Panamanian, Palaearctic, Afrotropical, Australian, Oceanian and Oriental) albeit with the limits poorly defined. An analysis of 5° grids resulted in 306 sets included in the different biogeographic Realms: Afrotropical, Australian, Madagascan, Nearctic, Neotropical, Oceanian, Oriental, Palaearctic, Saharo-Arabian and Sino-Japanese. The Panamanian Realm comprises 89 partly overlapping sets, crossing the Nearctic and Neotropical boundaries. A total of 7338 species of Insecta were endemic to some areas (Sino-Japanese, Afrotropical, Panamanian, Palaearctic, among others), followed by Arachnida (412 spp) and 105 species in other clades ranked as "classes". Six sets were supported only by genera, except for Panamanian sets that were supported by genera and families. Many of the species in the dataset are included in IUCN red lists, but probably most of those have distributions more restricted than global areas of endemism; only 102 appear as endemic to some area (Neartic, Madagascan, Panamanian, Afrotropical, among others). The results show that data from global databases can be used to identify areas of endemism on a worldwide basis but-owing to their incompleteness-only at a relatively coarse level. At the level of resolution currently allowed by such databases, such global studies are only complementary to studies where areas are determined subjectively by systematists (instead of actual point records), or studies using point records in datasets for specific taxonomic groups curated and compiled by specialists.

Symphylella minutasp. nov. and Symphylella communasp. nov. from China are described and illustrated. Symphylella minutasp. nov. is characterized by the delicate and minute body, a well-developed and thin central rod with a vestige of a transverse suture in the middle, eight setae on the first tergite, pointed processes on the tergites, and short cerci with sparse setae. Symphylella communasp. nov. is characterized by the chaetotaxy of the first tergite with 4+4 setae, processes of the tergites somewhat longer or the same length with broad, most of lateromaginal setae long, anterolateral setae of tergites 2–4, 6, 7, 9, and 10 distinctly longer than other lateromarginal setae, approximately as long as the process of the same tergite, and cerci with numerous subequal and slightly curved setae. In addition, the chaetotaxic variation on the tergites, the distribution, the habitat, and the feeding habit of the genus Symphylella are discussed.

The micropolydesmoid millipede family Haplodesmidae is here recorded from Cambodia for the first time through the discovery of the first, new species of the genus Eutrichodesmus Silvestri, 1910: E. cambodiensissp. nov. This new species is described from two limestone habitats in Kampot Province, based on abundant material. It is easily distinguished from all related congeners by the following combination of characters: body greyish-brown; limbus roundly lobulate; solenomere partially divided from acropodite by a digitiform lobe, but without hairpad. Brief remarks on the previously-proposed “pecularis-group” are provided and a second group, the “demangei-group”, is established and discussed on the basis of morphological evidence, updating the number of recognised species groups of Eutrichodesmus to two. Detailed morphological illustrations, photographs and a distribution map, as well as remarks on its habitat and mating behaviour of the new species are presented. Furthermore, the current distributions of all 55 presently-known species of Eutrichodesmus are provided and a key to all 23 species that occur in mainland Southeast Asia is given.

The present study describes a new Lithobiomorpha subgenus, Lithobius (Sinuispineus)subgen. nov., and two new species, L. (Sinuispineus) sinuispineussp. nov. and L. (Sinuispineus) minuticornissp. nov. from China. The representatives of the new subgenus are characterized by a considerable sexual dimorphism of the ultimate leg pair 15, having the femur and tibia unusually enlarged in males, and the dorsal side of the femur with curved posterior spurs. These features distinguish Lithobius (Sinuispineus)subgen. nov. from all other subgenera of Lithobius. The diagnosis and the main morphological characters of the new subgenus and of the two new species are given for both male and female specimens.

A new species of Cryptops, C. (Cryptops) legagussp. nov., occurs in caves in the Koanaka and Gcwihaba Hills in northwestern Botswana. Bayesian molecular phylogenetics using 18S rRNA, 28S rRNA, 16S rRNA and cytochrome c oxidase subunit I corroborates a morphological assignment to the subgenus Cryptops and closest affinities to southern temperate species in South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. The new species is not conspicuously modified as a troglomorph.

