13 results
Search Results
2. (Neo-)extractivism – a new challenge for development theory from Latin America.
- Author
-
Burchardt, Hans-Jürgen and Dietz, Kristina
- Subjects
RESOURCE exploitation ,ECONOMIC development ,NATURAL resources ,NATURAL resource policy ,RENT (Economic theory) ,SOCIAL conflict ,GOVERNMENT revenue ,THEORY ,POLITICAL ecology ,GOVERNMENT policy ,HISTORY ,ECONOMIC policy - Abstract
This paper addresses new challenges and identifies starting points for development theory following recent debates in Latin America on ‘new or neo-extractivism’. It focuses on the concept of neo-extractivism and the context of its emergence, and on the changing role of the state. Looking at a number of social economic indicators, we find that, even after considering differences between countries, (neo-)extractivism is not merely a temporary economic strategy in the region. Instead, it exhibits features of a consolidated development project. Empirical evidence from the region shows the fundamental implications of resource-based development paths in politics, social relations and territorial orders. To grasp these implications conceptually, we argue for a shift in theoretical perspectives related to the link between development and resource extraction. Key elements for such a shift are to be found in recent studies in rentier theory and politics and new approaches in the field of political ecology. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2014
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Lost Decades? Economic Performance in Post-Independence Latin America.
- Author
-
DE LA ESCOSURA, LEANDRO PRADOS
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,REGIONAL disparities ,POSTCOLONIAL analysis ,REGIONAL disparities in income ,REPRESENTATIVE government ,POLITICAL autonomy ,LATIN American economy ,HISTORY ,NINETEENTH century - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Latin American Studies is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2009
4. Income Disparities in Latin America.
- Author
-
Badden, Erik Von
- Subjects
- *
INCOME inequality , *REGIONAL disparities , *INDUSTRIAL revolution , *HISTORY , *WEALTH , *ECONOMIC development - Abstract
Inequality among human beings has been an issue of concern from the ancient times. It has been considered ethically undesirable and many great thinkers in human history have sought to narrow the gap between the haves and the have-nots through their philosophy, teachings and efforts. Yet disparities amongst different groups of people have continued to exist in almost every country and society of the world. The last few centuries, especially since the dawn of the industrial revolution, have seen unprecedented growth in the creation of wealth. Unfortunately, this wealth has been divided most unequally, both within and across countries and regions with the result that vast sections of the world population have been deprived of the benefits of the creation of wealth and development. (UN Human Development Report, 2002. pp. 2-4) Latin America is one region where inequality is particularly pronounced in almost all respects--in terms of income, access to education, health services, water, electricity, political influence (voice), assets and opportunities. This paper focuses on the income disparities in Latin America1 and includes a discussion of the background and history of inequality in the region, its main causes, a review of the data about inequality in different Latin American countries and the trends, the consequences of high-income disparities, and the possible solutions for reducing the persistent inequality. Disparities in incomes on the basis of ethnicity and gender are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2010
5. The nexus between business groups and banks: Mexico, 1932–1982.
- Author
-
Del Angel, Gustavo A.
- Subjects
BANKING industry ,BUSINESS enterprises ,BUSINESS expansion ,BANK management ,ECONOMIC development ,MEXICAN economy ,HISTORY ,TWENTIETH century - Abstract
Over the twentieth century, the Mexican financial system emerged embedded in business groups, as a way of serving their financial needs. Until 1982, Mexico's banking system experienced unprecedented expansion. This article explains how, despite extensive insider lending practices, the relationships between business groups and financial intermediaries were sound enough to sustain them: first, because the commercial banks developed a certain autonomy from their related business groups; and second, because counterbalanced decision-making occurred when property was shared by two or more business groups. However, the ownership of banks remained concentrated in the hands of the business groups. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. The sources of social violence in Latin America.
