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Background Spodoptera littoralis nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpliNPV) is considered a promising biocontrol agent that can be used for the effective control of the cotton leaf worm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), which is an economic pest on many cultivated plants and crops in tropical and sub-tropical regions. The genome of the SpliNPV-AN1956 isolate has been fully sequenced, providing a reference strain for comparison of new isolates. In this study, identification, biological activity, and genetic characterization of a field collected SpliNPV isolate were carried out. Results The examination of viral occlusion bodies (OBs) by TEM showed a typical baculovirus OBs of type nucleopolyhedrovirus (NPV) with polyhedral structures. The phylogenetic analysis of the late expression factor- 5 (lef-5) gene as well as the restriction profile analysis confirmed the identity of SpliNPV as a variant isolate. Digestion with ScaI endonuclease showed that 4 fragments of 50, 35, 27, and 13 kb were detected but 3.2 kb was absent in SpliNPV-Cab3 pattern compared to the reference strain. Meanwhile, upon digestion with PstI and HindIII endonucleases, no differences were observed in both isolates’ pattern. Moreover, the virulence evaluation against S. littoralis 1st instar larvae indicated that LC50 value of SpliMNPV-Cab3 was higher than that estimated for the reference strain. Also, ST50 of SpliNPV-Cab3 (120 h) was significantly different with that of the reference strain (132 h). Conclusion The host specificity based on virulence parameters make SpliNPV-Cab3 isolate a potential candidate to be involved in the integrated pest management strategies for the control of S. littoralis population with a prospect to biopesticide development.

The present investigation aims to highlight the role of salt priming in mitigating salt stress on faba bean. In the absence of priming, the results reflected an increase in H2O2 generation and lipid peroxidation in plants subjected to 200 mM salt shock for one week, accompanied by a decline in growth, photosynthetic pigments, and yield. As a defense, the shocked plants showed enhancements in ascorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT), glutathione reductase (GR), peroxidase (POX), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities. Additionally, the salt shock plants revealed a significant increase in phenolics and proline content, as well as an increase in the expression levels of glutathione (GSH) metabolism-related genes (the L-ascorbate peroxidase (L-APX) gene, the spermidine synthase (SPS) gene, the leucyl aminopeptidase (LAP) gene, the aminopeptidase N (AP-N) gene, and the ribonucleo-side-diphosphate reductase subunit M1 (RDS-M) gene). On the other hand, priming with increasing concentrations of NaCl (50–150 mM) exhibited little significant reduction in some growth- and yield-related traits. However, it maintained a permanent alert of plant defense that enhanced the expression of GSH-related genes, proline accumulation, and antioxidant enzymes, establishing a solid defensive front line ameliorating osmotic and oxidative consequences of salt shock and its injurious effect on growth and yield.

Wheat is a major nutritional cereal crop that has economic and strategic value worldwide. The sustainability of this extraordinary crop is facing critical challenges globally, particularly leaf rust disease, which causes endless problems for wheat farmers and countries and negatively affects humanity’s food security. Developing effective marker-assisted selection programs for leaf rust resistance in wheat mainly depends on the availability of deep mining of resistance genes within the germplasm collections. This is the first study that evaluated the leaf rust resistance of 50 Egyptian wheat varieties at the adult plant stage for two successive seasons and identified the absence/presence of 28 leaf rust resistance (Lr) genes within the studied wheat collection. The field evaluation results indicated that most of these varieties demonstrated high to moderate leaf rust resistance levels except Gemmeiza 1, Gemmeiza 9, Giza162, Giza 163, Giza 164, Giza 165, Sids 1, Sids 2, Sids 3, Sakha 62, Sakha 69, Sohag 3 and Bany Swif 4, which showed fast rusting behavior. On the other hand, out of these 28 Lr genes tested against the wheat collection, 21 Lr genes were successfully identified. Out of 15 Lr genes reported conferring the adult plant resistant or slow rusting behavior in wheat, only five genes (Lr13, Lr22a, Lr34, Lr37, and Lr67) were detected within the Egyptian collection. Remarkedly, the genes Lr13, Lr19, Lr20, Lr22a, Lr28, Lr29, Lr32, Lr34, Lr36, Lr47, and Lr60, were found to be the most predominant Lr genes across the 50 Egyptian wheat varieties. The molecular phylogeny results also inferred the same classification of field evaluation, through grouping genotypes characterized by high to moderate leaf rust resistance in one cluster while being highly susceptible in a separate cluster, with few exceptions.