Pesticides kill organisms harmful for the human organism, sometimes also harming beneficial ones. After treatment, pesticides remain on the soil surface in agrocenoses and adjacent plots for decades. For the laboratory experiment, we selected Rossiulus kessleri (Lochmander, 1927) – a species which lives 5–6 years on the soil surface and can dig in to soil to a depth of 30–40 cm. During a 20-day experiment we used herbicides (Roundup, Urahan Forte), insecticides (Omite, BI 58, Biotlin, Actellic, Nurelle D) and fungicides (Ridomil Gold, Thiovit Jet, Penncozeb 80 WP, Falcon, Tilt, Horus) which are often used in agrocenosises of Ukraine. Under the impact of Roundup and Urahan, body weight of R. kessleri reliably did not change, but food consumption and production of excrement increased. Pesticide-treated litter did not digest in the intestine of millipedes, but they survived to the end of the experiment (20 days). In the conditions of treating litter with insecticides Omite, BI 58, Biotlin, Actellic and Nurelle D, the amount of consumed food and body weight reliably did not change; most of these insecticides slowed the formation of feces in the millipedes. The highest studied concentrations of Actellic and Nurelle D preparations caused death to R. kessleri. Depending on the concentration in the litter, the studied fungicides Ridomil Gold, Thiovit Jet, Penncozeb, Falcon, Tilt, Horus had a varying effect on food consumption, body weight and the amount of excrement of R. kessleri. Thus, in agrocenoses and forest ecosystems adjacent to them (windbreaks, ravine and flood plain forests), R. kessleri can be significantly affected by the manufacturer-recommended doses of pesticides, as well as more than ten-fold lower doses.

Rice crop residues are one of the recalcitrant agricultural wastes in arid conditions. A laboratory experiment was conducted to decompose rice straw with woodlice and millipedes living in the dry steppes of Kalmykia in Russia. Five individuals of two species of woodlice (Armadillidium vulgare and Protracheoniscus kryszanovskii) or two species of millipedes (Brachydesmus assimilis and Cylindroiulus sp.) were placed in microcosms with soil and 2.5 g of rice straw. The straw mass significantly decreased for all species, by approximately 50% on average for the 4 months of the experiment. The content of organic matter in the soil before and after the experiment did not change significantly, which suggests that the selected species of woodlice and millipedes can consume and, thus utilize, rice straw, at least under experimental conditions.

The pauropod family Colinauropodidae Scheller, 1985 is recorded from China for the first time. Three new species of the genus Colinauropus Remy, 1956 are described: Colinauropus chinensissp. nov. and C. chongzhouisp. nov. from Jiangsu Province, and C. foliosussp. nov. from Sichuan Province. They can be easily separated from similar species by the number and the shape of sclerotized plates on the tergites, setae on the body and the anal plate. A key for all species of the genus is provided.

Red Listing of Threatened species is recognized as the most objective approach for evaluating extinction risk of living organisms which can be applied at global or national scales. Invertebrates account for nearly 97% of all animals on the planet but are insufficiently represented in the IUCN Red Lists at both scales. To analyze the occurrence of species present in regional Red Lists, accounts of 48 different countries and regions all over the world were consulted and all data about myriapods (Myriapoda) ever assessed in Red Lists at any level assembled. Myriapod species assessments were found in eleven regional Red Lists; however, no overlap between the species included in the global IUCN Red List and the regional ones was established. This means that myriapod species considered threatened at regional level may not be eligible for international funding specific for protection of native threatened species (more than US$ 25 million were available in the last decade) as most financial instruments tend to support only threatened species included in the IUCN Red List. As the lack of financial resources may limit protection for species in risk of extinction, it is urgent to increase the possibilities of getting financial support for implementation of measures for their protection. A Red List of all Myriapoda species recorded in Red Lists at national or local (596) and global (210) scales totaling 806 species is presented. This list shows for the first time an overview of the current conservation status of Myriapoda species. Here, the urgent need of establishing a Myriapoda Specialist Group in the Species Survival Commission of IUCN is also stressed.

Fragments of woodland fulfil many irreplaceable functions in the agricultural landscape including being the main source of biodiversity of soil invertebrates. Due to intensive farming and land use changes, especially in the second half of the 20th century, fragments of woodland in agricultural landscape almost disappeared. This has led to a decrease in the diversity of invertebrates, especially those for which the presence of these woodland habitats in the landscape is a key element for survival. The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of fragments of woodland (characterised by their area, vegetation structure, the amount of leaf litter layer and soil moisture) on the distribution of centipedes and millipedes (Myriapoda) in the agricultural landscape of South Moravia (Czech Republic). Myriapods were collected using pitfall traps during summer in 2016 and 2017. Results showed that activity-density of myriapods is positively correlated with thickness of the leaf litter layer. Moreover, the species richness of centipedes is positively correlated with increasing size of fragments of woodland although higher centipedes’ activity-density was found in rather uniform woodlands in term of diversity of tree species.

During a soil zoological expedition to São Tomé and Príncipe in 2010 by the California Academy of Sciences, millipedes of the genus Globanus were collected. Samples of G. marginescaber (Karsch, 1884) and G. integer (Karsch, 1884) were recovered in addition to those containing a new species. Globanus drewesisp. nov. is described and additional records, illustrations, and descriptive notes are given for the other two species. A key to all three species of the genus is provided, and a distribution map is presented. The monotypic genus Lobogonus Demange, 1971, which includes L. trilobatus Demange, 1971, from Sierra Leone, mainland western Africa, is revalidated and removed from synonymy under Globanus. Lobogonus is illustrated from a type specimen.