- Author
-
Rivera, Mauricio
- Subjects
HOMICIDE ,LATIN American social conditions ,DEMOCRACY ,CRIME ,ECONOMIC development ,HUMAN rights violations ,HISTORY ,TWENTIETH century - Abstract
The study of social violence in Latin America has stood at the periphery of cross-national research despite the region being one of the most violent in the contemporary world. This article provides a comprehensive review of theories of crime and presents an empirical analysis of social violence in Latin America from 1980 to 2010. The literature often emphasizes one theoretical approach over others and existing explanations are seen as competitive rather than complementary. Yet, the empirical findings of this study support different explanations and illustrate how considering different theoretical approaches helps improve our knowledge on social violence phenomena. The results from different estimation methods reveal that youth bulges, female workforce, and post-conflict states are positively associated with social violence, as measured by homicide rates. The results also show that states’ efforts to strengthen judicial system capacity and increase school attendance can promote peace. Moreover, while drug producers and/or transit countries are not systematically related to social violence, money-laundering countries experience higher homicide rates, suggesting that not all dimensions of drug-markets increase violence. Whereas Latin America as a whole has experienced few episodes of civil wars in the past decades, the findings suggest that several factors affecting the onset of civil wars also influence other forms of non-political violence such as social violence. This echoes earlier calls in the literature on the necessity of bridging conflict and criminology research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2016
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. REAL WAGES AND SKILL PREMIUMS IN LATIN AMERICA, 1900-2011
- Author
-
Pablo Astorga Junquera
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,History ,Latin Americans ,Economic development ,060106 history of social sciences ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Wage ,O1 ,Historia ,Economía ,América Latina ,0502 economics and business ,Economics ,0601 history and archaeology ,Wage share ,Desarrollo económico ,J31 ,050207 economics ,Real wages ,media_common ,Welfare economics ,05 social sciences ,Salarios reales y brechas salariales ,06 humanities and the arts ,N36 ,Latin America ,Economy ,Wage levels and differentials ,Wage growth - Abstract
espanolEste trabajo discute y documenta una nueva base de datos de salarios reales de trabajadores poco calificados, medianamente calificados y califi- cados en Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, y Venezuela (LA-6) durante el periodo 1900-2011. En el se examinan tres aspectos relacionados: el crecimiento salarial y su relacion con periodos dominados por una estrategia de desarrollo particular; la evolucion de la participacion salarial en el ingreso; y los cambios en la brecha salarial y sus vinculos con variables fundamentales. Los hallazgos principales son: i) los salarios poco calificados en el LA-6 crecieron un 147% comparado con un aumento de 254% en el salario medio y uno de 440% en el ingreso por trabajador (que incluye tanto ingreso de propiedad como laboral); ii) la participacion salarial promedio comenzo una caida secular en la decada de los anos 50; iii) las brechas salariales tendieron a alcanzar maximos en las decadas intermedias del siglo veinte, coincidiendo con la aceleracion de la industrializacion y el devenir de la transicion demografica. Los movimientos en los terminos del intercambio estan asociados con los cambios en la brecha salarial, si bien la direccion del vinculo depende del pais y del periodo. EnglishThis paper discusses and documents a new data set of real wages for unskilled, semi-skilled and relatively skilled labour in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela (LA-6) over the period 1900-2011. Three interrelated aspects are examined: the wage growth record associated with periods dominated by a particular development strategy; developments in the wage share of income; and movements in skill premiums and their links with fundamentals. The key findings are: (i) the region’s unskilled wage rose by 147 per cent compared to rises of 254 per cent in the average wage and 440 per cent in income per worker (including both property and labour income); (ii) the average LA-6 wage share started a secular fall in the 1950s; (iii) skill premiums tended to peak during the middle decades of the 20th century, coinciding with the acceleration of industrialisation and the timing of the demographic transition. Movements in the terms of trade are broadly associated with both fluctuations and trends in wage premiums, though the direction of the link is country and time specific.