The pauropod family Eurypauropodidae Ryder, 1879 is recorded from Tibet, China for the first time. In this study, a new species Samarangopus zhongisp. nov. is described and illustrated from Motuo County, southeastern Tibet of China. It is distinguished from other species in this genus by having one pair of spiniform appendages on the sternum of the last trunk segment, 28–34 marginal protuberances on tergite I, the distal quarter of bothriotricha T3 golf-club-shaped, and the leaf-shaped seta st on tergum of pygidium. In addition, Samarangopus canalis Scheller, 2009 is newly recorded from China.

The Tömösváry organ is a sensory structure of the head in myriapods and some other terrestrial arthropods. Due to its variable shape, size, and position in millipedes (Diplopoda) the Tömösváry organ is commonly used as diagnostic character in taxonomic descriptions and often included in phylogenetic analyses. For the Polydesmida, the largest millipede order, the Tömösváry organ is inconsistently stated as being either absent or present as a pear-shaped pit covered by a membrane or cuticular disc. In order to resolve this inconsistency, we investigated the morphology of the presumable Tömösváry organ in four polydesmidan species based on paraffin-histology, semi-thin sections and micro-computed tomography. Our results unambiguously favor the view that the articulation of the cephalic tentorium with the head capsule was misidentified as the Tömösváry organ in previous studies, and thus that the Tömösváry organ indeed is absent in the Polydesmida. The pear-shaped pit proved to represent the distal roundish expansion of the incisura lateralis, to which – similarly as in julidan millipedes – the tentorial transverse bar is articulated. The absence of the Tömösváry organ in the Polydesmida does not affect the topology of the interrelationships among the millipede orders retrieved in previous cladistic analyses based on morphology. As a character shared by Colobognatha and Juliformia, however, absence of a Tömösváry organ in Polydesmida favors the optimization of its presence in nematophoran millipedes as a reversal. Further studies are needed to clarify whether among chilognathan millipedes a Tömösváry organ really exists in taxa such as Stemmiulida, and whether the Tömösváry organs are homologous across millipedes.

The shallow underground of rock debris is a unique animal refuge. Nevertheless, the research of this habitat lags far behind the study of caves and soil, due to technical and time-consuming demands. Data on Myriapoda in scree habitat from eleven localities in seven different geomorphological units of the Czech and Slovak Republics were processed. Based on previous studies, as well as knowledge of cave and soil fauna, it was hypothesised that the occurrence of a varied and peculiar fauna would show a pattern of depth distribution with variations due to local specificities. From 2005–2016 (at least one year on each site), macrofauna was collected via sets of three long-term exposed subterranean traps consisting of 110 cm long perforated tube, with ten cups located in a gradient at 5–95 cm below the soil surface. In total, 14 symphylans (not identified to species level), 271 centipedes (23 spp.) and 572 millipedes (32 spp.) were sampled. The overall depth distribution of centipedes and millipedes appeared to have relatively similar pattern, with both groups being found at all depth levels. Nevertheless, this pattern depends on locations. The depth distribution trend lines are mostly in the form of an asymmetric ‘U’, with decreased abundance until the middle of the gradient, followed by increase in the deepest levels. Epigeic species were sporadically distributed along the whole depth gradient, but concentrated at the soil surface, while some subterranean species, such as the centipede Lithobius lucifugus and the millipedes Geoglomeris subterranea, Cibiniulus slovacus and Archiboreoiulus pallidus, were recorded in the deepest parts of the gradient. This characterises the debris community as a mixture of soil and subterranean species with an absence of species exclusively found in caves. The use of different fixation methods in traps had a significant and selective impact on samples; millipedes were either attracted by ethylene glycol or repelled by formaldehyde. Centipedes were also captured more frequently in ethylene glycol; however, the species composition varied in each of the fixatives. Depth distribution of myriapods was similar in both fixative solutions. Traps with these fixatives could be recommended for similar ecological studies.

Morphological, developmental, ultrastructural, and gene order characters are catalogued for the same set of arthropod terminals as we have scored in a recent study of histone H3 and U2 snRNA sequences (D. J. Colgan et al., 1998, Aust. J. Zool. 46, 419–437). We examine the implications of separate and simultaneous analyses of sequence and non-sequence data for arthropod relationships. The most parsimonious trees based on 211 non-sequence characters (273 apomorphic states) support traditional higher taxa as clades, including Mandibulata, Crustacea, Atelocerata, Myriapoda, and Hexapoda. Combined analysis of morphology with histone H3 and U2 sequences with equal character weights differs from the morphological results alone in supporting Progoneata + Hexapoda (= Labiophora) in favor of a monophyletic Myriapoda, resolves the entognathous hexapods as a grade, and supports pycnogonids as sister group to Euchelicerata (rather than as basal euarthropods). Monophyly of Chelicerata (including pycnogonids), Mandibulata, Crustacea, Progoneata, Chilopoda, and Hexapoda is maintained under a range of transition/transversion and third codon weights, whereas Atelocerata and Myriapoda/Labiophora do not withstand all sensitivity analyses.