- Published
- 2017
8. Sociology on Latin America in the 1960s: Developmentalism, Imperialism, and Topical Tropism.
- Author
-
della Faille, Dimitri
- Subjects
ECONOMIC development ,IMPERIALISM ,SOCIOLOGY ,SOCIAL change ,DEVELOPING countries ,HISTORY ,TWENTIETH century - Abstract
This article reveals the emergence of the idea of development in the sociological study of Latin America in the United States as a specific product of history. We show how in the 1960s, it was the result of interaction between the economic, political, military, and scientific fields generated by the mobilization of resources based on their respective rules. We criticize the idea that sociology had clearly-defined goals during this period. Our research demonstrates, for instance, how the research conducted on Latin America during that period was rooted in 'topical tropism'. Our investigation is based on the analysis of empirical data including institutional information, journal articles and historical archives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. TRANSPORTATION COSTS AND THE SOCIAL SAVINGS OF RAILROADS IN LATIN AMERICA. THE CASE OF PERU.
- Author
-
ZEGARRA, LUIS FELIPE
- Subjects
RAILROADS & society ,ECONOMIC development ,TRANSPORTATION costs ,TRANSPORTATION ,PERUVIAN economy ,PUBLIC works ,GROSS domestic product ,HISTORY ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
Copyright of Revista de Historia Económica / Journal of Iberian & Latin American Economic History is the property of Cambridge University Press and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2013
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Fear for Manufacturing? China and the Future of Industry in Brazil and Latin America.
- Author
-
Jenkins, Rhys and Barbosa, Alexandre de Freitas
- Subjects
CHINESE economic policy ,DEINDUSTRIALIZATION ,EXPORTS ,MANUFACTURED products ,ECONOMIC competition ,LATIN American economy, 1982- ,IMPORTS ,ECONOMIC conditions in Brazil ,ECONOMIC development ,HISTORY ,ECONOMICS - Abstract
There has been considerable concern in Latin America over the implications of increased competition from China for local industry. These concerns include the possibility of “deindustrialization,” the increased “primarization” of the region's exports and the difficulties of upgrading manufactured exports into higher technology products. This article examines the impact of Chinese competition both in the domestic market and in export markets on Brazilian industry. It documents the increased penetration of Chinese manufactures in the Brazilian market and the way in which Brazilian exports have lost market share to China in the US, European Union and four Latin American countries. Brazil, because of its more developed and locally integrated industrial sector, is not typical of other Latin American countries and the article also discusses the relevance of the Brazilian experience for the region as a whole. [ABSTRACT FROM PUBLISHER]
- Published
- 2012
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. From restrained golden age to creeping platinum age: A periodization of Latin American development in the Robinsonian tradition
- Author
-
Matías Vernengo
- Subjects
Deindustrialization ,Economic growth ,History ,Latin Americans ,Sociology and Political Science ,lcsh:HB71-74 ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Wage ,heterodox growth models ,lcsh:Economics as a science ,desenvolvimento econômico ,Growth model ,economic development ,Latin America ,Capital accumulation ,Industrialisation ,América Latina ,Periodization ,Political Science and International Relations ,Economic history ,modelos de crescimento heterodoxos ,General Economics, Econometrics and Finance ,media_common - Abstract
This paper analyzes Joan Robinson's growth model, and then adapted in order to provide an exploratory taxonomy of Growth Eras. The Growth Eras or Ages were for Robinson a way to provide logical connections among output growth, capital accumulation, the degree of thriftiness, the real wage and illustrate a catalogue of growth possibilities. This modified taxonomy follows the spirit of Robinson's work, but it takes different theoretical approaches, which imply that some of her classifications do not fit perfectly the ones here suggested. Latin America has moved from a Golden Age in the 1950s and 1960s, to a Leaden Age in the 1980s, having two traverse periods, one in which the process of growth and industrialization accelerated in the late 1960s and early 1970s, which is here referred to as a Galloping Platinum Age, and one in which a process of deindustrialization, and reprimarization and maquilization of the productive structure took place, starting in the 1990s, which could be referred to as a Creeping Platinum Age. RESUMOEste artigo analisa o modelo de crescimento de Joan Robinson, aqui adaptado a fim de fornecer uma taxonomia exploratória de Eras de Crescimento. Essas Eras ou Anos de Crescimento foram para Robinson uma maneira de fornecer conexões lógicas entre o crescimento da produção, a acumulação de capital, o grau de frugalidade, o salário real e ilustrar um catálogo de possibilidades de crescimento. Esta taxonomia modificada segue o espírito da obra de Robinson, mas é preciso diferentes abordagens teóricas, o que implica que algumas não se encaixam perfeitamente às aqui sugeridas. A América Latina passou de uma Idade de Ouro na década de 1950 e 1960, a uma Idade de Chumbo na década de 1980, com dois períodos de travessia, um em que o processo de crescimento e industrialização se acelerou na década de 1960 e início de 1970, que aqui se refere a uma Era Platinum Galopante, e aquela em que um processo de desindustrialização e reprimarização e maquilação da estrutura produtiva teve lugar, começando na década de 1990, que poderia ser referido como uma Era Platinum Rastejante.