A new genus and species, Rhodopotyphlus mitovi gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Western Rhodopi Mts., south-central Bulgaria. According to its morphology combined with previously published molecular data, the new species is supposed to represent a basal lineage in the julid tribe Typhloiulini. Some assumptions concerning the early evolutionary stages of the development of the mesomere—an important part of the male copulatory apparatus of many julid millipedes—are made on the basis of the outstanding gonopod conformation in the newly described taxon. Rhodopotyphlus mitovi gen. et sp. nov. is likely a narrow local endemic showing preference for specific microhabitat conditions.

Cormocephalus (C.) guildingii Newport, 1845—one of the oldest names in this genus—is described in detail for the first time, based on material from Western Mexico, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic; the range of this species is much expanded. Synonymy of C. impressus Porat, 1876 under C. guildingii is analyzed and confirmed. Relations between the latter and both C. ungulatus (Meinert, 1886) and C. andinus (Kraepelin, 1903) are analysed in detail. Both C. mundus Chamberlin, 1955 and C. (Cupipes) tingonus Chamberlin, 1957 are junior synonyms of C. ungulatus (Meinert, 1886). Cormocephalus mediosulcatus Attems, 1928 is suggested to be transferred to the genus Scolopendropsis as S. thayeri (Meinert, 1886) syn. nov. A new subclade (designated as the “guildingii-subgroup”) is established within the Neotropical clade of the genus Cormocephalus. It includes most Neotropical representatives of the gervaisianus species-group (sensu Schileyko & Stagl 2004) united by nine diagnostic synapomorphies. Relations within the new subclade are analysed and its diagnosis is given.

Revision of Pyrgodesmus obscurus Pocock, 1892, the only, and type species of Pyrgodesmus Pocock, 1892, shows that the genus currently includes two species, P. obscurus and P. permutatus (Attems, 1936), comb. nov. ex Klimakodesmus Carl, 1932. Both species are properly illustrated and both seem to be endemic to Sri Lanka. Pyrgodesmus is rediagnosed viz-à-viz the presumably especially similar and likewise oligotypic genus Klimakodesmus from southern India.

The northern South American genus Haematotropis Jeekel, 2000 is shown to presently encompass 21 species, all duly redescribed, illustrated, keyed, and mapped, including 13 new species: H. amazonica sp. nov. (Amazonas, Brazil), H. aripuanensis sp. nov. (Mato Grosso, Brazil), H. callyi sp. nov. (French Guiana), H. dentata sp. nov. (Maranhão, Brazil), H. disjunctoides sp. nov. (Pará, Brazil), H. goeldii sp. nov. (Pará, Brazil), H. jurutiensis sp. nov. (Pará, Brazil), H. driki sp. nov. (Amazonas, Brazil), H. melgacensis sp. nov. (Pará, Brazil), H. mosaica sp. nov. (Pará, Brazil), H. paraensis sp. nov. (Pará, Brazil), H. poranga sp. nov. (Pará, Brazil) and H. tysoni sp. nov. (Amazonas, Brazil). New characters are used in all descriptions and redescriptions. Aphelidesmus guianensis Chamberlin, 1923, the type species of Ochrotropis Jeekel, 2000, is a new junior synonym of Aphelidesmus divergens Chamberlin, 1918, comb. nov. ex Ochrotropis in Haematotropis.

Background Centipedes are terrestrial, predatory arthropods with specialized sensory organs. However, many aspects of their sensory biology are still unknown. This also concerns hygroreception, which is especially important for centipedes, as their epicuticle is thin and they lose water rapidly at low humidity. Thus, the detection of humid places is vital but to date no definite hygroreceptor was found in centipedes. House centipedes (Scutigeromorpha) possess a peculiar opening at the base of their antenna, termed ‘scape organ’, that houses up to 15 cone-shaped sensilla in a cavity. Lacking wall and tip-pores, these socket-less sensilla may be hypothesized to function as hygroreceptors similar to those found in hexapods. Results The cone-shaped sensilla in the scape organ as well as nearby peg-shaped sensilla are composed of three biciliated receptor cells and three sheath cells. A tip-pore is present but plugged by a highly electron-dense secretion, which also overlays the entire inner surface of the cavity. Several solitary recto-canal epidermal glands produce the secretion. Receptor cell type 1 (two cells in cone-shaped sensilla, one cell in peg-shaped sensilla) possesses two long dendritic outer segments that project to the terminal pore. Receptor cell type 2 (one cell in both sensilla) possesses two shorter dendritic outer segments connected to the first (proximal) sheath cell that establishes a scolopale-like structure, documented for the first time in detail in a myriapod sensillum. Conclusions The nearly identical configuration of receptor cells 1 with their long dendritic outer segments in both sensilla is similar to hexapod hygroreceptors. In Scutigera coleoptrata, however, the mechanism of stimulus transduction is different. Water vapor may lead to swelling and subsequent elongation of the plug pin that enters the terminal pore, thus causing stimulation of the elongated dendritic outer segments. The interconnection of receptor cell 2 with short outer dendritic segments to a scolopale-like structure potentially suits both sensilla for vibration or strain detection. Thus, both sensilla located at the antennal base of scutigeromorph centipedes fulfill a dual function.

The family Diplomaragnidae Attems, 1907 of the Asian part of Russia is reviewed and shown to comprise 11 genera and 60 species + 1 dubious species. Two genera and seven species are described here as new to science: Alineuma gen. nov., with type species A. rodionovi sp. nov. and Litovkia gen. nov., with the type species L. anisimovka sp. nov., Diplomaragna budilovi sp. nov., Diplomaragna dentifer sp. nov., Pacifiosoma shabalini sp. nov., Pacifiosoma acutum sp. nov., Pacifiosoma triangulatum sp. nov. Pacifiosoma asperum Mikhaljova, 2016 is recorded from the Primorsky Krai for the first time. Five genera are endemic to the Asian part of Russia. At the species level, the rate of endemism amounts to 91.7%. A key is given to all species of Diplomaragnidae presently known from Siberia and the Russian Far East. The distributions of the region’s diplomaragnids are discussed. Taxonomic remarks are provided for many species.

The glomerid genus Trachysphaera Heller, 1858 in Serbia is revised, based on recently collected specimens and historical material. Six species are presently recorded from Serbia, viz., Trachysphaera corcyraea (Verhoeff, 1900), T. cristangula (Attems, 1943), T. schmidtii Heller, 1858, and T. similicostata (Radu & Ceuca, 1951), all new to the fauna of the country, as well as T. costata (Waga, 1857a) and T. lobotarsus (Attems, 1943). All of these species are richly illustrated and mapped. To verify the identity of some species, historical material from the Natural History Museum in Vienna, including syntypes, is also studied, and two lectotypes have been designated. Some misidentifications from the literature have been corrected. Trachysphaera acutula (Latzel, 1884) syn. n., T. cultrifera (Verhoeff, 1906) syn. n. and T. multiclavigera (Verhoeff, 1898) syn. n. are all considered as junior subjective synonyms of T. schmidtii. Trachysphaera attemsi Golovatch, 1976 syn. n. is transferred from the list of synonyms of T. costata to the list of synonyms of T. corcyraea. One species, T. similicostata, is resurrected from synonymy. Relationships between some congeners and the taxonomic problems within the genus are briefly discussed.

As both the type of the genus and the largest known xystodesmid, Rhysodesmus dasypus (Gervais, 1847) is an important and charismatic Mexican species. Despite there are numerous taxonomic contributions, R. dasypus remains enigmatic and poorly diagnosed, necessitating the need for an updated taxonomic synthesis. Here, we present a redescription of R. dasypus based on eight specimens collected from three localities in close proximity to the suggested type locality of the species and include photographs of the diagnostic morphological characters. Additionally, we include a distribution map of previously reported localities from the literature and two new localities.

Two decades have passed since the publishing of the last checklist of the millipedes of Slovakia. During this time, several new faunistic records have been added and taxonomic revisions have occurred. The present updated checklist summarises data on all millipede species recorded in Slovakia, including altogether 93 species. For each species, general habitat characteristics, ecological classification and distributional pattern are provided. Ecological classification is presented for the first time for the millipede species occurring in Slovakia and is proposed as a tool for ecological studies and for the nature protection purposes. Special remarks are given to the species newly found for Slovakia, Geoglomeris subterranea Verhoeff, 1908, Brachyiulus lusitanus Verhoeff, 1898, Cylindroiulus britannicus (Verhoeff, 1891), C. parisiorum (Brölemann & Verhoeff, 1896) and Polydesmus burzenlandicus Verhoeff, 1925, as well as to C. arborum Verhoeff, 1928, the species newly confirmed for Slovakia after more than 70 years.

A revised classification of Afrotropical Trichopolydesmidae is presented. The fauna presently contains as many as 52 species in six recognized genera, with numerous new transfers/combinations involved: Bactrodesmus Cook, 1896 (3 species, including B. grandissp. nov. from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea), Eburodesmus Schubart, 1955 (2 species), Hemisphaeroparia Schubart, 1955 (26 species, including one old species, Polydesmus parvulus Porat, 1894, revised from type material and provisionally assigned to Hemisphaeroparia, as well as two new records and two new species from Cameroon: H. longibrachiatasp. nov. and H. avissp. nov.), Mecistoparia Brolemann, 1926 (3 species), Physetoparia Brolemann, 1920 (12 species, including P. complexasp. nov. from the Nimba Mountains, Guinea), and Sphaeroparia Attems, 1909 (6 species). The hitherto enigmatic genus Bactrodesmus is redefined, but the monotypic Trichozonus Carl, 1905 still remains dubious.