- Published
- 2015
12. Latin American earnings inequality in the long run
- Author
-
Pablo Astorga Junquera and Leticia Arroyo Abad
- Subjects
Economics and Econometrics ,History ,Latin Americans ,Inequality ,Economic development ,060106 history of social sciences ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Wage ,Distribution (economics) ,Economic history ,Economic inequality ,Income distribution ,0502 economics and business ,Development economics ,Economics ,0601 history and archaeology ,Social inequality ,050207 economics ,Income inequality ,media_common ,business.industry ,05 social sciences ,06 humanities and the arts ,Latin America ,Income inequality metrics ,Demographic economics ,business - Abstract
This paper traces between-group earnings inequality for six Latin American countries over two centuries based on wage and income series compiled from a large array of primary and secondary sources. We find that inequality varied substantially by country and by period, questioning the notion that colonial legacies largely dominated the evolution of inequality. There is a broader inequality trajectory over the long run in the form of an “m” pattern with peaks around 1880 and the 1990s and a trough around 1920/1930s. Export-led growth does not necessarily imply a rise in inequality, while the import-substitution industrialisation efforts did not translate into a more egalitarian distribution of income. More notably, Latin America’s experience does not exhibit the great inequality levelling as seen in the North Atlantic economies from the 1930s to the 1970s.
- Published
- 2017
13. Los de arriba y los de abajo en América Latina en el siglo veinte
- Author
-
Astorga Junquera, Pablo
- Subjects
Economic History ,Economics and Econometrics ,History ,Economic development ,Income Inequality ,Geography, Planning and Development ,Economic history ,Transportation ,Desigualdad del ingreso ,Historia económica ,Latin America ,América Latina ,Political Science and International Relations ,Economic Development ,Desarrollo económico ,Income inequality ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) - Abstract
This paper offers for the first time income shares of the top 10% and the bottom 40% of the labour force for Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Venezuela in the period 1900-2011. The main findings are: i) over this period the top 10% share is, on average, 51.3% and the bottom 40% share 13.2%; ii) in the last thirty years the gap between both tails widened (54.6% vs. 11.9%), despite narrowing inequality in the 2000s; iii) there is no inequality levelling in the middle decades of the last century as experienced in the rich economies. This new long-term evidence confirms that the recent shared decline in inequality has no precedent in the 20th century; but it also shows that, as in the past, high concentration at the top 10% and a relatively low-income share of the bottom 40% continues to be the region’s inequality trademark Este trabajo ofrece por primera vez estimaciones para las participaciones del ingreso del 10% superior y el 40% inferior de la fuerza de trabajo en Argentina, Brasil, Chile, Colombia, México y Venezuela durante el período de 1900-2011. Los principales hallazgos son: i) en este período el 10% superior recibió, en promedio, el 51,3% del ingreso y el 40% inferior el 13,2%; ii) en los últimos treinta años la brecha entre los dos grupos se amplió (54,6% vs. 11,9%), a pesar de una menor desigualdad en la primera década de este siglo; iii) no hay una tendencia a la igualdad en las décadas intermedias del siglo veinte como la experimentada en las economías ricas. Esta nueva evidencia sobre el largo plazo confirma que la reciente tendencia compartida de reducción en la desigualdad no tiene precedentes en el siglo veinte; pero también muestra que, como en el pasado, una alta concentración del ingreso en los de arriba y una participación relativamente baja de los de abajo continúa siendo un rasgo distintivo de la región
- Published
- 2016
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.