Only a single blind species is known in the centipede family Scolopendridae, representing the monotypic genus Tonkinodentus Schileyko, 1992, from Vietnam. All of more than 400 other species have four ocelli on each side of the cephalic plate. A complex of three new blind species of the genus Cormocephalus Newport, 1844, is described from the subterranean fauna of the central Pilbara region of Western Australia. Phylogenies based on sequence data for the barcode region of COI and a concatenated matrix that also includes 12S rRNA, 28S rRNA and ITS2 unite the blind Pilbara species as a monophyletic group, albeit with moderate bootstrap support, informally named the C. sagmus species group. Cormocephalus sagmus, C. pyropygus and C. delta spp. nov. supplement 17 epigean congeners previously described from Australia. The new species are all morphologically similar, but can be distinguished using the shape and spinulation of the ultimate leg prefemur. Two additional genetically distinct lineages were recovered that are not described, owing to the specimens being immature or lacking diagnostic morphological characters. The subterranean radiation in the Pilbara is more closely related to species from forests in the south-west of Western Australia than to congeners from the arid zone. http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:6F67FD31-A373-4DC5-A5FD-374D32DEE02C

We identified Basidiobolus fungi on geophilomorphan centipedes (Chilopoda) from caves of Southeast Brazil. Twelve specimens of centipedes of the family Geophilidae were examined, and two of them carried the secondary capilliconidia of Basidiobolus on their exoskeleton. The fungus uses the surface of the exoskeleton as a support for the asexual reproductive structure. In this manner, the host is used for the purpose of dispersing its spores. This study expands current knowledge of the diversity of arthropods used as host for the fungus, and in particular for Basidiobolus, living in cave habitats.

Lithobiusmatulici Verhoeff, 1899 is redescribed based on type material and newly collected specimens. Strandiolusjugoslavicus Hoffer, 1937, described from another cave in the same region in Bosnia and Hercegovina, is presented as a junior subjective synonym of L.matulici (syn. nov.). L.matulici is shown to be most closely related to Lithobiusremyi Jawłowski, 1933, type species of the subgenus Thracolithobius Matic, 1962. The completeness of the chitin-lines on the forcipular coxosternite is discussed as a promising character for interspecific differentiation within Lithobiomorpha. Documentation of hitherto unknown semiaquatic behaviour in L.matulici and other cave-dwelling centipede species from Herzegovinian-, Montenegrin- and Pyrenean caves is presented.

A new gonibregmatid centipede,Vinaphilusunicusgen. n.,sp. n., is described based on two females from a single location in northern Vietnam. The new genus and species are distinguished mainly by the arrangement of the ventral pore-fields, which is unique among all Chilopoda. A critically revised synopsis of the Gonibregmatidae is also given. In particular, three species are provisionally recognized inHimatosomaPocock, 1891:H.bidivisumSilvestri, 1919,H.porosumPocock, 1891 (=H.typicumtridivisumSilvestri, 1919,syn. n.), andH.typicumPocock, 1891. The generaDschangelophilusVerhoeff, 1937 andTweediphilusVerhoeff, 1937, with their speciesD.coloratusVerhoeff, 1937 andT.malaccanusVerhoeff, 1937, are moved to the Gonibregmatidae, whereasGeoporophilusaporusAttems, 1930 is moved to the Oryidae asOrphnaeusaporus(Attems, 1930),comb. n.

The taxonomic position of the monotypic Vietnamese genus Tonkinodentus Schileyko, 1992 (for T. lestes Schileyko, 1992) has been considered in the light of the first obtained molecular data. Both molecular (28S rRNA) and morphological data support the position of this extraordinary eye-less genus within the family Scolopendridae Leach, 1814, a sighted clade, and thus suggests the polyphyly of blind scolopendromorphs. The species diagnosis has been amended and color images of T. lestes provided for the first time.

The myriapod fauna of the mega-diverse country of Indonesia is so far insufficiently known, with no species lists or determination keys. In order to obtain an overview of the faunal composition of the Myriapoda in an Indonesian forest system, the fauna of the Halimun-Salak National Park in western Java was explored during the dry season (September–October 2015) in the framework of the German-Indonesian INDOBIOSYS project (Indonesian Biodiversity Discovery and Information System). A total of 980 Myriapoda specimens were collected by hand by 3–4 researchers from three different sites in the national park, from which 796 specimens were determined to a higher taxonomic level (class, order, family) and 617 specimens were determined to morphospecies. Among these, 27 were Symphyla (4%) (excluded from further analyses), 226 Chilopoda (28%) and 543 Diplopoda (68%). The Scolopendromorpha (64% of all identified centipedes) and Polydesmida (69% of all identified Diplopoda) were the most represented orders in our samples. Twenty-four morphospecies of Chilopoda were determined: one each of Scutigeromorpha and Lithobiomorpha, six Scolopendromorpha and sixteen Geophilomorpha. Nine orders of diplopods were present, with a total of 47 morphospecies: one each of Polyxenida, Glomeridesmida and Chordeumatida, two each of Glomerida, Spirobolida and Siphonophorida, seven of Sphaerotheriida, ten of Spirostreptida and 21 of Polydesmida. Two species curves were obtained to have a first idea about the myriapod diversity in the Halimun-Salak National Park and to compare the three individual collecting sites. Our results depict the Scolopendromorpha as the most common centipedes in Javanese rainforests and the Geophilomorpha as the most species-rich order. In contrast, the Polydesmida were the most dominant millipede group with 167 specimens and with 13 morphospecies the family Paradoxosomatidae was the most diverse.

Based on data presented in 29 papers published in theBiota of CanadaSpecial Issue of ZooKeys and data provided herein about Zygentoma, more than 44,100 described species of terrestrial arthropods (Arachnida, Myriapoda, Insecta, Entognatha) are now known from Canada. This represents more than a 34% increase in the number of described species reported 40 years ago (Danks 1979a). The most speciose groups are Diptera (9620 spp.), Hymenoptera (8757), and Coleoptera (8302). Less than 5% of the fauna has a natural Holarctic distribution and an additional 5.1% are non-native species. A conservatively estimated 27,000–42,600 additional species are expected to be eventually discovered in Canada, meaning that the total national species richness is ca. 71,100–86,700 and that currently 51–62% of the fauna is known. Of the most diverse groups, those that are least known, in terms of percent of the Canadian fauna that is documented, are Acari (31%), Thysanoptera (37%), Hymenoptera (46%), and Diptera (32–65%). All groups but Pauropoda have DNA barcodes based on Canadian material. More than 75,600 Barcode Index Numbers have been assigned to Canadian terrestrial arthropods, 63.5% of which are Diptera and Hymenoptera. Much work remains before the Canadian fauna is fully documented, and this will require decades to achieve. In particular, greater and more strategic investment in surveys and taxonomy (including DNA barcoding) is needed to adequately document the fauna.

The currently documented fauna of described species of myriapods in Canada includes 54 Chilopoda, 66 Diplopoda, 23 Pauropoda, and two Symphyla, representing increases of 24, 23, 23, and one species, respectively, since 1979. Of the 145 myriapod species currently documented, 40 species are not native to Canada. The myriapods have not been well documented with DNA barcodes and no barcodes are available for Pauropoda. It is conservatively estimated that at least 93 additional myriapods species will be discovered in Canada: Chilopoda (40), Diplopoda (29), Pauropoda (17), and Symphyla (seven). In general, there is a serious dearth of knowledge about myriapods in Canada, and systematics research and surveys continue to be needed to help document the diversity and distribution of these groups in the country.

Klimakodesmus Carl, 1932 is briefly redescribed, rediagnosed, and shown to be an oligotypic genus endemic to southern India and distinct from the particularly similar genus Pyrgodesmus Pocock, 1892, monobasic and endemic to Sri Lanka, by several important features of peripheral and, especially, gonopodal structure. A new species, Klimakodesmus bilobocaudatus sp. nov., is described from Kerala state, India, differing from the sole accepted, and type species K. gravelyi Carl, 1932, from Tamil Nadu state, primarily by the laterally trilobate paraterga, the caudally more deeply bilobate mid-dorsal keel on ring 19, and certain minor details of the gonopodal structure.

Centipedes (Myriapoda: Chilopoda) are carnivorous arthropods that live in leaf litter and soil habitats on all continents except Antarctica. Roughly 3,300 species have been described to date but the taxonomy is still progressing and requires a thorough documentation of type material and type deposits. In this paper we provide an annotated catalogue of the centipede type collection at the Zoological Museum (ZMH) in Hamburg. This collection comprises 490 type specimens belonging to 141 taxa originally described as species, subspecies and varieties. More than half of these taxa were described by the pioneering myriapodologists Carl Graf Attems (Vienna) and Karl Kraepelin (Hamburg). The collection includes material representing 93 valid species or subspecies and contains specimens predominantly from Australia (33%), Asia (22%), Africa (20%) and South America (20%). Taxonomically, the focus is on the centipede orders Scolopendromorpha (56 valid species) and Geophilomorpha (28 valid species) with fewer types for the Lithobiomorpha (8 species). A total of 48 taxa (34% of type species) have been synonymized since they were originally described and the type material for 12 additional species at the ZMH is lost. We provide a brief historical overview of this collection from its origin at the Museum Godeffroy and the Johanneum in Hamburg, including the most relevant taxonomists and collectors, followed by an annotated taxonomic catalogue with details on all species that are or were represented by type material.

Three new genera, Retrorsioides, Rowlandesmus and Benedictesmus, are described and the polydesmid millipede fauna of North America is briefly reviewed with an emphasis on the genera Bidentogon Buckett & Gardner, 1968 and Retrorsia Shelley, 2003. Eighteen new species are described: Bidentogon buttensis, Bidentogon norcal, Retrorsia leonardi, Retrorsia benedictae, Retrorsia richarti, Retrorsia gracilis, Retrorsia simplicissima, Retrorsioides castellum, Retrorsioides linnensis, Retrorsioides kittitas, Retrorsioides bammerti, Retrorsioides arboramagna, Rowlandesmus millicoma, Rowlandesmus dentogonopus, Benedictesmus aureua, Benedictesmus ellenae, Benedictesmus yaquina and Benedictesmus timber. Natural history notes and illustrations are provided of putative commensal fungi, nematodes and a mite found on the millipede specimens.

In Japan and Taiwan, five valid species of the genus Scolopendra Linnaeus, 1758 have been described: S. morsitans Linnaeus, 1758, S. subspinipes Leach, 1816, S. mutilans Koch, 1878, S. japonica Koch, 1878, and S. multidens Newport, 1844. Recently, an undetermined species was found in the Ryukyu Archipelago and Taiwan. Using molecular phylogenetic analyses with mitochondrial COI and 16S rRNA and nuclear 28S rRNA and 18S rRNA genes as well as conventional morphological examination, we successfully discriminated this sixth species as an independent lineage from S. subspinipes, S. mutilans, and other named congeners from East and Southeast Asia. Therefore, the species was described as S. alcyona Tsukamoto & Shimano, sp. nov. Several situational evidences suggest that this species prefers streamside environments and exhibits amphibious behavior.

A new large species of the millipede genus Prionopetalum Attems, 1909, P. nessiae sp. nov. from Mt. Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, is described, with SEM imaging and illustrations of relevant taxonomic characters, and mapped. Comments on the significance of sternum 9 in descriptions of Odontopygidae, and on the intrageneric differences in Prionopetalum, are included.

A new pill millipede, Rhopalomeris nagao sp. nov., is described from Vietnam. It is recognized by the following combination of characters: antennal tip with numerous sensory cones; telopods with short prefemoral and femoral trichosteles, with long, straight and acute tuberculiform femoral process, and with shorter lobuliform tibial process; syncoxial lobe being slightly concave medially, syncoxial horns being longer than lobe. A fragment of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene is also provided for the new species. The K2P genetic distance of the COI between the new species and other Vietnamese glomeridans is from 10.7% to 16.9%. Two genera, Hyperglomeris and Hyleoglomeris, are considered to be non-monophyletic, but more data and samples will be needed for confirmation.

Two new species of the family Pauropodidae: Dasongius liupanensis sp. n. and D. spatulatus sp. n. are described from China. Both of them have non-furcate setae on the collum segment, long setae p and q on the antennae, 6+6 setae on tergite II, furcate setae on the coxa, cylindrical setae on the trochanter of leg 9, and two appendages on the anal plate; these features are distinct from other congeners. The new species can be distinguished by the shape of the tergum of the pygidium, shape of the anal plate, as well as the shape of setae a1, a2, st and b1 on the pygidium. In addition, all species of the genus Dasongius are compared in detail.

The recent delimitation of the cambalopsid genera Hypocambala and Glyphiulus is debatable. The focus of controversy is whether the presence of crests on the trunk rings is an appropriate key character dividing these two genera. To address this issue, we conducted a molecular phylogenetic analysis including species with or without crests belonging to Hypocambala and species with crests belonging to Glyphiulus. The results of the phylogenetic analysis suggest that cambalopsids with crests are monophyletic and sister to a species without crests. Hypocambala polytricha, a cambalopsid with crests that is in a clade with crested Glyphiulus species, should be transferred to Glyphiulus. Therefore, a new combination is proposed, Glyphiulus polytrichus comb. nov. In addition, a discussion on the boundary between these two genera and a description of a new species, Hypocambala zizhongi sp. nov., are provided.

Sibiriulus mikhaljovae sp. nov. is described from the Altai Province, southwestern Siberia, Russia. This new species differs from its congeners mainly by the presence of a longitudinal crest inside the apical fovea of the gonopod mesomere. Brief descriptive remarks concerning several previously described Sibiriulus species allow for the definition of the genus to be supplemented and refined. All eight currently known species of Sibiriulus are keyed.